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Yedke NG, Soni D, Kumar P. Effect of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin vaccine against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease: Role of neuroinflammation and neurotransmitters. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:538-549. [PMID: 38041521 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is an extrapyramidal movement disorder associated with a hypokinetic condition generated by impairment in dopaminergic neuronal viability in the nigrostriatal region of the brain. Current medications can only provide symptomatic management; to date, no permanent cure is available. To compensate for this lacuna, researchers are gaining interest in antigen-based therapy, and Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of the vaccines with a high safety margin that acts by stimulating immunoreactive T-cells in the CNS and reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α) to produce neuroprotection. A previous study reported that BCG exerts a neuroprotective effect against several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to explore the neuroprotective effect of the BCG vaccine against the rotenone model of PD. METHODS Rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c) for 28 days, and BCG vaccine (2 × 107 cfu, i.p) single dose was injected to rats, and behavioral assessments were performed on the 21st and 28th day. On the 29th day, rats were sacrificed, and brains were isolated for biochemical and neurochemical estimation. RESULTS BCG vaccine significantly restored rotenone-induced motor deficits (open field test, narrow beam walk, and rotarod), biochemical levels (GSH, SOD, catalase, MDA, and nitrite), neurotransmitters (dopamine, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, hemovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid), and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the striatum. It also prevents histopathological changes by reducing eosinophilic lesions in the striatum. CONCLUSION From the results, we conclude that BCG vaccine showed neuroprotection through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, in the future, it can be used as a neuroprotective agent for other neurological disorders, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narhari Gangaram Yedke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India
| | - Divya Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Tripathi AS, Fatima N, Tripathi P, Tripathi R, Alka, Zaki MEA, Mohapatra L, Yasir M, Maurya RK. Beneficial effect of 5-HT1b/1d agonist on Parkinson's disease by modulating glutamate and reducing deposition of α-synuclein. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23627. [PMID: 38229316 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The given investigation examined the neuroprotection role of 5-HT1b/1d agonist in reserpine induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in male Wistar rats. PD was induced in rats by reserpine at 5 mg/kg ip for 3 days and thereafter the rats were provided with the following treatments for 4 days, zolmitriptan (ZLM) group (30 mg/kg ip); STD group (levodopa + carbidopa, 200 + 5 mg/kg ip); ZLM + GA group (zolmitriptan, 30 mg/kg ip and glutamic acid, 1.5 mg/kg); ZLM + DX group (zolmitriptan, 30 mg/kg ip and dextromethorphan, 20 mg/kg ip). All the groups were then assessed for cognitive and motor functions at the end of the protocol. Moreover, oxidative stress parameters and histopathological changes were observed in rats of all treatment groups. Deposition of α-synuclein in the brain tissue was observed by silver staining. Data of this investigation revealed that motor and cognitive functions were improved in the ZLM-treated group compared with the negative control group, which was observed to be reversed in ZLM + GA group. Treatment with ZLM ameliorated oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the brain tissue of PD rats. Further, ZLM reduced the deposition of α-synuclein in PD rats, which reversed in ZLM + GA-treated group. This study concludes by stating that 5-HT1b/1d agonist can prevent neurodegeneration and reduce oxidative stress in PD rats. The probable underlying mechanism of such an effect of 5-HT1b/1d agonist could be by regulating the deposition of α-synuclein and reducing the expression of NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Shiomurti Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Needa Fatima
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rina Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Alka
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucy Mohapatra
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul K Maurya
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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van Wamelen DJ, Leta V, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Future Directions for Developing Non-dopaminergic Strategies for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1606-1620. [PMID: 37526188 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230731110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been dominated by the use of dopaminergic medication, but significant unmet need remains, much of which is related to non-motor symptoms and the involvement of non-dopaminergic transmitter systems. As such, little has changed in the past decades that has led to milestone advances in therapy and significantly improved treatment paradigms and patient outcomes, particularly in relation to symptoms unresponsive to levodopa. This review has looked at how pharmacological approaches to treatment are likely to develop in the near and distant future and will focus on two areas: 1) novel non-dopaminergic pharmacological strategies to control motor symptoms; and 2) novel non-dopaminergic approaches for the treatment of non-motor symptoms. The overall objective of this review is to use a 'crystal ball' approach to the future of drug discovery in PD and move away from the more traditional dopamine-based treatments. Here, we discuss promising non-dopaminergic and 'dirty drugs' that have the potential to become new key players in the field of Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J van Wamelen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Leta
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hos- pital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jenner
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Park JY, Park J, Baek J, Chang JW, Kim YG, Chang WS. Long-term results on the suppression of secondary brain injury by early administered low-dose baclofen in a traumatic brain injury mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18563. [PMID: 37903976 PMCID: PMC10616194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary injury from traumatic brain injury (TBI) perpetuates cerebral damages through varied ways. Attenuating neuroinflammation, which is a key feature of TBI, is important for long-term prognosis of its patients. Baclofen, a muscle relaxant, has shown promise in reducing excessive inflammation in other neurologic disorders. However, its effectiveness in TBI remains ambiguous. Thus, our study aimed to investigate whether early administration of baclofen could elicit potential therapeutic effects by diminishing exaggerated neuroinflammation in TBI mice. In this study, 80 C57BL/6 mice were used, of which 69 mice received controlled cortical impact. The mice were divided into six groups (11-16 mice each). Baclofen, administered at dose of 0.05, 0.2 and 1 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally a day after TBI for 3 consecutive weeks. 3 weeks after completing the treatments, the mice were assessed histologically. The results showed that mice treated with baclofen exhibited a significantly lower volume of lesion tissue than TBI mice with normal saline. Baclofen also reduced activated glial cells with neurotoxic immune molecules and inhibited apoptotic cells. Significant recovery was observed and sustained for 6 weeks at the 0.2 mg/kg dose in the modified neurological severity score. Furthermore, memory impairment was recovered with low-doses of baclofen in the Y-maze. Our findings demonstrate that early administration of low dose baclofen can regulate neuroinflammation, prevent cell death, and improve TBI motor and cognitive abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Baek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Goo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Mok 5-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Seok Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Luo B. Insights into the advances in therapeutic drugs for neuroinflammation-related diseases. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37722706 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2260088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD are related to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a common inflammatory condition that can lead to a variety of dysfunction in the body. At present, it is no medications specifically approved to prevent or cure neuroinflammation, so even though many drugs can temporarily control the neurological symptoms of neuroinflammation, but no one can reverse the progress of neuroinflammation, let al.one completely cure neuroinflammation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new drug development for neuroinflammation treatment. In this review, we highlight the therapeutic advancement in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, by focusing on the impact of neuroinflammation treatment has on these conditions, and the effective drugs for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and their latest research progress are reviewed according to the related signaling pathway, as well as the prospect of their clinical application is also discussed. The purpose of this review is to enable specialists to better understand the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs, promote the development of therapeutic drugs for neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, and further provide therapeutic references for clinical neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Li X, Han P, Liu M, Li X, Xue S. Effect of Ganglioside combined with pramexol in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and its effect on motor function. J Med Biochem 2023; 42:505-512. [PMID: 37790213 PMCID: PMC10543131 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-42550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pramipexole combined with ganglioside for PD treatment and pramipexole monotherapy, so as to provide reference for clinical practice. Methods 61 PD patients selected from June 2019 to December 2020 at our hospital were divided into two groups. The control group (n=31) was given dopasizide oral treatment, and the treatment group (n=30) was given ganglioside combined with pramipexole. The clinical efficacy, adverse reactions, motor function scores, UPDRS scores, PDQ-39 scale scores, TNF-a levels, and related serum factor levels were measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Li
- The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Pathology, Yantai, China
| | - Peihai Han
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Huangdao District, Encephalopathy Department, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Zhangqiu District People's Hospital, Department of Endoscopy Room, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Xue
- Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Health Care Department, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Nakamura T, Nishijima H, Mori F, Kinoshita I, Kon T, Suzuki C, Wakabayashi K, Tomiyama M. Axon terminal hypertrophy of striatal projection neurons with levodopa-induced dyskinesia priming. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1169336. [PMID: 37351424 PMCID: PMC10282195 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1169336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) showed enlarged axon terminals of striatal direct pathway neurons in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) with excessive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) storage in them. Massive GABA release to GPi upon levodopa administration determines the emergence of LID. Objectives We examined whether LID and axon terminal hypertrophy gradually develop with repeated levodopa treatment in Parkinsonian rats to examine if the hypertrophy reflects dyskinesia priming. Methods 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats were randomly allocated to receive saline injections (placebo group, 14 days; n = 4), injections of 6 mg/kg levodopa methyl ester combined with 12.5 mg/kg benserazide (levodopa-treated groups, 3-day-treatment; n = 4, 7-day-treatment; n = 4, 14-day-treatment; n = 4), or injections of 6 mg/kg levodopa methyl ester with 12.5 mg/kg benserazide and 1 mg/kg 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin for 14 days (8-OH-DPAT-treated group; n = 4). We evaluated abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) scores and axon terminals in the GPi. Results The AIM score increased with levodopa treatment, as did the hypertrophy of axon terminals in the GPi, showing an increased number of synaptic vesicles in hypertrophied terminals. Conclusion Increased GABA storage in axon terminals of the direct pathway neurons represents the priming process of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Haruo Nishijima
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Iku Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kon
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Chieko Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Yadav D, Kumar P. Restoration and targeting of aberrant neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Neurochem Int 2022; 156:105327. [PMID: 35331828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are considered as a fundamental regulator in the process of neuronal growth, differentiation and survival. Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs due to extensive damage of dopamine-producing neurons; this causes dopamine deficits in the midbrain, followed by the alternation of various other neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, serotonin, etc.). It has been observed that fluctuation of neurotransmission in the basal ganglia exhibits a great impact on the pathophysiology of PD. Dopamine replacement therapy, such as the use of L-DOPA, can increase the dopamine level, but it majorly ameliorates the motor symptoms and is also associated with long-term complications (for e.g., LID). While the non-dopaminergic system can efficiently target non-motor symptoms, for instance, the noradrenergic system regulates the synthesis of BDNF via the MAPK pathway, which is important in learning and memory. Herein, we briefly discuss the role of different neurotransmitters, implementation of neurotransmitter receptors in PD. We also illustrate the recent advances of neurotransmitter-based drugs, which are currently under in vivo and clinical studies. Reinstating normal neurotransmitter levels has been believed to be advantageous in the treatment of PD. Thus, there is an increasing demand for drugs that can specifically target the neurotransmission system and reinstate the normal levels of neurotransmitters, which might prevent or delay neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Yadav
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, 110042, India.
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Thirugnanam T, Santhakumar K. Chemically induced models of Parkinson's disease. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 252:109213. [PMID: 34673252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins are harmful substances detrimental to humans. Constant exposure to these fatal neurotoxins can cause various neurodegenerative disorders. Although poisonous, specific neurotoxins at optimal concentrations mimic the clinical features of neurodegenerative diseases in several animal models. Such chemically-induced model systems are beneficial in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration and drug screening for these disorders. One such neurotoxin is 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a widely used chemical that recapitulates Parkinsonian features in various animal models. Apart from MPTP, other neurotoxins like 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), paraquat, rotenone also induce specific clinical features of Parkinson's disease in animal models. These chemically-induced Parkinson's disease models are playing a crucial role in understanding Parkinson's disease onset, pathology, and novel therapeutics. In this review, we provide a concise overview of various neurotoxins that can recapitulate Parkinsonian features in different in vivo and in vitro model systems specifically focusing on the different treatment methodologies of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilaga Thirugnanam
- Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and acts via metabotropic GABAB receptors. Neurodegenerative diseases are a major burden and affect an ever increasing number of humans. The actual therapeutic drugs available are partially effective to slow down the progression of the diseases, but there is a clear need to improve pharmacological treatment thus find alternative drug targets and develop newer pharmaco-treatments. This chapter is dedicated to reviewing the latest evidence about GABAB receptors and their inhibitory mechanisms and pathways involved in the neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra P Princivalle
- Department of Bioscience and Chemistry, Biomolecular Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences at Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Pudasaini S, Friedrich V, Bührer C, Endesfelder S, Scheuer T, Schmitz T. Postnatal myelination of the immature rat cingulum is regulated by GABA B receptor activity. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 82:16-28. [PMID: 34605209 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myelination of axons in the neonatal brain is a highly complex process primarily achieved by oligodendroglial cells (OLs). OLs express receptors for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is released from cortical interneurons on a basal level, while glial cells can be a source of GABA, too. We investigated GABA-induced oligodendroglial maturation, proliferation, apoptosis, and myelin production after pharmacological inhibition of GABAA and GABAB in the neonatal rat brain. Daily injections of the reverse GABAA receptor agonist (DMCM) and the GABAB receptor antagonist (CGP35348) were performed from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P11. MBP expression was examined by Western blots and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we determined the number of CC1+ OLIG2+ and CNP+ OLIG2+ cells to assess maturation, the number of PCNA+ OLIG2+ oligodendrocytes to assess proliferation, the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (PDGFRα+ OLIG2+ ), and apoptosis of OLs (CASP3A+ OLIG2+ ) as well as apoptotic cells in total (CASP3A+ DAPI+ ) at P11 and P15. In addition, we analyzed the expression Pdgfrα and CNP. MBP expression was significantly reduced after CGP treatment at P15. In the same animal group, CNP expression and CNP+ OLIG2+ cells decreased temporarily at P11. At P15, the proliferation of PCNA+ OLIG2+ cells and the number of PDGFRα+ OLIG2+ cells increased after GABAB receptor antagonization whereas no significant differences were visible in the Pdgfrα gene expression. No changes in apoptotic cell death were observed. CGP treatment induced a transient maturational delay at P11 and deficits in myelin expression at P15 with increased oligodendroglial proliferation. Our in vivo study indicates GABAB receptor activity as a potential modulator of oligodendroglial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samipa Pudasaini
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Vivien Friedrich
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, Berlin, 10178, Germany
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Till Scheuer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
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GABA B Receptor Chemistry and Pharmacology: Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 52:81-118. [PMID: 34036555 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The GABAB receptors are metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the actions of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the CNS, GABA plays an important role in behavior, learning and memory, cognition, and stress. GABA is also located throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is involved in the autonomic control of the intestine and esophageal reflex. Consequently, dysregulated GABAB receptor signaling is associated with neurological, mental health, and gastrointestinal disorders; hence, these receptors have been identified as key therapeutic targets and are the focus of multiple drug discovery efforts for indications such as muscle spasticity disorders, schizophrenia, pain, addiction, and gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD). Numerous agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators of the GABAB receptor have been described; however, Lioresal® (Baclofen; β-(4-chlorophenyl)-γ-aminobutyric acid) is the only FDA-approved drug that selectively targets GABAB receptors in clinical use; undesirable side effects, such as sedation, muscle weakness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, seizures, tolerance and potential for abuse, limit their therapeutic use. Here, we review GABAB receptor chemistry and pharmacology, presenting orthosteric agonists, antagonists, and positive and negative allosteric modulators, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting GABAB receptor modulation for the treatment of various CNS and peripheral disorders.
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Huo Q, Tabassum S, Chen M, Sun M, Deng Y, Zheng X, Li Y, Chen J, Long C, Yang L. Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Deficiency Changes Neuronal Electrical Activity and Levels of Mitochondrial Proteins in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1469-1482. [PMID: 33935084 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease are characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and impairments in synaptic activity and memory. However, we know little about the physiological role of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) from which Aβ derives. OBJECTIVE Evaluate APP deficiency induced alterations in neuronal electrical activity and mitochondrial protein expression. METHODS Utilizing electrophysiological, biochemical, pharmacological, and behavioral tests, we revealed aberrant local field potential (LFP), extracellular neuronal firing and levels of mitochondrial proteins. RESULT We show that APP knockout (APP-/-) leads to increased gamma oscillations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) at 1-2 months old, which can be restored by baclofen (Bac), a γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABABR) agonist. A higher dose and longer exposure time is required for Bac to suppress neuronal firing in APP-/- mice than in wild type animals, indicating enhanced GABABR mediated activity in the mPFC of APP-/- mice. In line with increased GABABR function, the glutamine synthetase inhibitor, L-methionine sulfonate, significantly increases GABABR levels in the mPFC of APP-/- mice and this is associated with a significantly lower incidence of death. The results suggest that APP-/- mice developed stronger GABABR mediated inhibition. Using HEK 293 as an expression system, we uncover that AβPP functions to suppress GABABR expression. Furthermore, APP-/- mice show abnormal expression of several mitochondrial proteins. CONCLUSION APP deficiency leads to both abnormal network activity involving defected GABABR and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting critical role of AβPP in synaptic and network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Huo
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidra Tabassum
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Deng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Chen K, Yang G, So KF, Zhang L. Activation of Cortical Somatostatin Interneurons Rescues Synapse Loss and Motor Deficits after Acute MPTP Infusion. iScience 2019; 17:230-241. [PMID: 31307003 PMCID: PMC6629723 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult dendritic spines present structural and functional plasticity, which forms the basis of learning and memory. To provide in vivo evidence of spine plasticity under neurotoxicity, we generated an acute motor deficit model by single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into adult mice. Acute MPTP infusion impairs motor learnings across test paradigms. In vivo two-photon imaging further revealed MPTP-induced prominent dendritic spine loss and substantially increased calcium spikes in apical tufts of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex. MPTP infusion also decreased the activity of somatostatin (SST)-expressing inhibitory interneurons. Further chemogenetic re-activation of SST interneurons reversed MPTP-induced hyperactivation of dendrites, rescued spine loss, and enhanced motor learning. Taken together, our study reports MPTP-induced structural and functional deficits of dendritic spines and suggests the potency of modulating local inhibitory transmission to relieve neurological disorders. Acute MPTP infusion induces cortical spine loss and motor learning deficits MPTP hyperactivates dendritic Ca2+ spikes and suppresses SST-interneuron activity Chemogenetics activation of SST-interneuron corrects spine loss and motor deficits
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
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16
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Cagle BS, Crawford RA, Doorn JA. Biogenic Aldehyde-Mediated Mechanisms of Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Disease. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018; 13:16-21. [PMID: 31304429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative decomposition of several biomolecules produces reactive aldehydes. Monoamine neurotransmitters are enzymatically converted to aldehydes via monoamine oxidase followed by further metabolism such as carbonyl oxidation/reduction. Elevated levels of aldehyde intermediates are implicated as factors in several pathological conditions, including Parkinson's disease. The biogenic aldehydes produced from dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are known to be toxic, generate reactive oxygen species and/or cause aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein. Polyunsaturated lipids undergo oxidative decomposition to produce biogenic aldehydes, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and malondialdehyde. These lipid aldehydes, some including an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, target important proteins such as α-synuclein, proteasome degradation and G-protein-coupled signaling. Overproduction of biogenic aldehydes is a hypothesized factor in neurodegeneration; preventing their formation or scavenging may provide means for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna S Cagle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 South Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242-1112, USA
| | - Rachel A Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 South Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242-1112, USA
| | - Jonathan A Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 South Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242-1112, USA
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Morley KC, Lagopoulos J, Logge W, Chitty K, Baillie A, Haber PS. Neurometabolite Levels in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Baclofen Treatment and Prediction of Relapse to Heavy Drinking. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:412. [PMID: 30233431 PMCID: PMC6131632 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Baclofen, a GABAB agonist, is used as a treatment for alcohol dependence. We aimed to examine brain metabolites following administration of baclofen or placebo in alcohol dependent individuals enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Methods: Participants included 31 alcohol dependent individuals (recent drinking: N = 16; and abstinent: N = 15) who had received daily baclofen (BAC 30-75 mg = 20) or placebo (PL = 11) for at least 2 weeks (average 17 days). Using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), spectra from the right parietal lobe were analyzed to obtain measures of GABA, Glutamate (Glu), Glutathione (GSH) and N-Acetyl Apartate (NAA) 120 min following administration of PL or BAC. Results: When weighting alcohol dependent participants according to recent alcohol consumption (within 24 h), there were significant differences between BAC and PL on parietal concentrations of GSH (p < 0.01) and NAA (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed a significant predictive effect of GSH on heavy drinking days at 12 weeks follow-up (Model: F = 14.28, R2 = 0.85; GSH: B = -1.22, p = 0.01) and also percentage days abstinent at 12 weeks follow-up (Model: F = 6.50, R2 = 0.72; GSH: B = 0.99, p = 0.06). Conclusion: Our data provide preliminary evidence that the effect of baclofen may be mediated by increased parietal concentrations of the antioxidant GSH and NAA in recently drinking alcohol dependent patients. GSH/Cr levels were also predictive of improved drinking outcomes in the trial and suggests a role for neural oxidative stress in alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Morley
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience, University of Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Warren Logge
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Chitty
- School of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Baillie
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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de Beaurepaire R. A Review of the Potential Mechanisms of Action of Baclofen in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:506. [PMID: 30459646 PMCID: PMC6232933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Baclofen, a GABA-B receptor agonist, is a promising treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Its mechanism of action in this condition is unknown. GABA-B receptors interact with many biological systems potentially involved in AUD, including transduction pathways and neurotransmitter systems. Preclinical studies have shown that GABA-B receptors are involved in memory storage and retrieval, reward, motivation, mood and anxiety; neuroimaging studies in humans show that baclofen produces region-specific alterations in cerebral activity; GABA-B receptor activation may have neuroprotective effects; baclofen also has anti-inflammatory properties that may be of interest in the context of addiction. However, none of these biological effects fully explain the mechanism of action of baclofen in AUD. Data from clinical studies have provided a certain number of elements which may be useful for the comprehension of its mechanism of action: baclofen typically induces a state of indifference toward alcohol; the effective dose of baclofen in AUD is extremely variable from one patient to another; higher treatment doses correlate with the severity of the addiction; many of the side effects of baclofen resemble those of alcohol, raising the possibility that baclofen acts as a substitution drug; usually, however, there is no tolerance to the effects of baclofen during long-term AUD treatment. In the present article, the biological effects of baclofen are reviewed in the light of its clinical effects in AUD, assuming that, in many instances, clinical effects can be reliable indicators of underlying biological processes. In conclusion, it is proposed that baclofen may suppress the Pavlovian association between cues and rewards through an action in a critical part of the dopaminergic network (the amygdala), thereby normalizing the functional connectivity in the reward network. It is also proposed that this action of baclofen is made possible by the fact that baclofen and alcohol act on similar brain systems in certain regions of the brain.
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Crowley T, Cryan JF, Downer EJ, O'Leary OF. Inhibiting neuroinflammation: The role and therapeutic potential of GABA in neuro-immune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:260-277. [PMID: 26851553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system, once thought to be a site of immunological privilege, has since been found to harbour immunocompetent cells and to communicate with the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells display immunological responses to pathological and physiological stimuli through pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signalling, antigen presentation and the clearing of cellular debris through phagocytosis. While this neuroinflammatory signalling can act to reduce neuronal damage and comprises a key facet of CNS homeostasis, persistent inflammation or auto-antigen-mediated immunoreactivity can induce a positive feedback cycle of neuroinflammation that ultimately results in necrosis of glia and neurons. Persistent neuroinflammation has been recognised as a major pathological component of virtually all neurodegenerative diseases and has also been a focus of research into the pathology underlying psychiatric disorders. Thus, pharmacological strategies to curb the pathological effects of persistent neuroinflammation are of interest for many disorders of the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that GABAergic activities are closely bound to immune processes and signals, and thus the GABAergic neurotransmitter system might represent an important therapeutic target in modulating neuroinflammation. Here, we review evidence that inflammation induces changes in the GABA neurotransmitter system in the CNS and that GABAergic signalling exerts a reciprocal influence over neuroinflammatory processes. Together, the data support the hypothesis that the GABA system is a potential therapeutic target in the modulation of central inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Crowley T, Fitzpatrick JM, Kuijper T, Cryan JF, O'Toole O, O'Leary OF, Downer EJ. Modulation of TLR3/TLR4 inflammatory signaling by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in glia and immune cells: relevance to therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:284. [PMID: 26283920 PMCID: PMC4516894 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, is used to treat muscle tightness and cramping caused by spasticity in a number of disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), but its precise mechanism of action is unknown. Neuroinflammation drives the central pathology in MS and is mediated by both immunoreactive glial cells and invading lymphocytes. Furthermore, a body of data indicates that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family of innate immune receptors is implicated in MS progression. In the present study we investigated whether modulation of GABAB receptors using baclofen can exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting TLR3 and(or) TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling in murine glial cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy control individuals and patients with the relapse-remitting (RR) form of MS. TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation promoted the nuclear sequestration of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in murine glia, while TLR4, but not TLR3, promoted pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBMCs isolated from both healthy donors and RR-MS patients. Importantly, this effect was exacerbated in RR-MS patient immune cells. We present further evidence that baclofen dose-dependently attenuated TLR3- and TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling in primary glial cells. Pre-exposure of PBMCs isolated from healthy donors to baclofen attenuated TLR4-induced TNF-α expression, but did not affect TLR4-induced TNF-α expression in RR-MS patient PBMCs. Interestingly, mRNA expression of the GABAB receptor was reduced in PBMCs from RR-MS donors when compared to healthy controls, an effect that might contribute to the differential sensitivity to baclofen seen in healthy and RR-MS patient cells. Overall these findings indicate that baclofen differentially regulates TLR3 and TLR4 signaling in glia and immune cells, and offers insight on the role of baclofen in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disease states including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Teun Kuijper
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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