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Preparation and characterization of proton exchange membrane by UV photografting technique. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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2
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Kim B, Weaver A, Chumakov M, Pazos IM, Poster DL, Gaskell K, Han DH, Scherer G, Yandrasits MA, Cheol Lee B, Al-Sheikhly M. Mechanisms and Characterization of the Pulsed Electron-Induced Grafting of Styrene onto Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) to Prepare a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane. Radiat Res 2018; 190:309-321. [PMID: 29912620 PMCID: PMC6241253 DOI: 10.1667/rr15006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the pulsed-electron beam direct grafting of neat styrene onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) substrate, the radiolytically-produced styryl and carbon-centered FEP radicals undergo various desired and undesired competing reactions. In this study, a high-dose rate is used to impede the undesired free radical homopolymerization of styrene and ensure uniform covalent grafting through 125-μm FEP films. This outweighs the enhancement of the undesired crosslinking reactions of carbon-centered FEP radicals and the dimerization of the styryl radicals. The degree of uniform grafting through 125-μm FEP films increases from ≈8%, immediately after pulsed electron irradiation to 33% with the subsequent thermal treatment exceeding the glass transition temperature of FEP of 39°C. On the contrary, steady-state radiolysis using 60Co gamma radiolysis, shows that the undesired homopolymerization of the styrene has become the predominant reaction with a negligible degree of grafting. Time-resolved fast kinetic measurements on pulsed neat styrene show that the styryl radicals undergo fast decays via propagation homopolymerization and termination reactions at an observed reaction rate constant of 5 × 108 l · mol-1 · s-1. The proton conductivity of 25-μm film at 80°C is 0.29 ± 0.01 s cm-1 and 0.007 s cm-1 at relative humidity of 92% and 28%, respectively. The aims of this work are: 1. electrolyte membranes are prepared via grafting initiated by a pulsed electron beam; 2. postirradiation heat-treated membranes are uniformly grafted, ideal for industry; 3. High dose rate is the primary parameter to promote the desired reactions; 4. measurement of kinetics of undesired radiation-induced styrene homopolymerization; and 5. The conductivity of prepared membranes is on par or higher than industry standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungnam Kim
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 305353, Republic of Korea
| | - Alia Weaver
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115
| | - Marina Chumakov
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115
| | - Ileana M. Pazos
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115
| | - Dianne L. Poster
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Karen Gaskell
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115
| | - Do Hung Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Günther Scherer
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Byung Cheol Lee
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 305353, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115
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Wang H, Wen Y, Peng H, Zheng C, Li Y, Wang S, Sun S, Xie X, Zhou X. Grafting Polytetrafluoroethylene Micropowder via in Situ Electron Beam Irradiation-Induced Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050503. [PMID: 30966537 PMCID: PMC6415420 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreasing the surface energy of polyacrylate-based materials is important especially in embossed holography, but current solutions typically involve high-cost synthesis or encounter compatibility problems. Herein, we utilize the grafting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micropowder with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The grafting reaction is implemented via in situ electron beam irradiation-induced polymerization in the presence of fluorinated surfactants, generating PMMA grafted PTFE micropowder (PMMA–g–PTFE). The optimal degree of grafting (DG) is 17.8%. With the incorporation of PMMA–g–PTFE, the interfacial interaction between polyacrylate and PTFE is greatly improved, giving rise to uniform polyacrylate/PMMA–g–PTFE composites with a low surface energy. For instance, the loading content of PMMA–g–PTFE in polyacrylate is up to 16 wt %, leading to an increase of more than 20 degrees in the water contact angle compared to the pristine sample. This research paves a way to generate new polyacrylate-based films for embossed holography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yingfeng Wen
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chengfu Zheng
- National Anti-counterfeit Engineering Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuesheng Li
- School of Nuclear and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Nuclear and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - Shaofa Sun
- School of Nuclear and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- National Anti-counterfeit Engineering Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xingping Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Anisotropic radio-chemically pore-filled anion exchange membranes for solid alkaline fuel cell (SAFC). J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nasef MM. Radiation-Grafted Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Current Trends and Future Directions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12278-329. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4005499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Advanced Materials
Research Group, Institute of Hydrogen Economy, and ‡Environmental
and Green Technology Department, Malaysia-Japan International Institute
of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), International
Campus, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Covalently incorporating a cationic charged layer onto Nafion membrane by radiation-induced graft copolymerization to reduce vanadium ion crossover. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deng B, Yu Y, Zhang B, Yang X, Li L, Yu M, Li J. Graft polymerization of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) powder in presence of metallic salt and sulfuric acid. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Oshima A, Sato Y, Shiraki F, Mitani N, Fujii K, Oshima Y, Fujita H, Washio M. Fabrication of PEFC membrane based on perfluorinated polymer using quantum beam induced grafting technique. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tsubokura H, Oshima A, Oyama TG, Yamamoto H, Murakami T, Tagawa S, Washio M. Nanofabrication of Sulfonated Polystyrene-g-FEP with Silver Ion (Ag+) using Ion Beam Direct Etching and Reduction. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2011. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.24.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Preparation of PTFE-based fuel cell membranes by combining latent track formation technology with graft polymerization. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene powder for polymer electrolyte fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Formation of crosslinked PTFE by radiation-induced solid-state polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene at low temperatures. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lappan U, Geißler U, Uhlmann S. Pre-Irradiation Grafting of Styrene into Modified Fluoropolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Improving the properties of the proton exchange membranes by introducing α-methylstyrene in the pre-irradiation induced graft polymerization. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oshima A, Nagai H, Muto F, Miura T, Washio M. High Performance PI/PTFE Layered Films Fabricated by EB Irradiation. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2006. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.19.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Anjum N, Gupta B, Riquet AM. Surface designing of polypropylene by critical monitoring of the grafting conditions: Structural investigations. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Preparation of ion exchange membranes by preirradiation induced grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene into crosslinked PTFE films and successive sulfonation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen J, Asano M, Yamaki T, Yoshida M. Effect of crosslinkers on the preparation and properties of ETFE-based radiation-grafted polymer electrolyte membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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