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Enhancement of Photostabilization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) in the Presence of Tin-Cephalexin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030550. [PMID: 36771851 PMCID: PMC9918989 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, has many attractive properties, including low cost of manufacture, resistance to acid and alkali corrosion, and ease of molding. However, PVC suffers from aging in harsh conditions, leading to the shortening of its useful life. Stability to irradiation, for example, can be improved through the incorporation of additives to PVC. The design, synthesis, and application of new stabilizers continue to attract attention. The current work investigates the effect of three tin-cephalexin complexes on the stability of PVC on irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light (λ = 313 nm) at 25 °C for a long duration. The PVC was blended with tin-cephalexin complexes at low concentrations (0.5% by weight), and thin films (around 40 µm) were made from the mixed materials. Various methods, including weight loss, infrared spectroscopy, and surface inspection of irradiated films were used to investigate the role played by these additives in the inhibition of PVC photodecomposition. The results confirmed that the additives led to a significant reduction in the rate of photodecomposition of the PVC blends. Tin-cephalexin complexes can absorb harmful radiation, deactivate hydrogen chloride, and scavenge high-energy species such as peroxides, therefore acting as stabilizers for PVC.
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2
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Naoom N, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Synthesis of Methyldopa-Tin Complexes and Their Applicability as Photostabilizers for the Protection of Polyvinyl Chloride against Photolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4590. [PMID: 36365583 PMCID: PMC9655565 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a ubiquitous thermoplastic that is produced on an enormous industrial scale to meet growing global demand. PVC has many favorable properties and is used in various applications. However, photodecomposition occurs when harsh conditions, such as high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and moisture, are encountered. Thus, PVC is blended with additives to increase its resistance to deterioration caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. In the current research, five methyldopa-tin complexes were synthesized and characterized. The methyldopa-tin complexes were mixed with PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight, and thin films were produced. The capability of the complexes to protect PVC from irradiation was shown by a reduction in the formation of small residues containing alcohols, ketones, and alkenes, as well as in weight loss and in the molecular weight of irradiated polymeric blends. In addition, the use of the new additives significantly reduced the roughness factor of the irradiated films. The additives containing aromatic substituents (phenyl rings) were more effective compared to those comprising aliphatic substituents (butyl and methyl groups). Methyldopa-tin complexes have the ability to absorb radiation, coordinate with polymeric chains, and act as radical, peroxide, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Naoom
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64201, Iraq
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Synthesized and Designed New Modified Poly(vinyl chloride) Structures to Enhance Their Photo-Resistance Characteristics. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized and designed four new modified poly(vinyl chloride) structures to develop various polymer derivatives to enhance their photo-stability. Commercially available poly(vinyl chloride) was synthetically modified into a polymer containing aromatic Schiff base moieties. First, the PVC polymer was reacted with ethylene diamine from one side by using an equivalent of extra ethylene diamine to increase the probability of preventing cross-linking versus a two-sided reaction. In the second step, the corresponding aldehydes were reacted with an amino group to create the Schiff base new molecules. Different approaches were applied to confirm the structures of synthesized modified polymers such as FTIR, 1H NMR, and EDX. Using these methods, the structures and the percentage of modification for the studied materials were demonstrated. The percentage of modification exhibited between 30–35% using integration in the 1H NMR spectra and EDX analytical composition percentage of elements. In order to lessen the photo-degradation of the PVC polymeric chains, synthetic compounds have been employed as photo-stabilizers of the PVC films. In order to assess the effectiveness of modified PVC as a photo-stabilizer, a variety of techniques were used, including the weight loss method and monitoring the development of different functional groups while being exposed to radiation using FTIR spectra. Utilizing atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and microscope pictures, the surface morphology of produced polymers was also investigated. These experiments demonstrated that novel modified Schiff base polymers perform as excellent photo-stabilizers in comparison to pure PVC. As a result, after being exposed to UV light for 300 h, PVC films exhibit less photo-degradation than blank PVC, so that light in the UV range may be absorbed by the connected units’ high conjugation mechanism.
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4
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Monitoring physicochemical properties of transparent PVC films containing captopril and metal oxide nanoparticles to assess UV blocking. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Hadi AG, Baqir SJ, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hashim H, Ahmed A, Kariuki BM, Yousif E. Substituted Organotin Complexes of 4-Methoxybenzoic Acid for Reduction of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223946. [PMID: 34833244 PMCID: PMC8621606 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) suffers from degradation through oxidation and decomposition when exposed to radiation and high temperatures. Stabilizers are added to polymeric materials to inhibit their degradation and enable their use for a longer duration in harsh environments. The design of new additives to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) is therefore desirable. The current study includes the synthesis of new tin complexes of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and investigates their potential as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The reaction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding substituted tin complexes in good yields. The structures of the complexes were confirmed using analytical and spectroscopic methods. Poly(vinyl chloride) was doped with a small quantity (0.5%) of the tin complexes and homogenous thin films were made. The effects of the additives on the stability of the polymeric material on irradiation with ultraviolet light were assessed using different methods. Weight loss, production of small polymeric fragments, and drops in molecular weight were lower in the presence of the additives. The surface of poly(vinyl chloride), after irradiation, showed less damage in the films containing additives. The additives, in particular those containing aromatic (phenyl groups) substitutes, inhibited the photodegradation of polymeric films significantly. Such additives act as efficient ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide quenchers, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Sadiq J. Baqir
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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6
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Yaseen AA, Yousif E, Al-Tikrity ETB, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Ahmed DS, Bufaroosha M. FTIR, Weight, and Surface Morphology of Poly(vinyl chloride) Doped with Tin Complexes Containing Aromatic and Heterocyclic Moieties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193264. [PMID: 34641080 PMCID: PMC8512238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an important synthetic plastic that is produced in large quantities (millions of tons) annually. Additives to PVC are necessary to allow its use in many applications, particularly in harsh conditions. In regard to this, investigation of the synthesis of trimethoprim–tin complexes and their use as PVC additives is reported. Trimethoprim–tin complexes were obtained from the reaction of trimethoprim and tin chlorides using simple procedures. Trimethoprim–tin complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to PVC to produce homogenous mixtures and thin films were made. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the surface and properties of the PVC films was investigated. The level of both photodecomposition and photo-oxidation of PVC films containing trimethoprim–tin complexes was observed to be lower than for the blank film. The effectiveness of tin complexes as PVC photostabilizers reflects the aromaticity of the additives. The complex containing three phenyl groups attached to the tin cation showed the most stabilizing effect on PVC. The complex containing two phenyl groups was next, with the one containing butyl substituents resulting in the least stabilization of PVC. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the role of the synthesized complexes in PVC photostabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaheed A. Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emaad T. B. Al-Tikrity
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq; (A.A.Y.); (E.T.B.A.-T.)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Muna Bufaroosha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain 1818, United Arab Emirates;
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7
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Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152434. [PMID: 34372037 PMCID: PMC8348574 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-oxidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.
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8
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Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Blended with Organotin Complexes of Mefenamic Acid for Outdoor Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study develops a process for enhancing the photostabilization of PVC films blended with a low concentration of mefenamate–tin complex. One tri-substituted and three di-substituted organotin complexes containing mefenamate unit are synthesized, and their chemical structures are established. The reactions of mefenamic acid and a number of substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding tin complexes in 70–77% yields. Tin complexes were blended with PVC and thin films. The effect of the addition of additives against long-term irradiation (290–400 nm, 300 h) is also tested. Changes in the infrared spectra, weight, and surface of the PVC blends due to irradiation are examined and analyzed. Any damage to the PVC surface and its chemical degradation level are noticeably low in the presence of additives. Minimal photodegradation levels and surface changes of the irradiated PVC films are observed when the triphenyltin complex is used. Such a complex is highly aromatic and can act as an ultraviolet irradiation absorber and a scavenger for hydrogen chloride and radicals produced due to the photooxidation and photoirradiation of PVC films.
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9
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Omer RM, Al-Tikrity ETB, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed AA. Spectroscopic and Morphological Study of Irradiated PVC Films Doped with Polyphosphates Containing 4,4'-Methylenedianiline. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220120113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Synthesis of Carvedilol-Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040500. [PMID: 33561971 PMCID: PMC7915541 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.
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11
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A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organosilanes were synthesized in good yields from the condensation of 4,4′,4″-((phenylsilanetriyl)tris(oxy))tribenzaldehyde and 4-substituted anilines under acidic conditions. The structure of the organosilanes was confirmed using a variety of techniques. Organosilanes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and homogenous films were produced. The effect of long-term irradiation on the films containing organosilanes was tested using various methods. Monitoring the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during and after irradiation processes showed the formation of side products comprising polyene, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The intensities of absorption bands due to these functional groups were much lower in the presence of organosilanes as compared to the blank film. Also, the decrease in the weight and molecular weight of PVC films after irradiation was lower in the presence of organosilanes. Additionally, there was a minimal surface change of irradiated PVC in the presence of organosilanes. Clearly, organosilanes act as inhibitors, particularly the one containing the hydroxyl group, for the photodegradation of PVC. Different mechanisms were proposed to speculate the role played by organosilanes in stabilizing PVC against long-term ultraviolet light exposure.
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12
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Salam B, El-Hiti GA, Bufaroosha M, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Alotaibi MH, Yousif E. Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122923. [PMID: 33291282 PMCID: PMC7768508 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baneen Salam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Muna Bufaroosha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain 1818, UAE;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (M.H.A.); (E.Y.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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13
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A Surface Morphological Study, Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Photo-Stabilizers Utilizing Ibuprofen Tin Complexes against Ultraviolet Radiation. SURFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces3040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three Ibuprofen tin complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 119Sn-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies to identify the structures. The complexes were mixed separately with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to improve its photo-stability properties. Their activity was demonstrated by several approaches of the FTIR to exhibit the formation of new groups within the polymer structure due to the exposure to UV light. Moreover, the polymer’s weight loss during irradiation and the average molecular weight estimation using its viscosity before and after irradiation were investigated. Furthermore, different techniques were used to study the surface morphology of the PVC before and after irradiation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and optical microscope demonstrated that applying Ibuprofen tin complexes keeps the surface of PVC smoother, with fewer cracks and spots after irradiation comparing to the blank PVC. Finally, It seems possible that such synthesized Ibuprofen tin complexes can work as excellent photo-stabilizers of PVC. In particular, complex 1 showed the best results among other stabilizers due to the large conjugation system of the stabilizer.
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Mohammed A, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed AA, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040969. [PMID: 32326307 PMCID: PMC7240378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.-H.); (E.Y.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +966-11469-3778 (G.A.E.-H.); Fax: +966-11469-3536 (G.A.E.-H.)
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15
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Abdel-Naby AS, Al-Ghamdi AA. Effect of crystallinity on the thermal and photo-stabilization of PVC/poly (AN-DAA) blend. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1737466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abir. S. Abdel-Naby
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza A. Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010193. [PMID: 31936894 PMCID: PMC7022887 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.
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Hadi AG, Yousif E, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Jawad K, Alotaibi MH, Hashim H. Long-Term Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Containing Naproxen Diorganotin(IV) Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132396. [PMID: 31261834 PMCID: PMC6650850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegrades with long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, it is desirable to develop methods that enhance the photostability of PVC. In this study, new aromatic-rich diorganotin(IV) complexes were tested as photostabilizers in PVC films. The diorganotin(IV) complexes were synthesized in 79-86% yields by reacting excess naproxen with tin(IV) chlorides. PVC films containing 0.5 wt % diorganotin(IV) complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for up to 300 h, and changes within the films were monitored using the weight loss and the formation of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and polyene). In addition, changes in the surface morphologies of the films were investigated. The diorganotin(IV) complexes enhanced the photostability of PVC, as the weight loss and surface roughness were much lower in the films with additives than in the blank film. Notably, the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient photostabilizer. The polymeric film containing this complex exhibited a morphology of regularly distributed hexagonal pores, with a honeycomb-like structure-possibly due to cross-linking and interactions between the additive and the polymeric chains. Various mechanisms, including direct absorption of ultraviolet irradiation, radical or hydrogen chloride scavenging, and polymer chain coordination, could explain how the diorganotin(IV) complexes stabilize PVC against photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Khudheyer Jawad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babil 51002, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
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18
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El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Ahmed AA, Hamad BA, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Hashim H, Yousif E. The Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Melamine Schiff Bases against Ultraviolet Light. Molecules 2019; 24:E803. [PMID: 30813367 PMCID: PMC6413115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Basheer A Hamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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19
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Shaalan N, Laftah N, El-Hiti GA, Alotaibi MH, Muslih R, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photostabilization in the Presence of Schiff Bases Containing a Thiadiazole Moiety. Molecules 2018; 23:E913. [PMID: 29662039 PMCID: PMC6017410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Schiff bases containing a thiadiazole moiety have been used as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers at low concentrations. The efficiency of Schiff bases as photostabilizers was investigated using various techniques, for example, the changes in poly(vinyl chloride) infrared spectra, molecular weight, chain scission quantum yield, and surface morphology were monitored upon irradiation with an ultraviolet light. Evidently, all the additives used inhibited poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation at a significant level. The most efficient Schiff base exhibited a high level of aromaticity and contained a hydroxyl group. It seems possible that such photostabilization could be due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the additives. In addition, Schiff bases could act as radical scavengers and proton transfer facilitators to stabilize the polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Nawres Laftah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raad Muslih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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20
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Ghazi D, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Alotaibi MH. The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Films Containing Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers. Molecules 2018; 23:E254. [PMID: 29382088 PMCID: PMC6017697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organotin(IV) complexes containing ciprofloxacin as a ligand (Ph₃SnL, Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂; 0.5% by weight) were used as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride films (40 µm thickness) upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (λmax = 313 at a light intensity = 7.75 × 10-7 ein dm-3 S-1) at room temperature. The efficiency of organotin(IV) complexes as photostabilizers was determined by monitoring the changes in the weight, growth of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and carbene), viscosity, average molecular weight, chain scission and degree of deterioration of the polymeric films upon irradiation. The results obtained indicated that organotin(IV) complexes stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) and the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient additive. The surface morphologies of poly(vinyl chloride) films containing organotin(IV) complexes were examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscopy. These showed that the surface of polymeric films containing organotin(IV) complexes were smoother and less rough, compared to the surface of the blank films. Some mechanisms that explained the role of organotin(IV) complexes in poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilization process were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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Wang M, Jiang J, Xia J, Li S, Li M. Phosphate ester groups-containing ricinoleic acid-based Ca/Zn: Preparation and application as novel thermal stabilizer for PVC. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key and Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key and Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianling Xia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key and Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Forest New Technology, CAF; Beijing 100091 People's Republic of China
| | - Shouhai Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key and Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
- Key and Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 People's Republic of China
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22
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Hameed AS. Polyphosphates as Inhibitors for Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Molecules 2017; 22:E1849. [PMID: 29143792 PMCID: PMC6150225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three polyphosphates were used as inhibitors for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The polyphosphates were added to PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight. The PVC films (40 µm thickness) were irradiated at room temperature with ultraviolet (UV) light for up to 300 h. The changes in PVC films after irradiation were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity-average molecular weight determination, and atomic force microscopy. These changes were very noticeable in the blank PVC films compared to the ones obtained when additives were used. The polyphosphates can inhibit the PVC photodegradation through direct absorption of UV light, interactions with PVC chains, and acting as radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
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23
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Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hameed AS, Yousif E, Ahmed A. New Tetra-Schiff Bases as Efficient Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules 2017; 22:E1506. [PMID: 28891944 PMCID: PMC6151724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new tetra-Schiff bases were synthesized and characterized to be used as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films. The photostability of PVC films (40 μm thickness) in the presence of Schiff bases (0.5 wt %) upon irradiation (300 h) with a UV light (λmax = 365 nm and light intensity = 6.43 × 10-9 ein∙dm-3∙s-1) was examined using various spectroscopic measurements and surface morphology analysis. The changes in various functional groups' indices, weight and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored against irradiation time. The additives used showed photostability for PVC films, with Schiff base 1 being the most effective additive upon irradiation, followed by 2 and 3. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for the PVC surface containing Schiff base 1 after irradiation were found to be smooth, with a roughness factor (Rq) of 36.8, compared to 132.2 for the PVC (blank). Several possible mechanisms that explain PVC photostabilization upon irradiation in the presence of tetra-Schiff bases were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayad S Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
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24
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Ali GQ, El-Hiti GA, Tomi IHR, Haddad R, Al-Qaisi AJ, Yousif E. Photostability and Performance of Polystyrene Films Containing 1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol Ring System Schiff Bases. Molecules 2016; 21:E1699. [PMID: 27941675 PMCID: PMC6272865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of 4-(4-substituted benzylideneamino)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were synthesized and their structures were confirmed. The synthesized Schiff bases were used as photostabilizers for polystyrene against photodegradation. Polystyrene polymeric films containing synthesized Schiff bases (0.5% by weight) were irradiated (λmax = 365 nm and light intensity = 6.43 × 10-9 ein·dm-3·s-1) at room temperature. The photostabilization effect of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols Schiff bases was determined using various methods. All the additives used enhanced the photostability of polystyrene films against irradiation compared with the result obtained in the absence of Schiff base. The Schiff bases can act as photostabilizers for polystyrene through the direct absorption of UV radiation and/or radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gassan Q Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ivan Hameed R Tomi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad 10052, Iraq.
| | - Raghad Haddad
- College of Pharmacy, Privet Uruk University, Baghdad 10069, Iraq.
| | - Alaa J Al-Qaisi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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25
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Ali MM, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E. Photostabilizing Efficiency of Poly(vinyl chloride) in the Presence of Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers. Molecules 2016; 21:E1151. [PMID: 27589707 PMCID: PMC6274560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organotin complexes containing furosemide as a ligand (L), Ph₃SnL, Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂, were synthesized and characterized. Octahedral geometry was proposed for the Me₂SnL₂ and Bu₂SnL₂, while the Ph₃SnL complex has trigonal bipyramid geometry. The synthesized organotin complexes (0.5% by weight) were used as additives to improve the photostability of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, (40 μm thickness) upon irradiation. The changes imposed on functional groups, weight loss and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored. The experimental results show that the rate of photodegradation was reduced in the presence of the organotin additives. The quantum yield of the chain scission was found to be low (9.8 × 10(-7)) when Ph₃SnL was used as a PVC photostabilizer compared to controlled PVC (5.18 × 10(-6)). In addition, the atomic force microscope images for the PVC films containing Ph₃SnL₂ after irradiation shows a smooth surface compared to the controlled films. The rate of PVC photostabilization was found to be highest for Ph₃SnL followed by Bu₂SnL₂ and Me₂SnL₂. It has been suggested that the organotin complexes could act as hydrogen chloride scavengers, ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide decomposers and/or radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq.
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26
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El-Sayed AA, Khalil AM, El-Shahat M, Khaireldin NY, Rabie ST. Antimicrobial activity of PVC-pyrazolone-silver nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2016.1166000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Khalil AM, Rabie ST, Kapralkova L, Abd El Ghaffar MA. Itaconamide derivatives as organic stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) against photodegradation. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2016.1121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Methyl methacrylate/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/N-hydroxyphenyl maleimide terpolymer as novel photostabilizer for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Rabie ST, Khalil AM. Antimicrobial agents as photostabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira T. Rabie
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Centre; Dokki Giza Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Khalil
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Centre; Dokki Giza Egypt
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30
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31
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Pi H, Guo S. Mechanochemical preparation of a novel polymeric photostabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Abdel-Naby AS, Al-Dossary AO. Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) against photo-degradation using dienophilic compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Shi W, Zhang J, Shi XM, Jiang GD. Influence of UV absorber on photodegradation processes of poly(vinyl chloride) with different average degrees of polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Sabaa MW, Mohamed RR. Phenyl urea derivatives as organic stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) against photo-degradation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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