1
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Pasch H, Ndiripo A, Bungu PSE. Multidimensional analytical protocols for the fractionation and analysis of complex polyolefins. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
- Polymer Separation Group Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V Hohe Strasse 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry National University of Science and Technology Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - Paul Severin Eselem Bungu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
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2
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Plüschke L, Ndiripo A, Mundil R, Merna J, Pasch H, Lederer A. Fractionation of chain walking polyethylene and elucidation of branching, conformation and molar mass distributions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1840865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Plüschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert Mundil
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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3
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. In-depth characterization of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) through hyphenated chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Unraveling Multiple Distributions in Chain Walking Polyethylene Using Advanced Liquid Chromatography. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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5
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Retention of polypropylene stereoisomers in solvent gradient interaction chromatography on porous graphitic carbon as influenced by temperature and mobile phase composition. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Orski SV, Kassekert LA, Farrell WS, Kenlaw GA, Hillmyer MA, Beers KL. Design and Characterization of Model Linear Low-Density Polyethylenes (LLDPEs) by Multidetector Size Exclusion Chromatography. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara V. Orski
- Materials Science & Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Luke A. Kassekert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Wesley S. Farrell
- Materials Science & Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Grace A. Kenlaw
- Materials Science & Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Beers
- Materials Science & Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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7
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Ndiripo A, Pornwilard MM, Pathaweeisariyakul T, Pasch H. Multidimensional chromatographic analysis of carboxylic acid-functionalized polyethylene. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carboxy-functionalized polyethylene is comprehensively analysed using a multidimensional fractionation approach based on high-temperature HPLC, two-dimensional liquid chromatography and selective infrared detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- University of Stellenbosch
- South Africa
| | | | | | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- University of Stellenbosch
- South Africa
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8
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidized Waxes by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7626-7634. [PMID: 29807432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report addresses the comprehensive analysis of oxidized/functionalized polyethylene waxes according to chemical composition and molar mass by selective chromatographic methods. For the first time, tailored high-temperature interaction chromatography in solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) modes are used for the chemical composition separation of these materials. Separation protocols are developed using three model wax samples with different degrees of oxidation. For the chromatographic separations polar silica gel is used as the stationary phase. Solvent gradients of decane and cyclohexanone are used in HT-SGIC at 110 °C to separate the bulk waxes into several heterogeneous fractions according to polarity and the type of functionality. Column temperature and gradient manipulation are shown to influence chromatographic resolution and retention. The HT-SGIC investigations are complemented by HT-TGIC separations where a solvent mixture of decane and cyclohexanone is used as the mobile phase in isocratic mode. It is shown that HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC provide different types of separation, however, both are predominantly based on differences in functionality. To provide comprehensive information on chemical composition (functionality) and molar mass, HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC are coupled to HT-SEC, using ortho-dichlorobenzene as the second dimension mobile phase. Clear differences between oxidized and nonoxidized waxes are detected in HT-2D-LC providing comprehensive information on the molecular heterogeneity of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
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9
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Plüschke L, Mundil R, Sokolohorskyj A, Merna J, Sommer JU, Lederer A. High Temperature Quadruple-Detector Size Exclusion Chromatography for Topological Characterization of Polyethylene. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6178-6186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Plüschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Mundil
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anatolij Sokolohorskyj
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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10
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D'hooge DR. In Silico Tracking of Individual Species Accelerating Progress in Macromolecular Engineering and Design. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800057. [PMID: 29656408 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914 Ghent 9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CSTE); Technologiepark 907 Ghent 9052 Belgium
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11
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DesLauriers PJ, Cole N, Lamborn MC, White CG, Lavine BK. Chemometric Methods for Estimating the Strain Hardening Modulus in Polyethylene Resins. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:463-475. [PMID: 29154674 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817745327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using multiway or N-way partial least square (NPLS) methods to estimate physical properties of 1-butene and 1-hexene polyethylene (PE) copolymers directly from multidimensional data obtained from size exclusion chromatography coupled to a Fourier transform infrared detector (SEC FT-IR) was explored. Digital sample sets of horizontal slices (slabs) of two-dimensional data simulating the molecular weight distribution and the corresponding orthogonal FT-IR spectra were correlated to a particular Y-block response using NPLS. The NPLS results were compared to those obtained through separate estimations using various algorithms and exploratory response surface methods. The estimated strain hardening modulus (<Gp>) for bimodal PE-like digital structures could adequately be modeled using both the linear response surface method (RSM) and NPLS. Although different input values were used, the predicted values for <Gp > by NPLS was found to mirror both the analytical results and the expected structural effects obtained using linear RSM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J DesLauriers
- 1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville Research & Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK, USA
| | - Nathan Cole
- 1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville Research & Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK, USA
| | - Mark C Lamborn
- 1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville Research & Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK, USA
| | - Collin G White
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Barry K Lavine
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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12
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Liu Y, Phiri MJ, Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Chemical composition separation of a propylene–ethylene random copolymer by high temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Santonja-Blasco L, Rungswang W, Alamo RG. Influence of Chain Microstructure on Liquid–Liquid Phase Structure and Crystallization of Dual Reactor Ziegler–Natta Made Impact Propylene–Ethylene Copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santonja-Blasco
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering Department, FAMU/FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Wonchalerm Rungswang
- Siam
Cement Group (SCG), SCG Chemicals Co., Ltd., 10 I-1 Road, Map Ta Phut Industrial
Estate, Map Ta Phut, Rayong
Province 21150, Thailand
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering Department, FAMU/FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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14
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Development of molecular imprinted column-on line-two dimensional liquid chromatography for selective determination of clenbuterol residues in biological samples. Food Chem 2017; 217:628-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Separating effective high density polyethylene segments from olefin block copolymers using high temperature liquid chromatography with a preloaded discrete adsorption promoting solvent barrier. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Phiri MJ, Pasch H. Exploring the Compositional Heterogeneity of Vis-Broken Impact Poly(propylene) Copolymers by Advanced Fractionation Methods. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohau Justice Phiri
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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17
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Prabhu K, Brüll R, Macko T, Remerie K, Tacx J, Garg P, Ginzburg A. Separation of bimodal high density polyethylene using multidimensional high temperature liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Zhou Z, Miller MD, Lee D, Cong R, Klinker C, Huang T, Li Pi Shan C, Winniford B, deGroot AW, Fan L, Karjala T, Beshah K. NMR Study of the Separation Mechanism of Polyethylene–Octene Block Copolymer by HT-LC with Graphite. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhou
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - M. D. Miller
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - D. Lee
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - R. Cong
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - C. Klinker
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - T. Huang
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - C. Li Pi Shan
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - B. Winniford
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - A. W. deGroot
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - L. Fan
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - T. Karjala
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - K. Beshah
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
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19
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Arndt JH, Macko T, Brüll R. Cloud Point Temperature Measurements on Polyolefins: Identification of Potential New Mobile Phases for Interactive Liquid Chromatography of Polyolefins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
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20
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Macko T, Brüll R, Santonja-Blasco L, Alamo RG. High-Temperature Solvent Gradient Liquid Chromatography of Model Long Chain Branched Polyethylenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF); Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF); Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstr. 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laura Santonja-Blasco
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU/FSU College of Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU/FSU College of Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
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21
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22
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Ndiripo A, Joubert D, Pasch H. Ethylene/1-heptene copolymers as interesting alternatives to 1-octene-based LLDPE: Molecular structure and physical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Dawid Joubert
- Sasol Technology Research & Development; Andries Brink Building Sasolburg 1947 South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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23
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Phiri MJ, Dimeska A, Pasch H. On the Homogeneity of Metallocene Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers as Investigated by Multiple Fractionation Techniques. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohau Justice Phiri
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Anita Dimeska
- Lummus Novolen Technology GmbH; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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24
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High temperature size exclusion–liquid adsorption chromatography (HT-SEC–LAC): Full isocratic separation of parent isotactic polypropylene homopolymer from ethylene-propylene copolymers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Li H, Gong B, Qian CJ, Luo MB. Critical adsorption of a flexible polymer on a stripe-patterned surface. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3222-3231. [PMID: 25765551 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and dynamics of a polymer chain on a stripe-patterned surface composed of periodical attractive and neutral stripes are studied by using Monte Carlo simulation. The critical adsorption temperature Tc and pattern-recognition temperature Tr are estimated from the desorption probability, surface contact number, and bridge number. A phase diagram presenting three polymer states, including a desorbed state above Tc, a multi-stripe adsorbed state at an intermediate temperature Tr < T < Tc, and a single-stripe adsorbed state below Tr, is provided for infinitely long chains. Normal diffusion is always observed for a polymer in the direction parallel to the stripe even at low temperature. But in the direction perpendicular to the stripe, the polymer can freely diffuse above Tc, whereas the polymer is confined to one attractive stripe below Tr. However, the adsorbed polymer can hop from one attractive stripe to another at the intermediate temperature Tr < T < Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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26
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Phiri MJ, Cheruthazhekatt S, Dimeska A, Pasch H. Molecular heterogeneity of ethylene-propylene rubbers: New insights through advanced crystallization-based and chromatographic techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohau Justice Phiri
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Sadiqali Cheruthazhekatt
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Anita Dimeska
- Lummus Novolen Technology GmbH; Carl-Bosch_Str. 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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27
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Application of two-dimensional chromatography to the characterization of macromolecules and biomacromolecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:193-215. [PMID: 25404163 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymeric materials are heterogeneous with respect to different structural features, for instance molar mass, composition, and architecture. One-dimensional separation methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are insufficient to fully resolve the multidimensional distributions of such complex materials. Therefore, two-dimensional separation methods are increasingly employed to characterize macromolecules. The present article describes in detail the advantages and experimental aspects of two-dimensional macromolecular separations. Selected examples will be discussed to explain the strategies used to separate macromolecules with respect to specific structural features.
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28
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Alghyamah A, Soares JBP. Effect of Solvent Type on High-Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography of Polyethylene and Ethylene-1-Octene Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alghyamah
- Department of Chemical Engineering; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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29
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Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Van Hoeylandt T, Chen K, Du Prez F, Lynen F. Deconvolution of overlapping spectral polymer signals in size exclusion separation-diode array detection separations by implementing a multivariate curve resolution method optimized by alternating least square. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1342:63-9. [PMID: 24726681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peaks eluting from a size exclusion separation (SEC) are often not completely baseline-separated due to the inherent dispersity of the polymer. Lowering the flow rate is sometimes a solution to obtain a better physical separation, but results in a longer retention time, which is often not desirable. The chemometrical deconvolution method discussed in this work provides the possibility of calculating the contribution of each peak separately in the total chromatogram of overlapping peaks. An in-house-developed MATLAB script differentiates between compounds based on their difference in UV-spectrum and retention time, using the entire 3D retention time UV-spectrum. Consequently, the output of the script offers the calculated chromatograms of the separate compounds as well as their respective UV-spectrum, of which the latter can be used for peak identification. This approach is of interest to quantitate contributions of different polymer types with overlapping UV-spectra and retention times, as is often the case in, for example, copolymer or polymer blend analysis. The applicability has been proven on mixtures of different polymer types: polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethoxyethyl acrylate). This paper demonstrates that both qualitative and quantitative analyses are possible after deconvolution and that alternating concentrations of adjacent peaks do not significantly influence the obtained accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van Hoeylandt
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kai Chen
- Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot W, Parrott A, Yau W. Multiple-Injection Method in High-Temperature Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D HT-LC). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Willem deGroot
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Albert Parrott
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Wallace Yau
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
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32
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Alghyamah A, Soares JB. Fractionation of Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymers by High-Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alghyamah
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - João B.P. Soares
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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33
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Maiko K, Hehn M, Hiller W, Pasch H. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography of Stereoregular Poly(Methyl Methacrylates) for Tacticity and Molar Mass Analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9793-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khumo Maiko
- Department
of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private
Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mathias Hehn
- Technical University of Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Technical University of Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department
of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private
Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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34
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot A, Parrott A, Cools P, Yau W. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions of polyethylene. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Application of the evaporative light scattering detector to analytical problems in polymer science. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Cheruthazhekatt S, Pasch H. Improved chemical composition separation of ethylene–propylene random copolymers by high-temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8607-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot AW, Parrott A, Yau W. One-Step Method for Separation and Identification of n-Alkanes/Oligomers in HDPE Using High-Temperature High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Mekap
- Division Plastics, Group Material
Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289
Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T. Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material
Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289
Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R. Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material
Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289
Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R. Cong
- Performance
Plastics Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 Brazosport Blvd., Freeport,
Texas 77541, United States
| | - A. W. deGroot
- Performance
Plastics Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 Brazosport Blvd., Freeport,
Texas 77541, United States
| | - A. Parrott
- Performance
Plastics Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 Brazosport Blvd., Freeport,
Texas 77541, United States
| | - W. Yau
- Performance
Plastics Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 Brazosport Blvd., Freeport,
Texas 77541, United States
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38
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Brandt J, Guimard NK, Barner-Kowollik C, Schmidt FG, Lederer A. Temperature-dependent size exclusion chromatography for the in situ investigation of dynamic bonding/debonding reactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8981-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Cheruthazhekatt S, Mayo N, Monrabal B, Pasch H. Chemical Composition Separation of EP Copolymers by CEF and HT-SGIC: Crystallization versus Adsorption. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadiqali Cheruthazhekatt
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Nuria Mayo
- Polymer Char; S. A. Gustave Eiffel 8 Paterna, Valencia Technology Park E-46980 Spain
| | - Benjamin Monrabal
- Polymer Char; S. A. Gustave Eiffel 8 Paterna, Valencia Technology Park E-46980 Spain
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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40
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Characterization of functionalized polyolefins by high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1285:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Cheruthazhekatt S, Harding GW, Pasch H. Comprehensive high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with high temperature gradient chromatography-infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of impact polypropylene copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Polyolefin Characterization: Recent Advances in Separation Techniques. POLYOLEFINS: 50 YEARS AFTER ZIEGLER AND NATTA I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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44
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Ginzburg A, Macko T, Dolle V, Brüll R. Multidimensional high-temperature liquid chromatography: A new technique to characterize the chemical heterogeneity of Ziegler-Natta-based bimodal HDPE. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Chromatographic examination of the chemical composition and sequence distribution of copolymers from ethyl and benzyl diazoacetate. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Cheruthazhekatt S, Pijpers TFJ, Harding GW, Mathot VBF, Pasch H. Compositional Analysis of an Impact Polypropylene Copolymer by Fast Scanning DSC and FTIR of TREF-SEC Cross-Fractions. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3008702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadiqali Cheruthazhekatt
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Thijs F. J. Pijpers
- SciTe, Ridder Vosstraat 6, 6162 AX Geleen,
The Netherlands
- Polymer Chemistry
and Materials,
Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gareth W. Harding
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Vincent B. F. Mathot
- SciTe, Ridder Vosstraat 6, 6162 AX Geleen,
The Netherlands
- Polymer Chemistry
and Materials,
Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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47
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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48
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Macko T, Ginzburg A, Remerie K, Bruell R. Separation of High-Impact Polypropylene Using Interactive Liquid Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Šmigovec Ljubič T, Pahovnik D, Žigon M, Žagar E. Separation of poly(styrene-block-t-butyl methacrylate) copolymers by various liquid chromatography techniques. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:932609. [PMID: 22489207 PMCID: PMC3317551 DOI: 10.1100/2012/932609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of a mixture of three poly(styrene-block-t-butyl methacrylate) copolymers (PS-b-PtBMA), consisting of polystyrene (PS) blocks of similar length and t-butyl methacrylate (PtBMA) blocks of different lengths, was performed using various chromatographic techniques, that is, a gradient liquid chromatography on reversed-phase (C18 and C8) and normal-phase columns, a liquid chromatography under critical conditions for polystyrene as well as a fully automated two-dimensional liquid chromatography that separates block copolymers by chemical composition in the first dimension and by molar mass in the second dimension. The results show that a partial separation of the mixture of PS-b-PtBMA copolymers can be achieved only by gradient liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns. The coelution of the two block copolymers is ascribed to a much shorter PtBMA block length, compared to the PS block, as well as a small difference in the length of the PtBMA block in two of these copolymers, which was confirmed by SEC-MALS and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šmigovec Ljubič
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Žigon
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University College for Polymer Technology, Glavni trg 1, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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50
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Shan CLP, Miller M, Lee D, Zhou Z. Advanced Characterization of Propylene-Based Copolymers and Olefin Block Copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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