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Kumar A, Mohanty S, Gupta VK. BUTADIENE RUBBER: SYNTHESIS, MICROSTRUCTURE, AND ROLE OF CATALYSTS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Butadiene rubber (BR) is one of the most useful and second most produced rubber worldwide. Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene (BD) is a highly stereospecific reaction that offers a wide variety of BR with different microstructures and influences the fundamental properties of the rubber. Since the first successful polymerization of conjugated diene using the Ziegler–Natta–based catalyst (TiCl4 or TiCl3 with aluminum alkyls) in 1954, the research on producing synthetic rubber with an appropriate catalyst system has been accelerated. Subsequently, various research groups are actively engaged in designing active catalyst systems based on a suitable combination of transition metal complexes with alkyl-aluminum and successfully using them in BD polymerization. Although various scientific inventions have proven their significance for the production of high-quality BR, with the rising demands in improving the quality of the product, research on developing new catalyst systems with enhanced catalytic activity and high stereoselectivity is still in progress. The present review focuses on the synthesis of BR using various transition metal catalysts and discusses their microstructures. The catalysts based on new-generation metal complexes with phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen donor ligands (e.g., phosphines, imines, 1,10-phenanthroline, and imino-pyridines) have been introduced. The role that catalysts play in the production of BR with different microstructures (i.e., high-cis, high-trans or low-cis, low-trans polybutadiene) has also been described. The combination of catalyst (transition metal complex) and suitable co-catalyst (alkyl-aluminum) is the major factor influencing the reaction and microstructure of the resulting polymer. This report focuses on the effect of transition metal catalysts (i.e., lithium [Li], titanium [Ti], zirconium [Zr], iron [Fe], cobalt [Co], nickel [Ni], and neodymium [Nd]) on the activity and stereoselectivity of polymers such as 1,4-cis-, 1,4-trans-, and 1,2-vinyl-polybutadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Polymer Synthesis and Catalysis Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhra Mohanty
- Polymer Synthesis and Catalysis Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Gupta
- Polymer Synthesis and Catalysis Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Study on the Effect of Zinc on the Rheological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties and Fire Hazard of Unfilled and Filled CR/BR Vulcanizates. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122904. [PMID: 33287429 PMCID: PMC7761851 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the cross-linking and functional properties of elastomer composites containing chloroprene rubber (CR) and butadiene rubber (BR) cured in the presence of zinc (Zn) and reinforced with mineral fillers. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc as a new cross-linking substance with the simultaneous production of elastomer materials with good mechanical properties and a reduced fire hazard. The article concerns the study and explanation of the dependencies influencing the processing and functional properties of unfilled or filled elastomer blends containing different elastomers ratio or different zinc’s amount. The following fillers were used: silica, kaolin, chalk and montmorillonite. The results revealed that the cross-linking degree of CR/BR blends decreased with the increasing amount of butadiene rubber in the blends. The mechanical properties of the cured blends depended on the proportion of elastomers in the composites, the zinc amount, and the presence and type of filler. The flammability of CR/BR/Zn vulcanizates has been investigated before and after the filling. The parameters assessed by the oxygen index method and cone calorimetry, characterizing the behavior of the tested CR/BR/Zn vulcanizates under fire conditions, have shown that they constitute a low fire hazard and can be considered as non-flammable materials.
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Chen P, Lin Y, Zhao J, Meng L, Wang D, Chen W, Li L. Reconstructing the mechanical response of polybutadiene rubber based on micro-structural evolution in strain-temperature space: entropic elasticity and strain-induced crystallization as the bridges. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:447-455. [PMID: 31803885 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in polybutadiene rubber (BR) was studied by in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) over a broad temperature range (-90 °C → 25 °C). Depending on the presence or absence of SIC and quiescent crystallization temperature, three temperature regions are divided. Detailed structural evolution is summarized in the strain-temperature space. Based on this micro-structural evolution information, the macroscopic mechanical response of BR, together with poly(isobutylene-isoprene) rubber (IIR) and natural rubber (NR), is reproduced based on Flory's and Plagge's theories. The origins of the mismatch of calculated and experimental stress-strain curves, especially in the large strain region, are discussed, and are mainly ascribed to the micro-macro connection approach and the network inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Kuo CFJ, Chen JB. Synthesis of high-solid-content, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives by solvent polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Jiong-Bo Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei 106 Taiwan
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Maiti M, Srivastava VK, Shewale S, Jasra RV, Chavda A, Modi S. Process parameter optimization through Design of Experiments in synthesis of high cis-polybutadiene rubber. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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