1
|
Ma T, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Mohanty KT, Wang C, Lutkenhaus JL. Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymers: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, Energy Storage, and Chemical Versatility. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:187-216. [PMID: 37289559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is of ever-growing importance for a modern, technology-based society. With future pressures predicted for batteries that contain strategic metals, there is increasing interest in metal-free electrode materials. Among candidate materials, nonconjugated redox-active polymers (NC-RAPs) have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, good processability, unique electrochemical properties, and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the mechanisms of redox kinetics, molecular design, synthesis, and application of NC-RAPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Different redox chemistries are compared, including polyquinones, polyimides, polyketones, sulfur-containing polymers, radical-containing polymers, polyphenylamines, polyphenazines, polyphenothiazines, polyphenoxazines, and polyviologens. We close with cell design principles considering electrolyte optimization and cell configuration. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied areas of future promise for designer NC-RAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Khirabdhi T Mohanty
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Chen Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fedyushin PA, Akyeva AY, Syroeshkin MA, Rybalova TV, Stass DV, Korolev VA, Tretyakov EV, Egorov MP. Synthesis, structure, and properties of tert-butyl perfluorobiphenyl nitroxide. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
3
|
Tretyakov EV, Ovcharenko VI, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB, Magdesieva TV, Mazhukin DG, Gritsan NP. Conjugated nitroxide radicals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
4
|
Gurská M, Brezová V, Šalitroš I, Švorc Ľ, Špánik I, Moncoľ J, Pavlik J, Szolcsányi P. Polyradical PROXYL/TEMPO Conjugates Connected by Ester/Amide Bridges: Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies, and DFT Calculations. Chempluschem 2021; 86:396-405. [PMID: 33645915 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of di-/trinitroxide esters and amides featuring PROXYL and/or TEMPO radicals connected with alicyclic bridges were prepared in 61-92 % yields and their properties were analysed by using multiple experimental techniques. The examination of EPR spectra of radicals in organic solvents augmented with DFT calculations brought valuable information on the conformational dynamics and spin exchange mechanisms. Cyclic voltammetry investigations revealed (quasi)reversible electrochemical behaviour of studied nitroxides with their half-wave potentials ranging from -51 to -17 mV. SQUID measurements of selected radicals revealed that the magnetism of di- and trinitroxides is significantly different, since antiferromagnetic coupling in biradicals is notably larger than in triradicals. The single-crystal X-ray analysis of selected biradicals revealed the existence of 3D supramolecular networks of molecules linked through hydrogen-bonding interactions. These polynitroxide radicals can serve as promising bridging or chelating ligands in the synthesis of transition-metal-based molecular magnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Gurská
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 41, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Šalitroš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, SK-974 00, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Moncoľ
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Pavlik
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Szolcsányi
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nevin Çankaya, Taniş E, Sapan PG. New Syntheses of 4NPMA Homopolymer and Its Copolymer with Limonene: Experimental Analysis and Density Functional Theory Study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Magdesieva TV, Levitskiy OA. Molecular design of stable diarylnitroxides. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to diarylnitroxides, which constitute an important type of organic radicals. These compounds are much less investigated than their alkyl counterparts. Meanwhile, they are of great interest, since they provide extensive opportunities for targeted structural modification and control of electronic properties of a molecule for a particular practical application. The existing trends of molecular design of stable diarylnitroxides and general approaches to their synthesis are discussed. Structural details and spin density distribution in diarylnitroxides are considered. Factors determining the stability of both the diarylnitroxide radicals and their oxidized and reduced forms and the redox properties of this class of organic radicals are addressed.
The bibliography includes 128 references.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poprac P, Poliak P, Kavala M, Barbieriková Z, Zalibera M, Fronc M, Švorc Ľ, Vihonská Z, Olejníková P, Lušpai K, Lukeš V, Brezová V, Szolcsányi P. Polyradical PROXYL/TEMPO-Derived Amides: Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies, DFT Calculations, and Antimicrobial Activity. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1326-1340. [PMID: 31957189 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of polynitroxide amides possessing 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (PROXYL) and/or 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) units connected through various bridges were synthesized and their properties were analyzed. EPR spectroscopy provided detailed insight into their paramagnetic character and related properties. A thorough examination of the EPR spectra of dinitroxides in organic solvents provided valuable information on the intramolecular motions, thermodynamics, and spin-exchange mechanisms. Analysis of low-temperature X- and Q-band EPR spectra of the dissolved dinitroxides provided spin-spin distances that were comparable with the theoretical values obtained by DFT. Cyclic voltammetry investigations revealed (quasi)reversible electrochemical behavior for PROXYL-derived biradicals, whereas significant loss of the reversibility was found for TEMPO-containing bi- and polyradicals. The inhibitory activities of the nitroxides against model bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi were assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Poprac
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Poliak
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Kavala
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Fronc
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Vihonská
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Olejníková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Lušpai
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Szolcsányi
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
High-Power-Density Organic Radical Batteries. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Wingate AJ, Boudouris BW. Recent advances in the syntheses of radical-containing macromolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wingate
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|