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Li S, Shu Y, Lin YA, Zhao Y, Yeh YJ, Chiang WH, Loh KJ. Distributed Strain Monitoring Using Nanocomposite Paint Sensing Meshes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:812. [PMID: 35161558 PMCID: PMC8838933 DOI: 10.3390/s22030812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strain measurements are vital for monitoring the load-bearing capacity and safety of structures. A common approach is to affix strain gages onto structural surfaces. On the other hand, most aerospace, automotive, civil, and mechanical structures are painted and coated, often with many layers, prior to their deployment. There is an opportunity to design smart and multifunctional paints that can be directly pre-applied onto structural surfaces to serve as a sensing layer among their other layers of functional paints. Therefore, the objective of this study was to design a strain-sensitive paint that can be used for structural monitoring. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were dispersed in paint by high-speed shear mixing, while paint thinner was employed for adjusting the formulation's viscosity and nanomaterial concentration. The study started with the design and fabrication of the CNT-based paint. Then, the nanocomposite paint's electromechanical properties and its sensitivity to applied strains were characterized. Third, the nanocomposite paint was spray-coated onto patterned substrates to form "Sensing Meshes" for distributed strain monitoring. An electrical resistance tomography (ERT) measurement strategy and algorithm were utilized for reconstructing the conductivity distribution of the Sensing Meshes, where the magnitude of conductivity (or resistivity) corresponded to the magnitude of strain, while strain directionality was determined based on the strut direction in the mesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Li
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.-A.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Active, Responsive, Multifunctional, and Ordered-Materials Research (ARMOR) Laboratory, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Yening Shu
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.-A.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Active, Responsive, Multifunctional, and Ordered-Materials Research (ARMOR) Laboratory, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Yun-An Lin
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.-A.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Active, Responsive, Multifunctional, and Ordered-Materials Research (ARMOR) Laboratory, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.-A.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Active, Responsive, Multifunctional, and Ordered-Materials Research (ARMOR) Laboratory, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Yi-Jui Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (Y.-J.Y.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (Y.-J.Y.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Kenneth J. Loh
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.-A.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Active, Responsive, Multifunctional, and Ordered-Materials Research (ARMOR) Laboratory, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0085, USA
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Głowińska A, Trochimczuk AW. Polymer-Supported Phosphoric, Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids-From Synthesis to Properties and Applications in Separation Processes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184236. [PMID: 32942756 PMCID: PMC7571143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient separation technologies are crucial to the environment and world economy. The challenge posed to scientists is how to engineer selectivity towards a targeted substrate, especially from multicomponent solutions. Polymer-supported reagents have gained a lot of attention in this context, as they eliminate a lot of inconveniences concerning widely used solvent extraction techniques. Nevertheless, the choice of an appropriate ligand for immobilization may be derived from the behavior of soluble compounds under solvent extraction conditions. Organophosphorus compounds play a significant role in separation science and technology. The features they possess, such as variable oxidation states, multivalence, asymmetry and metal-binding properties, highlight their status as a unique and versatile class of compounds, capable of selective separations proceeding through different mechanisms. This review provides a detailed survey of polymers containing phosphoric, phosphonic and phosphinic acid functionalities in the side chain and covers main advances in the preparation and application of these materials in separation science, including the most relevant synthesis routes (Arbuzov, Perkow, Mannich, Kabachnik-Fields reactions, etc.), as well as the main stages in the development of organophosphorus resins and the most important achievements in the field.
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Lv J, Luo T, Zou D, Dong H. Using DMF as Both a Catalyst and Cosolvent for the Regioselective Silylation of Polyols and Diols. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Zou
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 450052 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Hai Dong
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
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Selective Laser Sintering Fabricated Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Graphene Cellular Structures with Tailorable Properties and High Strain Sensitivity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrically conductive and flexible thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene (TPU/GE) porous structures were successfully fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS) technique starting from graphene (GE)-wrapped thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) powders. Several 3D mathematically defined architectures, with porosities from 20% to 80%, were designed by using triply periodic minimal surfaces (TMPS) equations corresponding to Schwarz (S), Diamond (D), and Gyroid (G) unit cells. The resulting three-dimensional porous structures exhibit an effective conductive network due to the segregation of graphene nanoplatelets previously assembled onto the TPU powder surface. GE nanoplatelets improve the thermal stability of the TPU matrix, also increasing its glass transition temperature. Moreover, the porous structures realized by S geometry display higher elastic modulus values in comparison to D and G-based structures. Upon cyclic compression tests, all porous structures exhibit a robust negative piezoresistive behavior, regardless of their porosity and geometry, with outstanding strain sensitivity. Gauge factor (GF) values of 12.4 at 8% strain are achieved for S structures at 40 and 60% porosity, and GF values up to 60 are obtained for deformation extents lower than 5%. Thermal conductivity of the TPU/GE structures significantly decreases with increasing porosity, while the effect of the structure architecture is less relevant. The TPU/GE porous structures herein reported hold great potential as flexible, highly sensitive, and stable strain sensors in wearable or implantable devices, as well as dielectric elastomer actuators.
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Sukhawipat N, Saetung N, Pilard JF, Bistac S, Saetung A. Synthesis and characterization of novel natural rubber based cationic waterborne polyurethane-Effect of emulsifier and diol class chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathapong Sukhawipat
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai Campus; Songkhla Thailand
| | - Nitinart Saetung
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai Campus; Songkhla Thailand
| | - Jean-Francois Pilard
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283; Université du Maine; 72085, Le Mans Cedex 9 France
| | - Sophie Bistac
- Université de Haute Alsace, LPIM, 3 rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse; France
| | - Anuwat Saetung
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology; Prince of Songkla University; Pattani Campus Pattani Thailand
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Akindoyo JO, Beg MDH, Ghazali S, Islam MR, Jeyaratnam N, Yuvaraj AR. Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O. Akindoyo
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - M. D. H. Beg
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - Suriati Ghazali
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - M. R. Islam
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology
- University of Kuala Lumpur
- Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Nitthiyah Jeyaratnam
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - A. R. Yuvaraj
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
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