1
|
Stern NB, Shrestha B, Porter T. A Facile Approach to Producing Liposomal J-Aggregates of Indocyanine Green with Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2024; 7:2400042. [PMID: 39132131 PMCID: PMC11308451 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202400042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Liposomal J-Aggregates of Indocyanine Green (L-JA) can serve as a biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticle for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. When compared to monomeric IcG, L-JA are characterized by longer circulation, improved photostability, elevated absorption at longer wavelengths, and increased photoacoustic signal generation. However, the documented methods for production of L-JA vary widely. We developed an approach to efficiently form IcG J-aggregates (IcG-JA) directly in liposomes at elevated temperatures. Aggregating within fully formed liposomes ensures particle uniformity and allows for control of J-aggregate size. L-JA have unique properties compared to IcG. L-JA provide significant contrast enhancement in photoacoustic images for up to 24 hours after injection, while IcG and unencapsulated IcG-JA are cleared within an hour. L-JA allow for more accurate photoacoustic-based sO2 estimation and particle tracking compared to IcG. Furthermore, photothermal heating of L-JA with an 852nm laser is demonstrated to be more effective at lower laser powers than conventional 808nm lasers for the first time. The presented technique offers an avenue for formulating a multi-faceted contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy that offers significant advantages over other conventional agents.
Collapse
|
2
|
Farooq A, Sabah S, Dhou S, Alsawaftah N, Husseini G. Exogenous Contrast Agents in Photoacoustic Imaging: An In Vivo Review for Tumor Imaging. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:393. [PMID: 35159738 PMCID: PMC8840344 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer theranostics has grown rapidly in the past decade and innovative 'biosmart' theranostic materials are being synthesized and studied to combat the fast growth of cancer metastases. While current state-of-the-art oncology imaging techniques have decreased mortality rates, patients still face a diminished quality of life due to treatment. Therefore, improved diagnostics are needed to define in vivo tumor growths on a molecular level to achieve image-guided therapies and tailored dosage needs. This review summarizes in vivo studies that utilize contrast agents within the field of photoacoustic imaging-a relatively new imaging modality-for tumor detection, with a special focus on imaging and transducer parameters. This paper also details the different types of contrast agents used in this novel diagnostic field, i.e., organic-based, metal/inorganic-based, and dye-based contrast agents. We conclude this review by discussing the challenges and future direction of photoacoustic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afifa Farooq
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (A.F.); (S.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Shafiya Sabah
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (A.F.); (S.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Salam Dhou
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (A.F.); (S.S.); (N.A.)
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nour Alsawaftah
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (A.F.); (S.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Ghaleb Husseini
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (A.F.); (S.S.); (N.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng BD, Ye J, Huang YY, Xiao MT. Phthalocyanine-based photoacoustic contrast agents for imaging and theranostics. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7811-7825. [PMID: 34755723 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanine, as an organic dye, has attracted much attention due to its high molar absorption coefficient in the near-infrared region (NIR). It is precisely because of this advantage that phthalocyanine is very beneficial to photoacoustic imaging (PAI). At present, many different strategies have been adopted to design phthalocyanine-based contrast agents with photoacoustic (PA) effect, including increasing water solubility, changing spectral properties, prolonging the circulation time, constructing activatable supramolecular nanoparticles, increasing targeting, etc. Based on this, this minireview highlighted the above ways to enhance the PA effect of phthalocyanine. What's more, the application of phthalocyanine-based PA contrast agents in biomedical imaging and image-guided phototherapy has been discussed. Finally, this minireview also provides the prospects and challenges of phthalocyanine-based PA contrast agents in order to provide some reference for the application of phthalocyanine-based PA contrast agents in biomedical imaging and guiding tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-De Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Ya-Yan Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mei-Tian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palma-Chavez J, Pfefer TJ, Agrawal A, Jokerst JV, Vogt WC. Review of consensus test methods in medical imaging and current practices in photoacoustic image quality assessment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210176VSSR. [PMID: 34510850 PMCID: PMC8434148 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a powerful emerging technology with broad clinical applications, but consensus test methods are needed to standardize performance evaluation and accelerate translation. AIM To review consensus image quality test methods for mature imaging modalities [ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), x-ray CT, and x-ray mammography], identify best practices in phantom design and testing procedures, and compare against current practices in PAI phantom testing. APPROACH We reviewed scientific papers, international standards, clinical accreditation guidelines, and professional society recommendations describing medical image quality test methods. Observations are organized by image quality characteristics (IQCs), including spatial resolution, geometric accuracy, imaging depth, uniformity, sensitivity, low-contrast detectability, and artifacts. RESULTS Consensus documents typically prescribed phantom geometry and material property requirements, as well as specific data acquisition and analysis protocols to optimize test consistency and reproducibility. While these documents considered a wide array of IQCs, reported PAI phantom testing focused heavily on in-plane resolution, depth of visualization, and sensitivity. Understudied IQCs that merit further consideration include out-of-plane resolution, geometric accuracy, uniformity, low-contrast detectability, and co-registration accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Available medical image quality standards provide a blueprint for establishing consensus best practices for photoacoustic image quality assessment and thus hastening PAI technology advancement, translation, and clinical adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Palma-Chavez
- University of California San Diego, Department of NanoEngineering, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- University of California San Diego, Department of NanoEngineering, La Jolla, California, United States
- University of California San Diego, Department of Radiology, La Jolla, California, United States
- University of California San Diego, Materials Science and Engineering Program, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - William C. Vogt
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park EY, Oh D, Park S, Kim W, Kim C. New contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging and theranostics: Recent 5-year overview on phthalocyanine/naphthalocyanine-based nanoparticles. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031510. [PMID: 34368604 PMCID: PMC8325568 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phthalocyanine (Pc) and naphthalocyanine (Nc) nanoagents have drawn much attention as contrast agents for photoacoustic (PA) imaging due to their large extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near-infrared region. Many investigations have been conducted to enhance Pc/Ncs' photophysical properties and address their poor solubility in an aqueous solution. Many diverse strategies have been adopted, including centric metal chelation, structure modification, and peripheral substitution. This review highlights recent advances on Pc/Nc-based PA agents and their extended use for multiplexed biomedical imaging, multimodal diagnostic imaging, and image-guided phototherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sinyoung Park
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Wangyu Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan Y, Hou W, Qin W, Wu C. Recent advances in semiconducting polymer dots as optical probes for biosensing. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:328-346. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review mainly summarized the recent results that used bright polymer dots (Pdots) for the detection of different analytes such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), metal ions, pH values, and a variety of biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Weiying Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Weiping Qin
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tumor microenvironment-induced structure changing drug/gene delivery system for overcoming delivery-associated challenges. J Control Release 2020; 323:203-224. [PMID: 32320817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nano-drug/gene delivery systems (DDS) are powerful weapons for the targeted delivery of various therapeutic molecules in treatment of tumors. Nano systems are being extensively investigated for drug and gene delivery applications because of their exceptional ability to protect the payload from degradation in vivo, prolong circulation of the nanoparticles (NPs), realize controlled release of the contents, reduce side effects, and enhance targeted delivery among others. However, the specific properties required for a DDS vary at different phase of the complex delivery process, and these requirements are often conflicting, including the surface charge, particle size, and stability of DDS, which severely reduces the efficiency of the drug/gene delivery. Therefore, researchers have attempted to fabricate structure, size, or charge changeable DDS by introducing various tumor microenvironment (TME) stimuli-responsive elements into the DDS to meet the varying requirements at different phases of the delivery process, thus improving drug/gene delivery efficiency. This paper summarizes the most recent developments in TME stimuli-responsive DDS and addresses the aforementioned challenges.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wolf MP, Liu K, Horn TFW, Hunziker P. FRET in a Polymeric Nanocarrier: IR-780 and IR-780-PDMS. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4065-4074. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Wolf
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Kegang Liu
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. W. Horn
- Single Cell Facility, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
- CLINAM Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, Basel CH-4016, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aggarwal A, Samaroo D, Jovanovic IR, Singh S, Tuz MP, Mackiewicz MR. Porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers for diagnostic and therapeutic applications: An update. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin-based molecules are actively studied as dual function theranostics: fluorescence-based imaging for diagnostics and fluorescence-guided therapeutic treatment of cancers. The intrinsic fluorescent and photodynamic properties of the bimodal molecules allows for these theranostic approaches. Several porphyrinoids bearing both hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic units at their periphery have been developed for the aforementioned applications, but better tumor selectivity and high efficacy to destroy tumor cells is always a key setback for their use. Another issue related to their effective clinical use is that, most of these chromophores form aggregates under physiological conditions. Nanomaterials that are known to possess incredible properties that cannot be achieved from their bulk systems can serve as carriers for these chromophores. Porphyrinoids, when conjugated with nanomaterials, can be enabled to perform as multifunctional nanomedicine devices. The integrated properties of these porphyrinoid-nanomaterial conjugated systems make them useful for selective drug delivery, theranostic capabilities, and multimodal bioimaging. This review highlights the use of porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines as well as their multifunctional nanodevices in various biomedical theranostic platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- LaGuardia Community College, 31-10 Thomson Ave., Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Diana Samaroo
- New York City College of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Graduate Center, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Sunaina Singh
- LaGuardia Community College, 31-10 Thomson Ave., Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Michelle Paola Tuz
- LaGuardia Community College, 31-10 Thomson Ave., Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pound-Lana GEN, Garcia GM, Trindade IC, Capelari-Oliveira P, Pontifice TG, Vilela JMC, Andrade MS, Nottelet B, Postacchini BB, Mosqueira VCF. Phthalocyanine photosensitizer in polyethylene glycol-block-poly(lactide-co-benzyl glycidyl ether) nanocarriers: Probing the contribution of aromatic donor-acceptor interactions in polymeric nanospheres. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 94:220-233. [PMID: 30423704 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
For best photosensitizer activity phthalocyanine dyes used in photodynamic therapy should be molecularly dispersed. Polyethylene glycol-block-polylactide derivatives presenting benzyl side-groups were synthesized to encapsulate a highly lipophilic phthalocyanine dye (AlClPc) and evaluate the effect of π-π interactions on the nanocarrier colloidal stability and dye dispersion. Copolymers with 0, 1, 2 and 6 mol% of benzyl glycidyl ether (BGE) were obtained via polyethylene glycol initiated ring-opening copolymerization of D,l-lactide with BGE. The block copolymers formed stable, monodisperse nanospheres with low in vitro cytotoxicity. AlClPc loading increased the nanosphere size and affected their colloidal stability. The photo-physical properties of the encapsulated dye, studied in batch and after separation by field flow fractionation, demonstrated the superiority of plain PEG-PLA over BGE-containing copolymers in maintaining the dye in its monomeric (non-aggregated) form in aqueous suspension. High dye encapsulation and sustained dye release suggest that these nanocarriers are good candidates for photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaelle E N Pound-Lana
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development and Nanobiotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Giani M Garcia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development and Nanobiotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabel C Trindade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development and Nanobiotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Capelari-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development and Nanobiotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais Godinho Pontifice
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development and Nanobiotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Mário C Vilela
- CIT - Centro de Inovação e Tecnologia Senai-Fiemg, Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2000, Horto, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Margareth S Andrade
- CIT - Centro de Inovação e Tecnologia Senai-Fiemg, Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2000, Horto, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruna B Postacchini
- Laboratory of Molecular Photophysics, Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C F Mosqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development and Nanobiotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiong D, Zhang X, Peng S, Gu H, Zhang L. Smart pH-sensitive micelles based on redox degradable polymers as DOX/GNPs carriers for controlled drug release and CT imaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 163:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
12
|
Mauriello-Jimenez C, Henry M, Aggad D, Raehm L, Cattoën X, Wong Chi Man M, Charnay C, Alpugan S, Ahsen V, Tarakci DK, Maillard P, Maynadier M, Garcia M, Dumoulin F, Gary-Bobo M, Coll JL, Josserand V, Durand JO. Porphyrin- or phthalocyanine-bridged silsesquioxane nanoparticles for two-photon photodynamic therapy or photoacoustic imaging. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16622-16626. [PMID: 29082396 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04677d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin- or phthalocyanine-bridged silsesquioxane nanoparticles (BSPOR and BSPHT) were prepared. Their endocytosis in MCF-7 cancer cells was shown with two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging. With two-photon excited photodynamic therapy (TPE-PDT), BSPOR was more phototoxic than BSPHT, which in contrast displayed a very high signal for photoacoustic imaging in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mauriello-Jimenez
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lehner R, Liu K, Wang X, Hunziker P. Efficient Receptor Mediated siRNA Delivery in Vitro by Folic Acid Targeted Pentablock Copolymer-Based Micelleplexes. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2654-2662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lehner
- Nanomedicine
Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Kegang Liu
- Nanomedicine
Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Xueya Wang
- Nanomedicine
Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- Nanomedicine
Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
- CLINAM Foundation
for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse
12, Basel CH-4016, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|