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Prebihalo EA, Johnson M, Reineke TM. Bio-Based Thiol-ene Network Thermosets from Isosorbide and Terpenes. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:586-591. [PMID: 38666714 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Thermoset networks are chemically cross-linked materials that exhibit high heat resistance and mechanical strength; however, the permanently cross-linked system makes end-of-life degradation difficult. Thermosets that are inherently degradable and made from renewably derived starting materials are an underexplored area in sustainable polymer chemistry. Here, we report the synthesis of novel sugar- and terpene-based monomers as the enes in thiol-ene network formation. The resulting networks showed varied mechanical properties depending on the thiol used during cross-linking, ranging from strain-at-breaks of 12 to 200%. Networks with carveol or an isosorbide-based thiol incorporated showed plastic deformation under tensile stress testing, while geraniol-containing networks demonstrated linear stress-strain behavior. The storage modulus at the rubbery plateau was highly dependent on the thiol cross-linker, showing an order of magnitude difference between commercial PETMP, DTT, and synthesized Iso2MC. Thermal degradation temperatures were low for the networks, primarily below 200 °C, and the Tg values ranged from -17 to 31 °C. Networks were rapidly degraded under basic conditions, showing complete degradation after 2 days for nearly all synthesized thermosets. This library demonstrates the range of thermal and mechanical properties that can be targeted using monomers from sugars and terpenes and expands the field of renewably derived and degradable thermoset network materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Prebihalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Melody Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, 1231 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Rosetto G, Vidal F, McGuire TM, Kerr RWF, Williams CK. High Molar Mass Polycarbonates as Closed-Loop Recyclable Thermoplastics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8381-8393. [PMID: 38484170 PMCID: PMC10979403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Using carbon dioxide (CO2) to make recyclable thermoplastics could reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with polymer manufacturing. CO2/cyclic epoxide ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) allows for >30 wt % of the polycarbonate to derive from CO2; so far, the field has largely focused on oligocarbonates. In contrast, efficient catalysts for high molar mass polycarbonates are underinvestigated, and the resulting thermoplastic structure-property relationships, processing, and recycling need to be elucidated. This work describes a new organometallic Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst that combines high productivity, low loading tolerance, and the highest polymerization control to yield polycarbonates with number average molecular weight (Mn) values from 4 to 130 kg mol-1, with narrow, monomodal distributions. It is used in the ROCOP of CO2 with bicyclic epoxides to produce a series of samples, each with Mn > 100 kg mol-1, of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC), poly(vinyl-cyclohexene carbonate) (PvCHC), poly(ethyl-cyclohexene carbonate) (PeCHC, by hydrogenation of PvCHC), and poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCPC). All these materials are amorphous thermoplastics, with high glass transition temperatures (85 < Tg < 126 °C, by differential scanning calorimetry) and high thermal stability (Td > 260 °C). The cyclic ring substituents mediate the materials' chain entanglements, viscosity, and glass transition temperatures. Specifically, PCPC was found to have 10× lower entanglement molecular weight (Me)n and 100× lower zero-shear viscosity compared to those of PCHC, showing potential as a future thermoplastic. All these high molecular weight polymers are fully recyclable, either by reprocessing or by using the Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst for highly selective depolymerizations to epoxides and CO2. PCPC shows the fastest depolymerization rates, achieving an activity of 2500 h-1 and >99% selectivity for cyclopentene oxide and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ryan W. F. Kerr
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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3
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Zeng X, Chen Q, Zhao C, Xie S, Xie H, Huang C. Eugenol-derived organic liquids as an in situ CO2 capturing and conversion system for Eugenol-based polycarbonate synthesis. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200503. [PMID: 35971849 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The significant development of catalytic biomass conversion has provided a large library of chemicals ready for subsequent upgrading to polymerisable monomers for the design and preparation of sustainable polymers. In this study, hydroxyethylation of eugenol by using green ethylene carbonate as alkylation reagent and cheap tetrabutylammonium iodide ionic liquids as green solvents and catalysts produced 2-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethan-1-ol with a 85% yield, which could be used to construct an in situ CO 2 capture and conversion system by taking the reversible chemistry of alcoholic compounds with CO 2 in the presence of superbases, on which α,ω-diene functionalized carbonate monomers were successfully prepared and were applied in thiol-ene click and acyclic diene metathesis polymerisation (ADMET), producing a series of poly(thioether carbonate)s and unsaturated aromatic aliphatic polycarbonates with moderate molecular weights and satisfactory thermal properties. The structures of the formed CO 2 reversible ILs, the polymerisable monomers and the corresponding polymers were fully characterized by various technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Zeng
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Qin Chen
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Changbo Zhao
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Sibo Xie
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Haibo Xie
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, West Campus, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, 550025, Guiyang, CHINA
| | - Caijuan Huang
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
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4
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Louisy E, Khodyrieva V, Olivero S, Michelet V, Mija A. Use of Limonene Epoxides and Derivatives as Promising Monomers for Biobased Polymers. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200190. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Veronique Michelet
- University of Cote d'Azur Faculty of Sciences: Universite Cote d'Azur Faculte des Sciences CHEMISTRY Parc Valrose 06100 NICE FRANCE
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5
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Abstract
The use of renewable terpene-based monomers for the preparation of sustainable functional polymers is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Monica
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute for Science & Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute for Science & Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
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6
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1,3-Propanediol and its Application in Bio-Based Polyesters for Resin Applications. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-018-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Wang Y, Darensbourg DJ. Carbon dioxide-based functional polycarbonates: Metal catalyzed copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Wang P, Park JH, Sayed M, Chang TS, Moran A, Chen S, Pyo SH. Sustainable Synthesis and Characterization of Bisphenol A-Free Polycarbonate from Six-Membered Dicyclic Carbonate. Polym Chem 2018; 9:3798-3807. [PMID: 30581494 PMCID: PMC6300155 DOI: 10.1039/c8py00676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A, (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, BPA)-free polycarbonate (PC) from six-membered di-cyclic carbonate, di-trimethylolpropane di-cyclic carbonate (DTMPC) was developed as a new type of PC by ring opening homo-polymerization. The polymerization was controlled by using metal-free organic-based catalyst systems. The results indicated that the conversion rate depends on the basicity of the catalyst in the order of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), triethylamine (TEA) from high to low. Over 99% conversion of DTMPC was obtained at 130°C within 15 min by TBD, DBU and DMAP. The resulting PC as a homo-polymer showed high optical transparency and hardness, low swelling property in organic solvents, and thermally stable at temperatures as high as 200 °C. High cell viability as the cyto-compatibility of C3H 10T1/2 cells seeded directly on the surface of PC films was obtained. This implied that PC is a viable material for biomedical and consumer products applications where safety is an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Center for Environment & Sustainable Resources, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Sayed
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tae-Sun Chang
- Center for Environment & Sustainable Resources, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Amy Moran
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sang-Hyun Pyo
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Chen TTD, Zhu Y, Williams CK. Pentablock Copolymer from Tetracomponent Monomer Mixture Using a Switchable Dizinc Catalyst. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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11
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Farmer TJ, Comerford JW, Pellis A, Robert T. Post-polymerization modification of bio-based polymers: maximizing the high functionality of polymers derived from biomass. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Farmer
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington UK
| | - James W Comerford
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington UK
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington UK
| | - Tobias Robert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research - Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E; Braunschweig Germany
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulidan Firdaus
- Department of Chemistry; Sebelas Maret University; Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta 57126 Indonesia
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14
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Scharfenberg M, Hofmann S, Preis J, Hilf J, Frey H. Rigid Hyperbranched Polycarbonate Polyols from CO2 and Cyclohexene-Based Epoxides. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Scharfenberg
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silja Hofmann
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Preis
- PSS Polymer
Standards
Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese
5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeannette Hilf
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Material Science in Mainz, Staudinger
Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Stößer T, Li C, Unruangsri J, Saini PK, Sablong RJ, Meier MAR, Williams CK, Koning C. Bio-derived polymers for coating applications: comparing poly(limonene carbonate) and poly(cyclohexadiene carbonate). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01223c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two fully bio-based polycarbonates, poly(limonene carbonate) and poly(cylcohexadiene carbonate), were post-functionalized via thiol–ene reactions and tested as future coating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stößer
- Oxford Chemistry
- Chemical Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Chunliang Li
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven B.V. (PTG/e)
- 5600 HG Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rafaël J. Sablong
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven B.V. (PTG/e)
- 5600 HG Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)
- Materialwissenschaftliches Sentrum MSE
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | - Cor Koning
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven B.V. (PTG/e)
- 5600 HG Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- DSM Coating Resins
- 8022 AW Swolle
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