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Ahmadi M, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R, Stampfl J. From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3978-4020. [PMID: 38546847 PMCID: PMC11009961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Hakim Khalili M, Zhang R, Wilson S, Goel S, Impey SA, Aria AI. Additive Manufacturing and Physicomechanical Characteristics of PEGDA Hydrogels: Recent Advances and Perspective for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102341. [PMID: 37242919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss the recent advancements in using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. PEGDA hydrogels are highly attractive in biomedical and biotechnology fields due to their soft and hydrated properties that can replicate living tissues. These hydrogels can be manipulated using light, heat, and cross-linkers to achieve desirable functionalities. Unlike previous reviews that focused solely on material design and fabrication of bioactive hydrogels and their cell viability and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), we compare the traditional bulk photo-crosslinking method with the latest three-dimensional (3D) printing of PEGDA hydrogels. We present detailed evidence combining the physical, chemical, bulk, and localized mechanical characteristics, including their composition, fabrication methods, experimental conditions, and reported mechanical properties of bulk and 3D printed PEGDA hydrogels. Furthermore, we highlight the current state of biomedical applications of 3D PEGDA hydrogels in tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices over the last 20 years. Finally, we delve into the current obstacles and future possibilities in the field of engineering 3D layer-by-layer (LbL) PEGDA hydrogels for tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hakim Khalili
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Rujing Zhang
- Sophion Bioscience A/S, Baltorpvej 154, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Wilson
- Sophion Bioscience A/S, Baltorpvej 154, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Susan A Impey
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Adrianus Indrat Aria
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
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Tomal W, Krok D, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Ortyl J. Beneficial stilbene-based derivatives: From the synthesis of new catalytic photosensitizer to 3D printouts and fiber-reinforced composites. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Qadir D, Nasir R, Mukhtar HB, Keong LK. Synthesis, characterization, and performance analysis of carbon molecular sieve-embedded polyethersulfone mixed-matrix membranes for the removal of dissolved ions. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1306-1324. [PMID: 32170974 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES-15 wt.%) mixed-matrix membranes were prepared by incorporation of carbon molecular sieve (CMS) with varying concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt.%). Physicochemical characterization of synthesized membranes was carried out using field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential analyzer, porosity, and mean pore sizes. Performance analysis of synthesized mixed-matrix membranes was carried out by varying the operating parameters such as pressure (2-10 bar), feed concentration (100-1,000 mg/L), and cations type (Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and Sn2+ ). Effect of operating parameters and CMS concentration was investigated on pure water flux (PWF), permeate flux, and rejection of membranes. It was found that mixed-matrix membrane containing 15 wt.% PES with 1 wt.% CMS displayed the superior physicochemical characteristics in terms of hydrophilicity (37.9°), surface charge (-13.8 mV), mean pore diameter (6.04 nm), and thermal properties (Tg = 218.5°C), and overall performance. E5C1 membrane showed 1.5 times higher PWF (75.5 L m-2 hr-1 ) and incremented in rejection for all salts than the nascent membrane. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Carbon molecular sieve-embedded mixed-matrix membranes were synthesized by phase inversion method. The resultant membranes experienced improved hydrophilicity, roughness, surface charge, porosity, and mean pore diameter with 1 wt.% CMS loading. The pure water flux was improved from 55.77 to 75.05 L m-2 hr-1 when 1 wt.% CMS was added in pure PES. The observed rejection of a mixed-matrix membrane with 1 wt.% CMS was the maximum for all salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Qadir
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Rizwan Nasir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hilmi B Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Lau K Keong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
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Tomal W, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Popielarz R, Ortyl J. Multifunctional biphenyl derivatives as photosensitisers in various types of photopolymerization processes, including IPN formation, 3D printing of photocurable multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) fluorescent composites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32162-32182. [PMID: 35518164 PMCID: PMC9056632 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary of properties and applications of multifunctional of biphenyl derivatives as photosensitisers in various types of photopolymerization processes, including IPN formation, 3D printing of photocurable multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) fluorescent composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | - Roman Popielarz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd
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Gojzewski H, Obszarska J, Harlay A, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Designer poly(urea-siloxane) microspheres with controlled modulus and size: Synthesis, morphology, and nanoscale stiffness by AFM. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Maaskant E, Gojzewski H, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ, Benes NE. Thin cyclomatrix polyphosphazene films: interfacial polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with aromatic biphenols. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclomatrix polyphosphazene films have been synthesized by interfacial polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with a variety of biphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Maaskant
- Films in Fluids Group - Membrane Science and Technology cluster
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Films in Fluids Group - Membrane Science and Technology cluster
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
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Imre B, Gojzewski H, Check C, Chartoff R, Vancso GJ. Properties and Phase Structure of Polycaprolactone-Based Segmented Polyurethanes with Varying Hard and Soft Segments: Effects of Processing Conditions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Imre
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Twente; Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Casey Check
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon (CAMCOR); University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Richard Chartoff
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Twente; Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
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Dataset for acrylate/silica nanoparticles formulations and photocured composites: Viscosity, filler dispersion and bulk Poisson׳s ratio. Data Brief 2017; 12:528-534. [PMID: 28516149 PMCID: PMC5425337 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-curable polymer composites are of importance in industry, biomedical applications, scientific fields, and daily life. Outstanding physical properties of polymer composites were achieved with nanoparticles as filler, primarily in enhancing mechanical strength or barrier properties. Structure-property relationships of the resulting nanocomposites are dictated by the polymer-filler molecular architecture, i.e. interactions between polymer matrix and filler, and high surface area to volume ratio of the filler particles. Among monomers, acrylates and methacrylates attracted wide attention due to their ease of polymerization and excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties of the derived polymers. We prepared and photopolymerized two series of formulations containing hydrophobized silica nanofiller (Aerosil R7200) dispersed in 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) or polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) monomers. We compared selected physical properties of the formulations, both before and after photocuring; specifically the viscosity of formulations and dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrices. Additionally, we estimated the bulk Poisson׳s ratio of the investigated nanocomposites. This article contains data related to the research article entitled “Nanoscale Young׳s modulus and surface morphology in photocurable polyacrylate/nanosilica composites” (Gojzewski et al., 2017) [1].
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