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Fischer J, Han L, Saito T, Dadmun M. When does a macromolecule transition from a polymer chain to a nanoparticle? NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:5164-5177. [PMID: 36504741 PMCID: PMC9680937 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00617k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Frequently, the defining characteristic of a nanoparticle is simply its size, where objects that are 1-100 nm are characterized as nanoparticles. However, synthetic and biological macromolecules, in particular high molecular weight chains, can satisfy this size requirement without providing the same phenomena as one would expect from a nanoparticle. At the same time, soft polymer nanoparticles are important in a broad range of fields, including understanding protein folding, drug delivery, vitrimers, catalysis and nanomedicine. Moreover, the recent flourish of all polymer nanocomposites has led to the synthesis of soft all-polymer nanoparticles, which emerge from internal crosslinking of a macromolecule. Thus, there exists a transition of an internally crosslinked macromolecule from a polymer chain to a nanoparticle as the amount of internal crosslinks increases, where the polymer chain exhibits different behavior than the nanoparticle. Yet, this transition is not well understood. In this work, we seek to address this knowledge gap and determine the transition of a macromolecule from a polymer chain to a nanoparticle as internal crosslinking increases. In this work, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) offers insight into the structure of polystyrene and poly(ethyl hexyl methacrylate) nanostructures in dilute solutions, with crosslinking densities that vary from 0.1 to 10.7%. Analyses of the SANS data provides structural characteristics to classify a nanostructure as chain-like or particle-like and identify a crosslinking dependent transition between the two morphologies. It was found that for both types of polymeric nanostructures, a crosslinking density of 0.81% (∼ a crosslink for every 1 in 125 monomers) or higher exhibit clear particle-like behavior. Lower crosslinking density nanostructures showed amounts of collapse similar to that of a star polymer (0.1% XL) or a random walk polymer chain (0.4% XL). Thus, the transition of an internally crosslinked macromolecule from a polymer chain to a nanoparticle is not an abrupt transition but occurs via the gradual contraction of the chain with incorporated crosslinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Lu Han
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Mark Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
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Tiwari K, Bhattacharya S. The ascension of nanosponges as a drug delivery carrier: preparation, characterization, and applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:28. [PMID: 35244808 PMCID: PMC8897344 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanosponges are nanosized drug carriers with a three-dimensional structure created by crosslinking polymers. They have the advantage of being able to hold a wide range of drugs of various sizes. Nanosponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are distinguished by the research method used, the type of polymer used, and the type of drug they may contain. Nanosponges are superior to other delivery systems because they can provide a controlled drug release pattern with targeted drug delivery. The period of action, as well as the drug's residence time, may be regulated. Since it is made of biodegradable materials, it has a low toxicity and is safe to use. The efficiency of drug encapsulation is determined by the size of the drug molecule and the amount of void space available. Cancer, enzyme and biocatalyst carrier, oxygen delivery, solubility enhancement, enzyme immobilization, and poison absorbent are some of the applications for nanosponges. The method of preparation, characterization, factors affecting nanosponge development, drug loading and release mechanism, recent developments in this area, and patents filed in the area of nanosponges are all highlighted in this study. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
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Grosso R, de-Paz MV. Thiolated-Polymer-Based Nanoparticles as an Avant-Garde Approach for Anticancer Therapies-Reviewing Thiomers from Chitosan and Hyaluronic Acid. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:854. [PMID: 34201403 PMCID: PMC8227107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiomers (or thiolated polymers) have broken through as avant-garde approaches in anticancer therapy. Their distinguished reactivity and properties, closely linked to their final applications, justify the extensive research conducted on their preparation and use as smart drug-delivery systems (DDSs). Multiple studies have demonstrated that thiomer-rich nanoformulations can overcome major drawbacks found when administering diverse active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), especially in cancer therapy. This work focuses on providing a complete and concise review of the synthetic tools available to thiolate cationic and anionic polymers, in particular chitosan (CTS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), respectively, drawing attention to the most successful procedures. Their chemical reactivity and most relevant properties regarding their use in anticancer formulations are also discussed. In addition, a variety of NP formation procedures are outlined, as well as their use in cancer therapy, particularly for taxanes and siRNA. It is expected that the current work could clarify the main synthetic strategies available, with their scope and drawbacks, as well as provide some insight into thiomer chemistry. Therefore, this review can inspire new research strategies in the development of efficient formulations for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M.-Violante de-Paz
- Departamento Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
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Benito E, Romero-Azogil L, Galbis E, de-Paz MV, García-Martín MG. Structurally simple redox polymersomes for doxorubicin delivery. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martínez-Bailén M, Galbis E, Carmona AT, de-Paz MV, Robina I. Preparation of water-soluble glycopolymers derived from five-membered iminosugars. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tran TTD, Tran PHL. Nanoconjugation and Encapsulation Strategies for Improving Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E325. [PMID: 31295947 PMCID: PMC6680391 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoconjugations have been demonstrated to be a dominant strategy for drug delivery and biomedical applications. In this review, we intend to describe several strategies for drug formulation, especially to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble molecules for future application in the therapy of numerous diseases. The context of current studies will give readers an overview of the conjugation strategies for fabricating nanoparticles, which have expanded from conjugated materials to the surface conjugation of nanovehicles. Moreover, nanoconjugates for theranostics are also discussed and highlighted. Overall, these state-of-the-art conjugation methods and these techniques and applications for nanoparticulate systems of poorly water-soluble drugs will inspire scientists to explore and discover more productive techniques and methodologies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T. D. Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Iglesias N, Galbis E, Díaz-Blanco MJ, Lucas R, Benito E, de-Paz MV. Nanostructured Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Sustained and Colon-Specific Resveratrol Release. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E398. [PMID: 30669264 PMCID: PMC6359380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrate the preparation of chitosan-based composites as vehicles of the natural occurring multi-drug resveratrol (RES). Such systems are endowed with potential therapeutic effects on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, through the sustained colonic release of RES from long-lasting mucoadhesive drug depots. The loading of RES into nanoparticles (NPs) was optimized regarding two independent variables: RES/polymer ratio, and temperature. Twenty experiments were carried out and a Box⁻Behnken experimental design was used to evaluate the significance of these independent variables related to encapsulation efficiency (EE). The enhanced RES EE values were achieved in 24 h at 39 °C and at RES/polymer ratio of 0.75:1 w/w. Sizes and polydispersities of the optimized NPs were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Chitosan (CTS) dispersions containing the RES-loaded NPs were ionically gelled with tricarballylic acid to yield CTS-NPs composites. Macro- and microscopic features (morphology and porosity studied by SEM and spreadability), thermal stability (studied by TGA), and release kinetics of the RES-loaded CTS-NPs were investigated. Release patterns in simulated colon conditions for 48 h displayed significant differences between the NPs (final cumulative drug release: 79⁻81%), and the CTS-NPs composites (29⁻34%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Iglesias
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - Elsa Galbis
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - M Jesús Díaz-Blanco
- PRO2TECS. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus El Carmen⁻21071-Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Lucas
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - Elena Benito
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - M-Violante de-Paz
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Seville, Spain.
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Iglesias N, Galbis E, Romero-Azogil L, Benito E, Díaz-Blanco MJ, García-Martín MG, de-Paz MV. Experimental model design: exploration and optimization of customized polymerization conditions for the preparation of targeted smart materials by the Diels Alder click reaction. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The experimental model design proposed herein has proved to be an indispensable tool to rapidly and easily elucidate the optimal polymerization conditions in the preparation of tailor-made responsive materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Sevilla
- 41012-Seville
- Spain
| | - Elsa Galbis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Sevilla
- 41012-Seville
- Spain
| | - Lucía Romero-Azogil
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Sevilla
- 41012-Seville
- Spain
| | - Elena Benito
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Sevilla
- 41012-Seville
- Spain
| | - M.-Jesús Díaz-Blanco
- PRO2TECS. Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales
- Huelva
- Spain
| | - M.-Gracia García-Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Sevilla
- 41012-Seville
- Spain
| | - M.-Violante de-Paz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Sevilla
- 41012-Seville
- Spain
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Iglesias N, Galbis E, Díaz-Blanco MJ, de-Paz MV, Galbis JA. Loading studies of the anticancer drug camptothecin into dual stimuli-sensitive nanoparticles. Stability scrutiny. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:429-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Galbis E, Iglesias N, Lucas R, Tinajero-Díaz E, de-Paz MV, Muñoz-Guerra S, Galbis JA. Validation of Smart Nanoparticles as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Loading and pH-Dependent Release of Pilocarpine. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:375-382. [PMID: 30023779 PMCID: PMC6045485 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Micelles are good devices for use as controlled drug delivery systems because they exhibit the ability to protect the encapsulated substance from the routes of degradation until they reach the site of action. The present work assesses loading kinetics of a hydrophobic drug, pilocarpine, in polymeric micellar nanoparticles (NPs) and its pH-dependent release in hydrophilic environments. The trigger pH stimulus, pH 5.5, was the value encountered in damaged tissues in solid tumors. The new nanoparticles were prepared from an amphiphilic block copolymer, [(HEMA19%-DMA31%)-(FMA5%-DEA45%)]. For the present research, three systems were validated, two of them with cross-linked cores and the other without chemical stabilization. A comparison of their loading kinetics and release profiles is discussed, with the support of additional data obtained by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The drug was loaded into the NPs within the first minutes; the load was dependent on the degree of cross-linking. All of the systems experienced a boost in drug release at acidic pH, ranging from 50 to 80% within the first 48 h. NPs with the highest degree (20%) of core cross-linking delivered the highest percentage of drug at fixed times. The studied systems exhibited fine-tuned sustained release features, which may provide a continuous delivery of the drug at specific acidic locations, thereby diminishing side effects and increasing therapeutic rates. Hence, the studied NPs proved to behave as smart controlled drug delivery systems capable of responding to changes in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Galbis
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nieves Iglesias
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lucas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ernesto Tinajero-Díaz
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Técnica Superior
de Ingenieros Industriales de Barcelona, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M.-Violante de-Paz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Guerra
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Técnica Superior
de Ingenieros Industriales de Barcelona, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A. Galbis
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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