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Kawagoe Y, Kikugawa G, Shirasu K, Kinugawa Y, Okabe T. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation for Reaction-Induced Phase Separation of Thermoset/Thermoplastic Blends. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2018-2027. [PMID: 38373192 PMCID: PMC10911110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Reaction-induced phase separation occurs during the curing reaction when a thermoplastic resin is dissolved in a thermoset resin, which enables toughening of the thermoset resin. As resin properties vary significantly depending on the morphology of the phase-separated structure, controlling the morphology formation is of critical importance. Reaction-induced phase separation is a phenomenon that ranges from the chemical reaction scale to the mesoscale dynamics of polymer molecules. In this study, we performed curing simulations using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) coupled with a reaction model to reproduce reaction-induced phase separation. The curing reaction properties of the thermoset resin were determined by ab initio quantum chemical calculations, and the DPD parameters were determined by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. This enabled mesoscopic simulations, including reactions that reflect the intrinsic material properties. The effects of the thermoplastic resin concentration, molecular weight, and curing conditions on the phase-separation morphology were evaluated, and the cure shrinkage and stiffness of each cured resin were confirmed to be consistent with the experimental trends. Furthermore, the local strain field under tensile deformation was visualized, and the inhomogeneous strain field caused by the phase-separated structures of two resins with different stiffnesses was revealed. These results can aid in understanding the toughening properties of thermoplastic additives at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kawagoe
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Gota Kikugawa
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keiichi Shirasu
- Department
of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kinugawa
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomonaga Okabe
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, P.O. Box 352120, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
- Research
Center for Structural Materials, Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composite Materials
Group, National Institute for Materials
Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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2
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Jheng LC, Chang TY, Fan CT, Hsieh TH, Hsieh FM, Huang WJ. Toughening of epoxy thermosets by self-assembled nanostructures of amphiphilic comb-like random copolymers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33484-33494. [PMID: 38025865 PMCID: PMC10646570 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic comb-like random copolymers synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMMA) and stearyl methacrylate (SMA) with PEGMMA contents ranging between 30 wt% and 25 wt% were demonstrated to self-assemble into various well-defined nanostructures, including spherical micelles, wormlike micelles, and vesicle-like nanodomains, in anhydride-cured epoxy thermosets. In addition, the polymer blends of the comb-like random copolymer and poly(stearyl methacrylate) were prepared and incorporated into epoxy thermosets to form irregularly shaped nanodomains. Our research findings indicate that both the comb-like random copolymers and polymer blends are suitable as toughening modifiers for epoxy. When added at a concentration of 5 wt%, both types of modifiers lead to substantial improvements in the tensile toughness (>289%) and fracture toughness of epoxy thermosets, with minor reductions in their elastic modulus (<16%) and glass transition temperature (<6.1 °C). The fracture toughness evaluated in terms of the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and the strain energy release rate (GIC) increased by more than 67% and 131% for the modified epoxy thermosets containing comb-like random copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Jheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC +886 7 3830674 +886 7 3814526 ext.15148
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC
| | - Chin-Ting Fan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC +886 7 3830674 +886 7 3814526 ext.15148
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC
| | - Feng-Ming Hsieh
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu Taiwan ROC
| | - Wan-Ju Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC +886 7 3830674 +886 7 3814526 ext.15148
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3
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Grafting polyisoprene onto surfaces of kaolin by spray drying technology and modification of styrene–butadiene rubber. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Hua Y, Zhao H, Xiang Y, Shen X, Fang Y, Gao J. Effect of poly(isoprene‐
random
‐3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) random copolymer on the properties of
kaolin‐reinforced
styrene‐butadiene rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu PR China
| | - Haibing Zhao
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu PR China
| | - Yixin Xiang
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu PR China
| | - Xianrong Shen
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu PR China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering Ningguo Ruipu Seals Co., Ltd Xuancheng PR China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu PR China
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5
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Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Epoxy Blends for Superior Mechanical and Self-Sensing Performance in Multiscale Glass Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183159. [PMID: 34578059 PMCID: PMC8471913 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel carbon nanotube (CNT) polycaprolactone (PCL), epoxy, and glass fiber (GF) composite is reported. Here, the nanoreinforced composites show a flexural strength increase of around 30%, whereas the interlaminar shear strength increases by 10-15% in comparison to unenhanced samples. This occurs because the addition of the CNTs induces a better PCL/epoxy/GF interaction. Furthermore, the nanoparticles also give novel functionalities to the multiscale composite, such as strain and damage monitoring. Here, the electrical response of the tensile- and compressive-subjected faces was simultaneously measured during flexural tests as well as the transverse conductivity in interlaminar tests, showing an exceptional capability for damage detection. Moreover, it was observed that the electrical sensitivity increases with PCL content due to a higher efficiency of the dispersion process that promotes the creation of a more uniform electrical network.
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Chen H, Lian Q, Xu W, Hou X, Li Y, Wang Z, An D, Liu Y. Insights into the synergistic mechanism of reactive aliphatic soft chains and nano‐silica on toughening epoxy resins with improved mechanical properties and low viscosity. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Qingsong Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weijie Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Xuqi Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Materials Application Research AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute Beijing China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Dong An
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
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Zhang P, Zhao Y, Yu R, Liao J. Confined crystallization and degradation of six-arm star PCL with core of cyclotriphosphazene in epoxy thermosets. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Xiang Y, Zhao H, Shen X, Gao J, Asiri AM, Marwani HM. Weak bases, an efficient accelerator for the RAFT of isoprene. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1737113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xiang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P. R. China
| | - Haibing Zhao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P. R. China
| | - Xianrong Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P. R. China
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M. Marwani
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Sánchez-Romate XF, Martín J, Jiménez-Suárez A, Prolongo SG, Ureña A. Mechanical and strain sensing properties of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy/poly(caprolactone) blends. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Adeel M, Zhao B, Xu S, Zheng S. Investigation of Azobenzene Photoisomerization Effect on Morphologies and Properties of Nanostructured Thermosets Involving Epoxy and a Diblock Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10110-10123. [PMID: 31644292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the effect of azobenzene photoisomerization on the morphologies and properties of the nanostructured thermosets involving epoxy and a diblock copolymer. First, a diblock copolymer composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(6-(4-(4-cyanophenylazo)phenoxy)hexyl methacrylate) (PCPHM) was synthesized, and this diblock copolymer was composed of an epoxy-philic block (i.e., PEO) and an azobenzene moiety-beating block (viz., PCPHM). This diblock copolymer was introduced into epoxy to obtain the nanostructured thermosets via reaction-induced microphase separation approach. To control the configuration of azobenzene moieties of the PCPHM block, the curing reactions were performed in the absence and/or presence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, respectively. It was found that, without UV irradiation, the PCPHM microdomains were generated with the trans isomers of azobenzene. Under UV irradiation, however, the PCPHM microdomains were formed with the cis configuration of azobenzene moieties. The ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectroscopy showed that the trans and cis configurations of azobenzene moieties were significantly fixed with the occurrence of curing reactions. The photoluminescent measurements showed that the nanostructured thermosets with trans-azobenzene moieties can emit fluorescence, which was in sharp contrast to those with cis-azobenzene moieties. The results of small-angle X-ray and atomic force microscopy showed that the nanostructured thermosets with trans and cis isomers of azobenzene moieties had quite different morphologies. It was found that the sizes of the PCPHM microdomains with cis configuration of azobenzene moieties were significantly larger than those with trans configuration. The difference in configuration of azobenzene moieties also resulted in the difference in glass-transition temperatures and dielectric properties of the materials. The results suggest a new approach to modulate the morphologies and physical properties of the nanostructured thermosets by means of photoisomerization of azobenzene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Qiao J. Advances in toughened polymer materials by structured rubber particles. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Adeel M, Zhao B, Xu S, Zheng S. Fluorescence Enhancement Induced by Curing Reaction in Nanostructured Epoxy Thermosets Containing a Diblock Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6282-6289. [PMID: 31313587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel curing-induced fluorescence (FL) enhancement phenomenon in the nanostructuring process of epoxy thermosets was investigated. Toward this end, a diblock copolymer composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(((4-vinylphenyl)ethene-1,1,2-triyl)tribenzene) (PTPEE) blocks was introduced into epoxy thermosets. Before curing reaction, the mixtures of epoxy precursors with the diblock copolymer only emitted feeble FL under ultra-visible (UV) irradiation. However, photoluminescence was significantly enhanced after the curing reaction was carried out. It was found that the novel FL enhancement phenomenon resulted from the aggregation-induced emission behavior of PTPEE blocks, which was triggered by curing reaction. In the nanostructured thermosets, the fluorophore blocks (viz. PTPEE) of this diblock copolymer were segregated into aggregates, that is, a reaction-induced microphase separation occurred. Owing to the generation of PTPEE microdomains, the epoxy nanocomposites significantly displayed the enhanced dielectric constants due to the promoted contribution from electron polarizations via π-π conjugation in the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Sen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
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13
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Zhang P, Kan L, Zhang X, Li R, Qiu C, Ma N, Wei H. Supramolecularly toughened and elastic epoxy resins by grafting 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidone moieties on the side chain. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Xiang Y, Shen X, Gao J, Asiri AM, Marwani HM. Grafting polyisoprene onto surfaces of nanosilica via RAFT polymerization and modification of natural rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xiang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianrong Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 People's Republic of China
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M. Marwani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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