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Hao MH, Nagarajan S, Woo EM. Probing the Nano-Assembly Leading to Periodic Gratings in Poly(p-dioxanone). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2665. [PMID: 37836306 PMCID: PMC10574605 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This study used scanning electron microscopy via 3D dissection coupled with synchrotron radiation with microfocal beams of both small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction to analyze the periodic crystal aggregates of unusual poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) dendritic cactus-arm-like ring bands upon crystallization with a diluent poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) that is capable of hydrogen bonding interactions with PPDO. Three-dimensional microscopy interior dissection clearly expounds that the banded periodic architectures are packed by alternately normal-oriented flat-on crystals underneath the valley, periodically interfaced/branched with horizontal-oriented edge-on fibrils underneath the ridge. The oblique angles between the valley's flat-on crystals with the branches are ca. 25-45° (depending on gradient inclines and bending), which is also proved by the azimuthal angle in microbeam X-ray diffraction. The grating-like strut-rib assembly in the PPDO cactus-arm-like ring bands is further proved by novel iridescence tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvaraj Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan;
| | - Eamor M. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan;
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2
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Wu CN, Nagarajan S, Lee LT, Su CC, Woo EM. Microbeam X-ray Reanalysis on Periodically Assembled Poly(β-Hydroxybutyric acid-Co-β-hydroxyvaleric acid) Tailored with Diluents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3484. [PMID: 37631541 PMCID: PMC10457736 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of 3D interiors and iridescence properties of poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid-co-β-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) periodic crystals are examined using microcopy techniques and microbeam X-ray diffraction. Morphology of PHBV can be tailored by crystallizing in presence of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) or poly(trimethylene adipate) (PTA) for displaying desired periodicity patterns. The regular alternate-layered lamellae of banded PHBV crystal aggregates, resembling the structures the natural mineral moonstone or nacre, are examined to elaborate the origin of light interference and formation mechanisms of periodic lamellar aggregation of PHBV spherulites. By using PHBV as a convenient model and the crystal diffraction data, this continuing work demonstrates unique methodology for effectively studying the periodic assembly in widely varying polymers with similar aggregates. Grating structures in periodically assembled polymer crystals can be tailored for microstructure with orderly periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ning Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Selvaraj Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Ting Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
| | - Chean-Cheng Su
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, No. 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nan-Tzu Dist., Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Eamor M. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
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3
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Huang KY, Huang YZ, Lee LT, Woo EM. Crystal-by-Crystal Assembly in Two Types of Periodically Banded Aggregates of Poly(p-Dioxanone). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020393. [PMID: 36679273 PMCID: PMC9866735 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The exterior and interior lamellar assemblies of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) crystallized at 76 °C yield the most regular ones to interpret the 3D assembly mechanisms and potential for structural coloration iridescence, which are investigated using atomic-force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PPDO displays two types of ring-banded spherulites within a range of Tc with dual-type birefringent spherulites (positive and negative-type) only within a narrow range of Tcs = 70−78 °C. At Tc > 80 °C, the inter-band spacing decreases from a maximum and the crystal assembly becomes irregularly corrupted and loses the capacity for light interference. Periodic grating assemblies are probed by in-depth 3D dissection into periodically banded crystal aggregates of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) to disclose such layered gratings possessing iridescence features similar to nature’s structural coloration. This work amply demonstrates that grating assembly by orderly stacked crystal layers is feasible not only for accounting for the periodic birefringent ring bands with polarized light but also the distinct iridescence by interfering with white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Zhe Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407-24, Taiwan
| | - Eamor M. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-275-7575 (ext. 62670)
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4
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Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214612. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.
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Huang YZ, Woo EM, Nagarajan S. Periodic Hierarchical Structures in Poly( p-dioxanone) Modulated with Miscible Diluents: Top-Surface and Interior Analyses. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan
| | - Eamor M. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan
| | - Selvaraj Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan
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Huang KY, Woo EM, Nagarajan S. Unique Periodic Rings Composed of Fractal-Growth Dendritic Branching in Poly(p-dioxanone). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040805. [PMID: 35215718 PMCID: PMC8963038 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous poly(p-vinyl phenol) (PVPh) was added into semicrystalline poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) to induce a uniquely novel dendritic/ringed morphology. Polarized-light optical, atomic-force and scanning electron microscopy (POM, AFM, and SEM) techniques were used to observe the crystal arrangement of a uniquely peculiar cactus-like dendritic PPDO spherulite, with periodic ring bands not continuingly circular such as those conventional types reported in the literature, but discrete and detached to self-assemble on each of the branches of the lobs. Correlations and responsible mechanisms for the formation of this peculiar banded-dendritic structure were analyzed. The periodic bands on the top surface and interior of each of the cactus-like lobs were discussed. The banded pattern was composed of feather-like lamellae in random fractals alternately varying their orientations from the radial direction to the tangential one. The tail ends of lamellae at the growth front spawned nucleation cites for new branches; in cycles, the feather-like lamellae self-divided into multiple branches following the Fibonacci sequence to fill the ever-expanding space with the increase of the radius. The branching fractals in the sequence and the periodic ring-banded assembly on each of the segregated lobs of cactus-like dendrites were the key characteristics leading to the formation of this unique dendritic/ringed PPDO spherulite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamor M. Woo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-275-7575 (ext. 62670)
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K S S, Ravji Paghadar B, Kumar SP, R L J. Polybutylene Succinate, A potential bio-degradable polymer: Synthesis, copolymerization And Bio-degradation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate) is one of the emerging bio-degradable polymer, which has huge potential to be employed in a wide range of applications. Further, it is also recognized as one of...
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Cao X, Hu Y, Wang R, Lu Y, Ou B, Liao B, Fan H, Guo Y, Liu Q. Understanding the crystallization process of a diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based conjugated polymer in blend films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Yibo Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Ruiyuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Baoli Ou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Bo Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Hui Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China
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9
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Ecofriendly Preparation and Characterization of a Cassava Starch/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Film. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite films of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) were prepared by adding thermoplastic starch (TPS) (TPS/PBAT) and nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) (TPS/PBAT/nano-ZnO). The changes of surface morphology, thermal properties, crystal types and functional groups of starch during plasticization were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, synchronous thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry, mechanical property tests, and contact Angle and transmittance tests. The relationship between the addition of TPS and the tensile strength, transmittance, contact angle, water absorption, and water vapor barrier of the composite film, and the influence of nano-ZnO on the mechanical properties and contact angle of the 10% TPS/PBAT composite film. Experimental results show that, after plasticizing, the crystalline form of starch changed from A-type to V-type, the functional group changed and the lipophilicity increased; the increase of TPS content, the light transmittance and mechanical properties of the composite membrane decreased, while the water vapor transmittance and water absorption increased. The mechanical properties of the composite can be significantly improved by adding nano-ZnO at a lower concentration (optimum content is 1 wt%).
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Jin C, Leng X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wei Z, Li Y. Fully biobased biodegradable poly(
l
‐lactide)‐
b
‐poly(ethylene brassylate)‐
b
‐poly(
l
‐lactide) triblock copolymers: synthesis and investigation of relationship between crystallization morphology and thermal properties. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Manwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Yanshai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
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