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Zhang H, Liang R, Wang Q, Luan W, Ye J, Qiu T, Tuo X. The Post-Curing of Waterborne Polyurethane-Acrylate Composite Latex with the Dynamic Disulfide-Bearing Crosslinking Agent. Molecules 2023; 28:8122. [PMID: 38138610 PMCID: PMC10745677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a dynamic network for commodity polymer systems via feasible methods has been explored in the context of a society-wide focus on the environment and sustainability. Herein, we demonstrate an adaptive post-curing method used to build a self-healable network of waterborne polyurethane-acrylate (WPUA) composite latex. The composite latex was synthesized via the miniemulsion polymerization of acrylates in the dispersion of waterborne polyurethane (PU), with commercial acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) serving as the functional monomer. Then, a dynamic disulfide (S-S)-bearing diamine was applied as the crosslinking agent for the post-curing of the hybrid latex via keto-amine condensation, which occurred during the evaporation of water for film formation. It was revealed that the microphase separation in the hybrid films was suppressed by the post-curing network. The mechanical performance exhibited a high reliability as regards the contents of the crosslinking agents. The reversible exchange of S-S bonds meant that the film displayed associative covalent-adaptive networks in the range of medium temperature in stress relaxation tests, and ≥95% recovery in both the stress and the strain was achieved after the cut-off films were self-healed at 70 °C for 2 h. The rebuilding of the network was also illustrated by the >80% recovery in the elongation at break of the films after three crushing-hot pressing cycles. These findings offer valuable insights, not only endowing the traditional WPUA with self-healing and reprocessing properties, but broadening the field of study of dynamic networks to polymer hybrid latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.); (Q.W.); (W.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.); (Q.W.); (W.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qianshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.); (Q.W.); (W.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenbo Luan
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.); (Q.W.); (W.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.); (Q.W.); (W.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Teng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.); (Q.W.); (W.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinlin Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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Kim YN, Jo JY, Park J, Lee J, Kim J, Jeon DY, Han H, Jung YC. Challenge for Trade-Off Relationship between the Mechanical Property and Healing Efficiency of Self-Healable Polyimide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54923-54932. [PMID: 37916291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyimide is actively applied in various industrial fields because of its strong mechanical properties, owing to the interactions between the polymer chains. Fully aromatic imide structures exhibit high glass-transition temperatures due to the strong interactions between their chains, which hinder chain mobility. Therefore, preparing a material that exhibits self-healing at a low temperature of ≤100 °C and good mechanical properties is challenging. Thus, we prepared imides with four-component semiaromatic structures by adjusting the contents of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride and 4,4'-(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) to yield four-component self-healable colorless polyimides (f-SH-CPIs) with novel structures, flexibilities, good mechanical properties, and low healing temperatures. The flexibilities and distances between the polymer chains, as the basis of the trade-off relationship between the mechanical properties and healing efficiency, were controlled. These materials may be used as substrates in wearable devices and multilayer insulation that may protect from space dust, cosmic rays, and satellite fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Nam Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Jo
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Juheon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Jeon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Haksoo Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chae Jung
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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Zhu X, Han K, Li C, Wang J, Yuan J, Pan Z, Pan M. Tough, Photoluminescent, Self-Healing Waterborne Polyurethane Elastomers Resulting from Synergistic Action of Multiple Dynamic Bonds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19414-19426. [PMID: 37018595 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that integrate multiple functions into one system broaden the application range of materials, but it remains a great challenge to obtain polymer materials with simultaneously high strength, high toughness, and high self-healing rate. In this work, we prepared waterborne polyurethane (WPU) elastomers using Schiff bases containing disulfide and acylhydrazone bonds (PD) as chain extenders. Acylhydrazone forming a hydrogen bond not only acts as a physical cross-linking point, which promotes the microphase separation of polyurethane to increase the thermal stability, tensile strength, and toughness of the elastomer, but also serves as a "clip" to integrate various dynamic bonds together to synergistically reduce the activation energy of the polymer chain movement and endow the molecular chain with faster fluidity. Therefore, WPU-PD exhibits excellent mechanical properties at room temperature, such as a tensile strength and a fracture energy of 25.91 MPa and 121.66 kJ m-2, respectively, and a high self-healing efficiency of 93.7% in a short time under moderate heating conditions. In addition, the photoluminescence property of WPU-PD enables us to track its self-healing process by monitoring change of the fluorescence intensity at the cracks, which helps to avoid the accumulation of cracks and improve the reliability of the elastomer. This self-healing polyurethane has a great potential application value in optical anticounterfeiting, flexible electronics devices, functional automobile protective films, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Zhu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Kai Han
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Zheng J, Ma W, Zhang X, Du Y, Li K, Liu Y, Yu G, Jia Y. Ultra-low-temperature self-healing polyurethane with enhanced strength and elongation based on dual synergetic crosslinking strategy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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On improving the physical properties of poly (urethane urea)s by the inclusion of aromatic amines connected through long aliphatic chains in the hard domain. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Eidi M, Zamani Pedram M. Thermal induced intrinsic self‐healing in epoxy based elastomer coatings provided by disulfide metathesis reactions. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Eidi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering‐Energy Division K.N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mona Zamani Pedram
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering‐Energy Division K.N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
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Zhang Y, Zheng J, Zhang X, Du Y, Li K, Liu Y, Yu G, Jia Y, Song S. Dual dynamic bonds self-healing polyurethane with superior mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Wang Y, Li Y, He M, Bai J, Liu B, Li Z. Effect of chain extender on microphase structure and performance of self‐healing polyurethane and poly(urethane‐urea). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Maoyong He
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Jingjing Bai
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Bingxiao Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
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Rong J, Zhong J, Yan W, Liu M, Zhang Y, Qiao Y, Fu C, Gao F, Shen L, He H. Study on waterborne self-healing polyurethane with dual dynamic units of quadruple hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Meng Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
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Aguirresarobe RH, Nevejans S, Reck B, Irusta L, Sardon H, Asua JM, Ballard N. Healable and self-healing polyurethanes using dynamic chemistry. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Zheng X, Yang H, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y. A molecular dynamics simulation on self-healing behavior based on disulfide bond exchange reactions. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Zhang L, Qiu T, Sun X, Guo L, He L, Ye J, Li X. Achievement of Both Mechanical Properties and Intrinsic Self-Healing under Body Temperature in Polyurethane Elastomers: A Synthesis Strategy from Waterborne Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E989. [PMID: 32344576 PMCID: PMC7240400 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the growing demand for smart and environmentally friendly polymer materials, we employed 2,2'-disulfanediyldianiline (22DTDA) as a chain extender to synthesize a waterborne polyurethane (WPUR). Due to the ortho-substituted structure of the aromatic disulfide, the urea moieties formed a unique microphase structure in the WPUR, its mechanical strength was enhanced more 180 times relative to that of the material prepared without 22DTDA, and excellent self-healing abilities at body temperature in air or under ultrasound in water were obtained. If the self-healing process was carried out at 37 °C, 50 °C or under ultrasound, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break of the healed film could reach 13.8 MPa and 1150%, 15.4 MPa and 1215%, or 16 MPa and 1056%, respectively. Moreover, the WPUR films could be re-healed at the same fracture location over three cutting-healing cycles, and the recovery rates of the tensile strength and elongation at break remained almost constant throughout these cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.Z.); (T.Q.); (X.S.)
| | - Teng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.Z.); (T.Q.); (X.S.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.Z.); (T.Q.); (X.S.)
| | - Longhai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.Z.); (T.Q.); (X.S.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lifan He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.H.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.H.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.Z.); (T.Q.); (X.S.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (L.H.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Liu Y, Budhlall BM. Self-healing nanocomposites comprised of poly(urea formaldehyde) nanocapsules in a thermosetting polyurea. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Bizet B, Grau É, Cramail H, Asua JM. Water-based non-isocyanate polyurethane-ureas (NIPUUs). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review aims at discussing the achievements and the remaining challenges in the development of water-soluble NIPUUs, NIPUUs-based hydrogels and water-borne NIPUU dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bizet
- LCPO – UMR 5629
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP
- 33607 Pessac
- France
- POLYMAT
| | - Étienne Grau
- LCPO – UMR 5629
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Henri Cramail
- LCPO – UMR 5629
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
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The challenges of obtaining mechanical strength in self-healing polymers containing dynamic covalent bonds. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Synthesis and Characterization of Healable Waterborne Polyurethanes with Cystamine Chain Extenders. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081492. [PMID: 30995774 PMCID: PMC6515350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, environmentally friendly, self-healing waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) were prepared based on the disulfide metathesis reaction in cystamine. The cystamine acted as a chain extender in the WPU film, which showed a high mechanical strength of 19.1 MPa. The possibility of self-healing reaction was simultaneously modeled via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). WPU was confirmed to self-heal a surface crack thermally after a scratch test, and the efficiency was measured by comparing the mechanical properties before and after a cut-and-healing test. In addition, the disulfide-thiol exchange reaction was confirmed to occur in WPU with cystamine as a chain extender and 2-mercaptoethanol. Hot press tests confirmed the possibility of reprocessing the WPU. The WPU incorporating disulfide groups showed great potential as a smart self-healing material.
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Menon AV, Madras G, Bose S. The journey of self-healing and shape memory polyurethanes from bench to translational research. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00854c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this critical review, we have enlisted a comprehensive summary of different approaches that have been used over the past decade to synthesize self-healing polyurethanes including “close then heal” and “shape memory assisted self-healing” concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya V. Menon
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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