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Pinaeva LG, Noskov AS. Biodegradable biopolymers: Real impact to environment pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174445. [PMID: 38981547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Biobased biodegradable polymers (BBP) derived from different renewable resources are commonly considered as attractive alternative to petroleum-based polymers, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. It is because they can address the issues of serious environmental problems resulted from accumulation of plastic wastes. In the review current methods of obtaining of most abundant BBP, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), have been studied with an emphasis on the toxicity of compounds used for their production and additives improving consumer characteristics of PLA and PHB based market products. Substantial part of additives was the same used for traditional polymers. Analysis of the data on the response of different organisms and plants on exposure to these materials and their degradation products confirmed the doubts about real safety of BBP. Studies of safer additives are scarce and are of vital importance. Meanwhile, technologies of recycling of traditional petroleum-based polymers were shown to be well-developed, which cannot be said about PLA or PHB based polymers, and their blends with petroleum-based polymers. Therefore, development of more environmentally friendly components and sustainable technologies of production are necessary before following market expansion of biobased biodegradable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa G Pinaeva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr S Noskov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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2
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Ma Z, Yin T, Jiang Z, Weng Y, Zhang C. Bio-based epoxidized soybean oil branched cardanol ethers as compatibilizers of polybutylene succinate (PBS)/polyglycolic acid (PGA) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129319. [PMID: 38211920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Blending poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with another biodegradable polymer, polyglycolic acid (PGA), has been demonstrated to improve the barrier performance of PBS. However, blending these two polymers poses a challenge because of their incompatibility and large difference of their melting temperatures. In this study, we synthesized epoxidized soybean oil branched cardanol ether (ESOn-ECD), a bio-based and environmentally friendly compatibilizer, and used it to enhance the compatibility of PBS/PGA blends. It was demonstrated that the terminal carboxyl/hydroxyl groups of PBS and PGA can react with ESOn-ECD in situ, leading to branching and chain extension of PBS and PGA. The addition of ESO3-ECD to the blend considerably diminished the dispersed phase of PGA. Specifically, in comparison to the PBS/PGA blend without a compatibilizer, the diameter of the PGA phase decreased from 2.04 μm to 0.45 μm after the addition of 0.7 phr of ESO3-ECD, and the boundary between the two phases became difficult to distinguish. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the blends were improved after addition of ESO3-ECD. This research expands the potential applications of these materials and promotes the use of bio-based components in blend formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tian Yin
- China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikui Jiang
- China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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3
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Boruvka M, Base R, Novak J, Brdlik P, Behalek L, Ngaowthong C. Phase Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Super-Tough PLLA/TPE/EMA-GMA Ternary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:192. [PMID: 38256991 PMCID: PMC10819591 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The inherent brittleness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) limits its use in a wider range of applications that require plastic deformation at higher stress levels. To overcome this, a series of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/biodegradable thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE) blends and their ternary blends with an ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) copolymer as a compatibilizer were prepared via melt blending to improve the poor impact strength and low ductility of PLAs. The thermal behavior, crystallinity, and miscibility of the binary and ternary blends were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tensile tests revealed a brittle-ductile transition when the binary PLLA/20TPE blend was compatibilized by 8.6 wt. % EMA-GMA, and the elongation at break increased from 10.9% to 227%. The "super tough" behavior of the PLLA/30TPE/12.9EMA-GMA ternary blend with the incomplete break and notched impact strength of 89.2 kJ∙m-2 was observed at an ambient temperature (23 °C). In addition, unnotched PLLA/40TPE samples showed a tremendous improvement in crack initiation resistance at sub-zero test conditions (-40 °C) with an impact strength of 178.1 kJ∙m-2. Morphological observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that EMA-GMA is preferentially located at the PLLA/TPE interphase, where it is partially incorporated into the matrix and partially encapsulates the TPE. The excellent combination of good interfacial adhesion, debonding cavitation, and subsequent matrix shear yielding worked synergistically with the phase transition from sea-island to co-continuous morphology to form an interesting super-toughening mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boruvka
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Roman Base
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Pavel Brdlik
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Lubos Behalek
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Chakaphan Ngaowthong
- Department of Agricultural Engineering for Industry, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Management, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Prachinburi Campus, 29 Moo 6, Tumbon Noenhom, Muang 25230, Prachinburi, Thailand;
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Costa ARDM, Luna CBB, do Nascimento EP, Ferreira EDSB, Costa CDM, de Almeida YMB, Araújo EM. Tailoring PLA/ABS Blends Compatibilized with SEBS-g-MA through Annealing Heat Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3434. [PMID: 37631490 PMCID: PMC10460045 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, blends based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted (SEBS-g-MA) were prepared in a co-rotational twin-screw extruder by varying the concentrations of the compatibilizing agent. The influence of the compatibilizing agent on the morphology, mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and rheological properties of the prepared materials was analyzed. The effect of annealing on the properties of the blends was also investigated using injection-molded samples. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results proved that the increments in crystallinity were an effect of annealing in the PLA/ABS/SEBS-g-MA blends, resonating at higher heat deflection temperatures (HDTs). The impact strength of the PLA/ABS blends compatibilized with 10 wt% SEBS-g-MA was significantly increased when compared to the PLA/ABS blends. However, the hardness and elastic modulus of the blends decreased when compared to neat PLA. The refined morphology shown in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses corroborated the improved impact strength promoted by SEBS-g-MA. The torque rheometer degradation study also supported the increased compatibility between SEBS-g-MA, PLA, and ABS. The TGA results show that the PLA/ABS and PLA/ABS/SEBS-g-MA blends are more thermally stable than the neat PLA polymer at higher temperatures. The results showed that the ideal composition is the heat-treated PLA/ABS/SEBS-g-MA (60/30/10 wt%), given the high impact strength and HDT results. The results of this work in terms of mechanical improvement with the use of compatibilizers and annealing suggest that the PLA/ABS/SEBS-g-MA system can be used in the production of 3D-printing filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Raffaela de Matos Costa
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Polymer Processing Laboratory, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (A.R.d.M.C.); (E.P.d.N.); (E.d.S.B.F.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Carlos Bruno Barreto Luna
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Polymer Processing Laboratory, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (A.R.d.M.C.); (E.P.d.N.); (E.d.S.B.F.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Emanuel Pereira do Nascimento
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Polymer Processing Laboratory, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (A.R.d.M.C.); (E.P.d.N.); (E.d.S.B.F.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Eduardo da Silva Barbosa Ferreira
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Polymer Processing Laboratory, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (A.R.d.M.C.); (E.P.d.N.); (E.d.S.B.F.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Claudia de Matos Costa
- Academic Unit of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil;
| | | | - Edcleide Maria Araújo
- Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Polymer Processing Laboratory, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (A.R.d.M.C.); (E.P.d.N.); (E.d.S.B.F.); (E.M.A.)
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5
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Hua L, Wang X. Polymorphic Crystallization Behavior of a Poly(butylene adipate) Midblock within a Poly(L-lactide-butylene adipate-L-lactide) Triblock Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224902. [PMID: 36433028 PMCID: PMC9696281 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New biodegradable aliphatic PLLA-PBA-PLLA copolymers with soft poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and hard poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) building blocks were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) was utilized to confirm the volume fraction of PBA (fPBA) within PLLA-PBA-PLLA. It was found that a PBA midblock (PBA-mid) within PLLA-PBA-PLLA-s (PLLA-PBA-PLLA triblock copolymer with a short PLLA block length) might display lamellar domain structure. However, PBA-mid within PLLA-PBA-PLLA-l (PLLA-PBA-PLLA triblock copolymer with a long PLLA block length) might locate itself as a nanoscale cylindrical domain surrounded by a PLLA continuous phase. Polymorphic crystals of PBA-mid within the PLLA-PBA-PLLA copolymers were formed after melt crystallization at the given temperatures, which were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis. According to the WAXD and DSC analyses, it was interesting to find that the α-type crystal of PBA-mid was favorable to develop in the lower temperature region regardless of the state (crystallization or amorphous) of the PLLA component. Additionally, when the PLLA component was held in its amorphous state, it was easier for PBA-mid within the PLLA-PBA-PLLA copolymers to transform from the metastable β-form crystal to the stable α-form crystal. Furthermore, polarized optical microscopy (POM) photos provided direct evidence of the polymorphic crystals of PBA-mid within PLLA-PBA-PLLAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hua
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, TongJi Zhejiang College, Jiaxing 314051, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of High-Performance and Functional Materials in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tongji Zhejiang College, Jiaxing 314051, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-573-8287-8742
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, TongJi Zhejiang College, Jiaxing 314051, China
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Li C, Gong W, Deng Z, Yao Z, Meng X, Xin Z. Fully Biodegradable Long-Chain Branched Polylactic Acid with High Crystallization Performance and Heat Resistance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiguang Gong
- Research and Development Center for Sports Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhaopeng Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongyang Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Sun J, Huang Y, Jin Y, Tian H, Men S. Improvement of mechanical properties and heat distortion temperature of polylactic acid by highly aromatic hyperbranched polyamide. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Men
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
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8
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Vahabi H, Laoutid F, Formela K, Saeb MR, Dubois P. Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials Developed by Reactive Extrusion: Present Status and Future Perspectives. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2052897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, Metz, France
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova Research Center, Mons, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Materia Nova/University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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9
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Numerical Investigation of Deposition Characteristics of PLA on an ABS Plate Using a Material Extrusion Process. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123404. [PMID: 34205426 PMCID: PMC8234540 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional prototypes and final products are commonly fabricated using the material extrusion (ME) process in additive manufacturing applications. However, these prototypes and products are limited to a single material using the ME process due to technical challenges. Deposition of plastic on another dissimilar plastic substrate requires proper control of printing temperature during an ME process due to differences in melting temperatures of dissimilar plastics. In this paper, deposition of PLA filament on an ABS substrate during an ME process is investigated using finite element analysis. A heat transfer finite element (FE) model for the extrusion process is proposed to estimate the parameters of the ME machine for the formulation of a heat flux model. The effects of printing temperature and the stand-off distance on temperature distributions are investigated using the proposed FE model for the extrusion process. The heat flux model is implemented in a proposed heat transfer FE model of single bead deposition of PLA on an ABS plate. From this FE model of deposition, temperature histories during the ME deposition process are estimated. The results of temperature histories are compared with experiments. Using the calibrated FE model, a proper heating temperature of ABS for deposition of PLA is evaluated.
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Abt T, Kamrani MR, Cailloux J, Santana O, Sánchez‐Soto M. Modification of poly(lactic) acid by reactive extrusion and its melt blending with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Abt
- Centre Català del PlàsticUniversitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC‐EEBE) Terrassa Spain
| | - Mohammad Reza Kamrani
- Centre Català del PlàsticUniversitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC‐EEBE) Terrassa Spain
| | - Jonathan Cailloux
- Centre Català del PlàsticUniversitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC‐EEBE) Terrassa Spain
| | - Orlando Santana
- Centre Català del PlàsticUniversitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC‐EEBE) Terrassa Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez‐Soto
- Centre Català del PlàsticUniversitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC‐EEBE) Terrassa Spain
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11
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Sha XL, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Preparation of high performance bio-based benzoxazine resin through a green solvent-free strategy for shape memory application. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Gazzotti S, Ortenzi MA, Farina H, Disimino M, Silvani A. Carvacrol- and Cardanol-Containing 1,3-Dioxolan-4-ones as Comonomers for the Synthesis of Functional Polylactide-Based Materials. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Hermes Farina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mariapina Disimino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Balanced strength and toughness improvement in polylactide (PLA)/poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate glycol) (PCTG) blends using various compatibilizers. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Poly (Lactic Acid)/Thermoplastic Starch Films: Effect of Cardoon Seed Epoxidized Oil on Their Chemicophysical, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, biodegradable films based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and corn thermoplastic starch (TPS), additivated with epoxidized cardoon oil plasticizer (ECO) at 3% by weight with respect to PLA mass fraction, were prepared by melt extrusion process and compression molding. The effect of ECO on structural, thermal, mechanical, barrier, and spectral optical properties of the films was investigated. Spectroscopic analysis evidenced the development of physical interaction between oil and polymers, mainly PLA. In addition, no oil migration occurrence was detected after six months of film preparation, as evidenced by oil mass evaluation by precipitation as well as by 1H-NMR methods, thus highlighting the good inclusion of oil inside the polymeric network. The plasticizing action of the oil induced a lean improvement of the interfacial adhesion between hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic TPS, particularly accentuated in PLA80_ECO composition, as evidenced by morphological analysis of blend fracture surfaces. TGA data underlined that, differently from TPS-based films, PLA-based systems followed one degradative thermal profile suggesting a slight compatibilization effect of epoxidized oil in these films. The shifting of Tg values, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, indicated a weak miscibility at molecular level. Generally, in the investigated blends, the phase separation between PLA and TPS polymers was responsible for the mechanical properties failing; in particular, the tensile strength evidenced a negative deviation from the rule of mixtures, particularly marked in TPS-based blends, where no physical entanglements occurred between the polymers since their immiscibility even in presence of ECO. The epoxidized oil strongly improved the barrier properties (water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (O2P)) of all the films, likely developing a physical barrier to water and oxygen diffusion and solubilization. With respect to neat PLA, PL80 and PL80_ECO films evidenced the improvement of surface wettability, due to the presence of polar groups both in TPS (hydroxyl residues) and in epoxidized oil (oxirane rings). Finally, following to the conditioning in climatic chamber at T = 25 °C and RH = 50%, PLA80 film became opaque due to TPS water absorption, causing a light transmittance decreasing, as evidenced by spectral optical analysis.
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