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Sbordone F, Frisch H. Plenty of Space in the Backbone: Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401547. [PMID: 38818742 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Radical polymerization is the most widely applied technique in both industry and fundamental science. However, its major drawback is that it typically yields polymers with non-functional, non-degradable all-carbon backbones-a limitation that radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) allows to overcome. The last decade has seen a surge in rROP, primarily focused on creating degradable polymers. This pursuit has resulted in the creation of the first readily degradable materials through radical polymerization. Recent years have witnessed innovations in new monomers that address previous design limitations, such as ring strain and reactivity ratios. Furthermore, advances in integrating rROP with reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) have facilitated the incorporation of complex, customizable chemical payloads into the main polymer chain. This short review discusses the latest developments in monomer design with a focused analysis of their limitations in a broader historical context. Recently evolving strategies for compatibility of rROP monomers with RDRP are discussed, which are key to precision polymer synthesis. The latest chemistry surveyed expands the horizon beyond mere hydrolytic degradation. Now is the time to explore the chemical potential residing in the previously inaccessible polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Deng Y, Schäfer S, Kronstein D, Atabay A, Susewind M, Krieg E, Seiffert S, Gaitzsch J. Amphiphilic Block Copolymers PEG- b-PMTCs: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Degradation Properties and Biocompatibility. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:303-314. [PMID: 38039186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
As a hydrophilic cyclic ketene acetal (CKA), 2-methylene-1,3,6-trioxocane (MTC) has recently attracted a lot of attention owing to its ability to promote a quicker (bio)degradation as compared to other heavily studied CKAs. Here, we prepared amphiphilic block copolymers based on poly-MTC with varying chain lengths by radical ring opening polymerization. Self-assemblies of these amphiphiles were performed in PBS buffer to generate nanoparticles with sizes from 40 to 105 nm, which were verified by dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and static light scattering (Zimm plots). Subsequently, fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to study the enzymatic degradation of Nile red-loaded nanoparticles. By performing a point-by-point comparison of fluorescence intensity decline patterns between nanoparticles, we demonstrated that lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia was very efficient in degrading the nanoparticles. Hydrolysis degradations under basic conditions were also carried out, and a complete degradation was achieved after 4 h. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays were carried out on HEK293 cells, and the results affirmed cell viabilities over 90% when incubated with up to 1 mg/mL nanoparticles for 24 h. These biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles hence hold great potential for future applications such as drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Deng
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Devin Kronstein
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azra Atabay
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Susewind
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisha Krieg
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Lena JB, Ramalingam B, Rusli W, Rao Chennamaneni L, Thoniyot P, Van Herk AM. Insertion of ester bonds in three terpolymerization systems. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jackson AW, Mothe SR, Ang P, Chennamaneni LR, Herk AMV, Thoniyot P. Backbone degradable poly(acrylic acid) analogue via radical ring-opening copolymerization and enhanced biodegradability. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133487. [PMID: 34995623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Degradable poly(acrylic acid) has been prepared via free radical ring-opening copolymerization of tert-butyl acrylate and 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane followed by tert-butyl deprotection, under acidic conditions. The resulting degradable poly(acrylic acid) analogue possesses ester groups within the backbone, which facilitate environmental hydrolysis into short chain oligomers, which subsequently undergo biodegradation. The degradable poly(acrylic acid) reported displays a significant degree of biodegradability (27.50% in 28 days) under environmental conditions, when compared to a conventional all carbon backbone non-degradable version, which shows no biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Jackson
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 627833, Singapore
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Mothe
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 627833, Singapore
| | - Pancy Ang
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 627833, Singapore
| | - Lohitha Rao Chennamaneni
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 627833, Singapore
| | - Alexander M V Herk
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 627833, Singapore
| | - Praveen Thoniyot
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 627833, Singapore.
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Oh XY, Ge Y, Goto A. Synthesis of degradable and chemically recyclable polymers using 4,4-disubstituted five-membered cyclic ketene hemiacetal ester (CKHE) monomers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13546-13556. [PMID: 34777774 PMCID: PMC8528068 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel degradable and chemically recyclable polymers were synthesized using five-membered cyclic ketene hemiacetal ester (CKHE) monomers. The studied monomers were 4,4-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-5-one (DMDL) and 5-methyl-2-methylene-5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one (PhDL). The two monomers were synthesized in high yields (80-90%), which is an attractive feature. DMDL afforded its homopolymer with a relatively high molecular weight (M n >100 000, where M n is the number-average molecular weight). DMDL and PhDL were copolymerized with various families of vinyl monomers, i.e., methacrylates, acrylates, styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl pyrrolidinone, and acrylamide, and various functional methacrylates and acrylate. Such a wide scope of the accessible polymers is highly useful for material design. The obtained homopolymers and random copolymers of DMDL degraded in basic conditions (in the presence of a hydroxide or an amine) at relatively mild temperatures (room temperature to 65 °C). The degradation of the DMDL homopolymer generated 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA). The generated HIBA was recovered and used as an ingredient to re-synthesize DMDL monomer, and this monomer was further used to re-synthesize the DMDL polymer, demonstrating the chemical recycling of the DMDL polymer. Such degradability and chemical recyclability of the DMDL polymer may contribute to the circular materials economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Oh
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yicen Ge
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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Hershberger KK, Gauger AJ, Bronstein LM. Utilizing Stimuli Responsive Linkages to Engineer and Enhance Polymer Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Platforms. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4720-4736. [PMID: 35007022 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The devastating nature of cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death in the world. Chemotherapy is among the most common forms of cancer treatment but comes with a host of adverse effects caused by the therapeutic agents damaging healthy tissue and organs. To limit these side effects, scientists have been designing stimuli responsive drug delivery vessels for targeted release. This Review focuses on the incorporation of stimuli responsive linkages in targeted drug delivery systems to enhance therapeutic efficiency. These platforms are primarily employed to control the distribution of anticancer agents in the body to reduce the adverse side effects caused by their toxicities. We will outline how drug delivery vessels are constructed so that exposure to select environmental and external stimuli releases the enclosed drug only at the target site. Stimuli responsive components are integrated within drug delivery vessels in the form of cross-linkers, polymers, and surface modifications. The changes, these moieties undergo upon stimuli exposure, cascade into larger scale alterations to the platforms, resulting in complete disassembly, reversible morphological variations, and enhanced cellular uptake. The ability for these modes of delivery to be initiated exclusively under stimuli exposure allows for release of toxic therapeutic agents to be confined only to the affected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian K Hershberger
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew J Gauger
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lyudmila M Bronstein
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Indiana 47405, United States.,A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119991 Russia.,King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 80303, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Zanata DDM, Felisberti MI. Self-assembly of dual-responsive amphiphilic POEGMA- b-P4VP- b-POEGMA triblock copolymers: effect of temperature, pH, and complexation with Cu 2+. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00716e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic and dual-responsive triblock copolymer POEGMA-b-P4VP-b-POEGMA synthesized by RAFT self-assemble into spherical or interconnected micelles depending on the external stimulus and their complexation with Cu2+ results in responsive nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Morais Zanata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Felisberti
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Pesenti T, Nicolas J. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Degradable Polymers from Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Latest Advances, New Directions, and Ongoing Challenges. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1812-1835. [PMID: 35653672 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) allows facile incorporation of labile groups (e.g., ester) into the main chain of vinyl polymers to obtain (bio)degradable materials. rROP has focused a lot of attention especially since the advent of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques and is still incredibly moving forward, as attested by the numerous achievements in terms of monomer synthesis, macromolecular engineering, and potential biomedical applications of the resulting degradable polymers. In the present Viewpoint, we will cover the latest progress made in rROP in the last ∼5 years, such as its recent directions, its remaining limitations, and the ongoing challenges. More specifically, this will be achieved through the three different classes of monomers that recently caught most of the attention: cyclic ketene acetals (CKA), thionolactones, and macrocyclic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Pesenti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Tardy A, Gil N, Plummer CM, Siri D, Gigmes D, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Polyesters by a Radical Pathway: Rationalization of the Cyclic Ketene Acetal Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14517-14526. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Tardy
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Noémie Gil
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | | | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
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10
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Tardy A, Gil N, Plummer CM, Siri D, Gigmes D, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Polyesters by a Radical Pathway: Rationalization of the Cyclic Ketene Acetal Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Tardy
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Noémie Gil
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | | | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273 Marseille France
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11
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Abstract
This review discusses the history of reversible-deactivation radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals, focusing on the preparation of degradable complex polymeric architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Jackson
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Engineering (A*Star)
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES)
- Functional Molecules and Polymers (FMP) Division
- Jurong Island
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