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Silvianti F, Maniar D, Agostinho B, de Leeuw TC, Woortman AJJ, van Dijken J, Thiyagarajan S, Sousa AF, Loos K. Enzymatic Synthesis of Copolyesters with the Heteroaromatic Diol 3,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and Isomeric Dimethyl Furandicarboxylate Substitutions. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2792-2802. [PMID: 38602263 PMCID: PMC11094730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters from furandicarboxylic acid derivatives, i.e., dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate (2,5-DMFDCA) and 2,4-DMFDCA, show interesting properties among bio-based polymers. Another potential heteroaromatic monomer, 3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (3,4-BHMF), is often overlooked but holds promise for biopolymer synthesis. Cleaning and greening synthetic procedures, i.e., enzymatic polymerization, offer sustainable pathways. This study explores the Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-catalyzed copolymerization of 3,4-BHMF with furan dicarboxylate isomers and aliphatic diols. The furanic copolyesters (co-FPEs) with higher polymerization degrees are obtained using 2,4-isomer, indicating CALB's preference. Material analysis revealed semicrystalline properties in all synthesized 2,5-FDCA-based co-FPEs, with multiple melting temperatures (Tm) from 53 to 124 °C and a glass-transition temperature (Tg) of 9-10 °C. 2,4-FDCA-based co-FPEs showed multiple Tm from 43 to 61 °C and Tg of -14 to 12 °C; one of them was amorphous. In addition, all co-FPEs showed a two-step decomposition profile, indicating aliphatic and semiaromatic segments in the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitrilia Silvianti
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Maniar
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Agostinho
- CICECO—Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Albert Jan Jacob Woortman
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jur van Dijken
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Shanmugam Thiyagarajan
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Andreia F. Sousa
- CICECO—Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Centre
for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra
Rua Sílvio Lima—Polo II, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Hema K, Raju C, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Tuning the Regioselectivity of Topochemical Polymerization through Cocrystallization of the Monomer with an Inert Isostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210733. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
- Present address: Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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Hema K, Raju C, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Tuning the Regioselectivity of Topochemical Polymerization through Cocrystallization of the Monomer with an Inert Isostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
- Present address: Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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Hema K, Ravi A, Raju C, Sureshan KM. Polymers with advanced structural and supramolecular features synthesized through topochemical polymerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5361-5380. [PMID: 34168781 PMCID: PMC8179609 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are an integral part of our daily life. Hence, there are constant efforts towards synthesizing novel polymers with unique properties. As the composition and packing of polymer chains influence polymer's properties, sophisticated control over the molecular and supramolecular structure of the polymer helps tailor its properties as desired. However, such precise control via conventional solution-state synthesis is challenging. Topochemical polymerization (TP), a solvent- and catalyst-free reaction that occurs under the confinement of a crystal lattice, offers profound control over the molecular structure and supramolecular architecture of a polymer and usually results in ordered polymers. In particular, single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) TP is advantageous as we can correlate the structure and packing of polymer chains with their properties. By designing molecules appended with suitable reactive moieties and utilizing the principles of supramolecular chemistry to align them in a reactive orientation, the synthesis of higher-dimensional polymers and divergent topologies has been achieved via TP. Though there are a few reviews on TP in the literature, an exclusive review showcasing the topochemical synthesis of polymers with advanced structural features is not available. In this perspective, we present selected examples of the topochemical synthesis of organic polymers with sophisticated structures like ladders, tubular polymers, alternating copolymers, polymer blends, and other interesting topologies. We also detail some strategies adopted for obtaining distinct polymers from the same monomer. Finally, we highlight the main challenges and prospects for developing advanced polymers via TP and inspire future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| | - Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
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Hema K, Ravi A, Raju C, Pathan JR, Rai R, Sureshan KM. Topochemical polymerizations for the solid-state synthesis of organic polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4062-4099. [PMID: 33543741 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Topochemical polymerizations are solid-state reactions driven by the alignment of monomers in the crystalline state. The molecular confinement in the monomer crystal lattice offers precise control over the tacticity, packing and crystallinity of the polymer formed in the topochemical reaction. As topochemical reactions occur under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions, giving products in high yield and selectivity/specificity that do not require tedious chromatographic purification, topochemical polymerizations are highly attractive over traditional solution-phase polymer synthesis. By this method, polymers having sophisticated structures and desired topologies can be availed. Often, such ordered packing confers attractive properties to the topochemically-synthesized polymers. Diverse categories of topochemical polymerizations are known, such as polymerizations via [2+2], [4+4], [4+2], and [3+2] cycloadditions, and polymerization of diynes, triynes, dienes, trienes, and quinodimethanes, each of which proceed under suitable stimuli like heat, light or pressure. Each class of these reactions requires a unique packing arrangement of the corresponding monomers for the smooth reaction and produces polymers with distinct properties. This review is penned with the intent of bringing all the types of topochemical polymerizations into a single platform and communicating the versatility of these lattice-controlled polymerizations. We present a brief history of the development of each category and comprehensively review the topochemical synthesis of fully-organic polymers reported in the last twenty years, particularly in crystals. We mainly focus on the various molecular designs and crystal engineering strategies adopted to align monomers in a suitable orientation for polymerization. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and future perspectives in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Javed R Pathan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Rishika Rai
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
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