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Miravalle E, Bracco P, Brunella V, Barolo C, Zanetti M. Improving Sustainability through Covalent Adaptable Networks in the Recycling of Polyurethane Plastics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3780. [PMID: 37765634 PMCID: PMC10537520 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global plastic waste problem has created an urgent need for the development of more sustainable materials and recycling processes. Polyurethane (PU) plastics, which represent 5.5% of globally produced plastics, are particularly challenging to recycle owing to their crosslinked structure. Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic covalent bonds have emerged as a promising solution for recycling PU waste. CANs enable the production of thermoset polymers that can be recycled using methods that are traditionally reserved for thermoplastic polymers. Reprocessing using hot-pressing techniques, in particular, proved to be more suited for the class of polyurethanes, allowing for the efficient recycling of PU materials. This Review paper explores the potential of CANs for improving the sustainability of PU recycling processes by examining different types of PU-CANs, bond types, and fillers that can be used to optimise the recycling efficiency. The paper concludes that further research is needed to develop more cost-effective and industrial-friendly techniques for recycling PU-CANs, as they can significantly contribute to sustainable development by creating recyclable thermoset polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Miravalle
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Brunella
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
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Gomri C, Cretin M, Semsarilar M. Recent progress on chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and its application in nanocomposite films and membranes-A comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Synthesis of Novel Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane/Functionalized Boron Nitride Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193934. [PMID: 36235882 PMCID: PMC9573660 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyurethanes) (PHUs) have been suggested as isocyanate-free, low-toxicity alternatives to polyurethanes (PUs). However, PHUs present low mechanical properties due to the presence of side reactions that limit the production of high-molar mass polymers. Here, we present the synthesis under mild conditions and atmospheric pressure of bi-cyclic carbonate monomer for the production of PHU nanocomposites with good physical properties. The kinetics of the bi-cyclic carbonate synthesis and its complete conversion to urethane were followed by FTIR. The addition of functionalized boron nitrate (f-BN) with sucrose crystals improved the thermal degradation temperature as well as the glass transition by approximately 20 °C and 10 °C, respectively. The storage modulus of PHU films gradually increases with the concentration of f-BN in the composite.
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Liu W, Ge W, Mei H, Hang G, Li L, Zheng S. Poly(hydroxyurethane‐
co
‐thiourethane)s cross‐linked with disulfide bonds: Synthesis via isocyanate‐free approach, thermomechanical and reprocessing properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai PR China
| | - Wenming Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai PR China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai PR China
| | - Guohua Hang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai PR China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai PR China
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Liu W, Hang G, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Nanocomposites of Polyhydroxyurethane with POSS Microdomains: Synthesis via Non-Isocyanate Approach, Morphologies and Reprocessing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1331. [PMID: 35406205 PMCID: PMC9002781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, we reported the synthesis of a novel trifunctional POSS cyclic carbonate [POSS-3(5CC)]. With a difunctional five-member cyclic carbonate and a trifunctional polyetheramine as the precursor, the nanocomposites of polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) with POSS were synthesized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the nanocomposites of PHUs with POSS were microphase-separated; the spherical POSS microdomains via POSS-POSS interactions were generated with the size of 20~40 nm in diameter. After the introduction of POSS microdomains, the nanocomposites displayed improved thermal and mechanical properties. More importantly, the nanocomposites still displayed the reprocessing properties of vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (W.L.); (G.H.); (H.M.)
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (W.L.); (G.H.); (H.M.)
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Debnath B, Haldar D, Purkait MK. A critical review on the techniques used for the synthesis and applications of crystalline cellulose derived from agricultural wastes and forest residues. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118537. [PMID: 34560949 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to meet the growing energy crisis of the 21st century, the utilization of bio-based materials has become a field of high research endeavour. In view of that, the present review paper is focused on different techniques that are frequently explored for the synthesis of value-added crystalline derivatives of cellulose like MCC and NCC from agricultural wastes and forest residues. Moreover, a comparative analysis between thermochemical and biochemical methods is carried out for such valorization of biomass considering the mechanism involved with various reactions. Further, a critical analysis is performed on various individual techniques specifically used for the applications of MCC and NCC in different fields including environmental, polymer industry, pharmaceutical and other emerging sectors. This article will assist the readers not only to explore new biomass sources but also provides an in-depth insight on various green and cost-effective methods for sustainable production of crystalline cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banhisikha Debnath
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Haldar
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Mihir Kumar Purkait
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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