1
|
Kim JC, Kim J, Cho YM, Cho SM, Hwang SW, Kwak HW, Yeo H, Choi IG. Fabrication of transparent cellulose nanofibril composite film with smooth surface and ultraviolet blocking ability using hydrophilic lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125545. [PMID: 37355075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Ecofriendly multifunctional films with only biomass-based components have gathered significant interest from researchers as next-generation materials. Following this trend, a TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (TOCNF) film containing hydrophilic lignin (CL) was fabricated. To produce the lignin, peracetic acid oxidation was carried out, leading to the introduction of carboxyl groups into the lignin structure. By adding hydrophilic lignin, various characteristics (e.g., surface smoothness, UV protection, antimicrobial activity, and barrier properties) of the TOCNF film were enhanced. In particular, the shrinkage of CNF was successfully prevented by the addition of CL, which is attributed to the lower surface roughness (Ra) from 18.93 nm to 4.99 nm. As a result, the smooth surface of the TOCNF/CL film was shown compared to neat TOCNF film and TOCNF/Kraft lignin composite film. In addition, the TOCNF/CL film showed a superior UV blocking ability of 99.9 % with high transparency of 78.4 %, which is higher than that of CNF-lignin composite films in other research. Also, water vapor transmission rate was reduced after adding CL to TOCNF film. Consequently, the developed TOCNF/CL film can be potentially utilized in various applications, such as food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Cho
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sung-Wook Hwang
- Human Resources Development Center for Big Data-based Glocal Forest Science 4.0 Professionals, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanmyeong Yeo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uyan M, Celiktas MS. New Approach to Shape Memory Polymer Composite Production Using Alkaline Lignin-Reinforced Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15003-15016. [PMID: 37151563 PMCID: PMC10157668 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, there has been continued interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs), and tremendous efforts have been made to develop multifunctional composites of these SMPs to enhance the existing properties of SMPs. Although fossil-based sources are widely used in the production of shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs), the depletion of fossil-based resources and associated environmental problems increase interest toward renewable biobased products synthesized from natural resources. This study aims to produce alkaline lignin-reinforced SMPCs by using alkaline lignin in the SMP matrix. Thermo-mechanical, morphological, and shape memory tests are performed in order to reveal the effect of alkaline lignin usage in the SMP matrix on SMPC production. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis results show that adding alkaline lignin into the SMP matrix with 1 and 3% ratios led to an increase in T g values, while raising the alkaline lignin ratio to 5% decreased the T g value. According to the DMA results, increasing the alkaline lignin ratios caused an increase in the storage modulus of SMPCs, and the best storage modulus value was obtained at the 5% alkaline lignin ratio. The results of the three-point bending test also confirmed the results obtained from the DMA analysis, showing that an increasing alkaline lignin ratio caused an increase in the bending modulus. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a rough structure in 1 and 3% alkaline lignin supplementation, while a smoother structure was observed in 5% alkaline lignin supplementation. The smoother structure of the sample containing 5% alkaline lignin indicates that alkaline lignin supplementation exhibits a smoother surface by showing a plasticizing effect. As a result, it was observed that increasing the lignin ratio increased the polymer/alkaline lignin interaction, resulting in a harder structure and an increase in the flexural modulus value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Uyan
- Solar
Energy Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Gu X. A review on lignin-based epoxy resins: Lignin effects on their synthesis and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:778-790. [PMID: 36603715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be used as a sustainable alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) to prepared lignin-based epoxy resins. Lignin effects including molecular weight, phenolic content, G/S unit ratio and flexible/rigid linkage ratio on epoxy synthesis and performance were summarized comprehensively. The incorporation of lignin with a higher molecular weight would lead to the higher rigidity of epoxy crosslinking network. Higher contents of ether bonds in lignin would provide higher structural flexibility of lignin incorporated epoxy thermosets. Lignin with higher contents of phenolic hydroxyls was more beneficial for improving the reactivity of its epoxy products after glycidylation. Due to the excellent charring capacity of lignin, higher contents of residue char can be produced at higher additions of lignin at high temperatures, while the loss of crosslinking density caused by the increasing lignin addition (especially for the macromolecular lignin) would deteriorate the thermal stability of their thermosets. Several applications of lignin-based epoxy resins were also mentioned based on their mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, such as coatings (with anticorrosion and UV-blocking), adhesives (with highly crosslinking network, excellent mechanical, and thermal properties) and flame retardants (with high charring capability).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Z, Zhang X, Cai J, Xie J. Plant-derived p-hydroxyphenylacrylic acid-derived epoxy resins exhibit excellent flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, degradability, and low dielectric loss after curing with bio-based fluorinated schiff bases. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
5
|
Lou C, Jiang S, Yan A, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Kong X. Self-extracted corn-stalk cellulose/epoxy resin composites. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20968. [PMID: 36471157 PMCID: PMC9722901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to make full use of crop waste stalk, corn-stalk cellulose (CSC) was extracted by acid-base method and used as modifier of epoxy resin (E51) to prepare the self-extracted corn-stalk cellulose/epoxy resin composites (CSCEC). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), morphology analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the mechanical properties by electronic universal testing machine and impact testing machine were used for characterization and analysis. The experimental results showed that when the CSC content was 20 wt%, the impact strength of the composite was 2.50 kJ/m2, which was 127.2% higher than that of pure epoxy resin. When the CSC content was 20 wt%, the Tg of epoxy resin obtained by DMA was the lowest, 167.4 °C, which decreased by 11.3 °C compared with that of pure epoxy resin. The SEM result showed that the fracture surface of the composite became obviously rough and had of obvious folds, which was a ductile fracture. These results indicated that the addition of CSC could toughen the epoxy resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Lou
- grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China ,grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymer-Based Composites, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China
| | - Siyu Jiang
- grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China
| | - An Yan
- grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China
| | - Yongli Zhou
- grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China ,grid.412616.60000 0001 0002 2355Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymer-Based Composites, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006 China
| | - Xianzhi Kong
- grid.494628.50000 0004 1760 1486Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150040 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Li J, Wu X, Wang D, Zhou S, Han S, Wang H, Sun F. Simultaneously reinforcing and toughening of shape-memory epoxy resin with carboxylated lignosulfonate: Facile preparation and effect mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:243-254. [PMID: 35835301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To improve the compatibility and reactivity of lignosulfonate (LS) with epoxy oligomers, the LS was firstly functionalized with anhydride via the carboxylation reaction. The carboxylated lignosulfonate (CLS) reinforced epoxy resin with excellent mechanical and shape memory performance was prepared facilely via distributing the CLS into the combined epoxy monomers of DGEBA and PEGDGE with the aid of water, rather than using the normal organic solvents. The incorporated CLS promoted the curing reaction of epoxy resin. A typical sea-island structure was formed in the cured sample at the CLS content of 5 phr, exhibiting the highest increases in tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and toughness by 23.8 %, 18.2 %, 217 % and 113 %, respectively, relative to neat epoxy. Interestingly, the incorporation of CLS at a proper amount led to the simultaneous strengthening and toughing effects on cured epoxy resin, which could be attributed to the rigid structure of CLS covalently introduced in the epoxy resin network and the heterogeneous structure formed in the epoxy matrix. The rigid CLS component also restrained the movement of chain segments, consequently, the mechanical stability was enhanced and the fast shape recovery rate of epoxy resin network was slowed down to some extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Jiaoman Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinxing Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shengnan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shuaibo Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fangli Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Botta L, Titone V, Teresi R, Scarlata MC, Lo Re G, La Mantia FP, Lopresti F. Biocomposite PBAT/lignin blown films with enhanced photo-stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:161-170. [PMID: 35820487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be obtained as a byproduct during cellulose-rich pulp fibers production and it is habitually treated as waste or intended for low-value destinations. However, due to UV absorption and mechanical properties, lignin can contribute to the fabrication of biodegradable blown films with superior performances. In this study, it was established the suitability of lignin for manufacturing biocomposite PBAT blown films with higher stiffness and photo-oxidation resistance. The effect of the filler concentration on the melt rheological behavior in non-isothermal elongational flow was investigated. The results allowed us to choose the correct filler concentration for producing films through a film blowing operation. The PBAT/lignin blown film composites displayed an increase of the elastic modulus if compared to neat PBAT films without affecting their elongation at break. Furthermore, the filler delayed the photo-oxidative degradation of PBAT hence potentially allowing open-air applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Botta
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Titone
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; Irritec S.p.A., Via Industriale sn, 98070 Rocca di Caprileone, Italy
| | - Rosalia Teresi
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Costanza Scarlata
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Lopresti
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Agrawal R, Kumar A, Singh S, Sharma K. Recent advances and future perspectives of lignin biopolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
9
|
Experimental and Numerical Study on Uniaxial Compression Failure of Concrete Confined by Nylon Ties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092975. [PMID: 35591311 PMCID: PMC9104005 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The developments in the cisvil engineering fields have led to an increased demand for structural reinforcements. Therefore, designing an effective, green, convenient, and low-cost reinforcement method is considerably important. Nylon ties have high strength and good heat resistance, and they can retain good tensile properties after high-temperature cooling. Further, they are inexpensive and can be recycled. Thus, they are considered suitable for structural reinforcement engineering. In this study, the core concrete was reinforced by the active confinement of prestressed nylon ties. A uniaxial compression test was performed to evaluate the reinforcement effect of the preload generated by the high-temperature cooling of the tie rod on the core concrete. The results show that nylon ties can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the core concrete. Combined with numerical simulation technology, a damage model of a confined concrete column (CC) was established, and the damage evolution law of CC under uniaxial axial compression was analyzed. Combined with numerical simulation and experimental research, the effectiveness of nylon tie reinforced concrete and the reliability of the damage model were verified, providing a reference for research on engineering reinforcement.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bilal M, Qamar SA, Qamar M, Yadav V, Taherzadeh MJ, Lam SS, Iqbal HMN. Bioprospecting lignin biomass into environmentally friendly polymers—Applied perspective to reconcile sustainable circular bioeconomy. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
11
|
Zhang X, Zhao T, Cao T, Liu P, Ma C, Li P, Huang D. Study on the compounding of a new type of trimer epoxy resin curing agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Tianhui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Ting Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Chuang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Pengyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| | - Dang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology Changsha PR China
| |
Collapse
|