1
|
da Silva MM, Proença MP, Covas JA, Paiva MC. Shape-Memory Polymers Based on Carbon Nanotube Composites. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:748. [PMID: 38930718 PMCID: PMC11205355 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
For the past two decades, researchers have been exploring the potential benefits of combining shape-memory polymers (SMP) with carbon nanotubes (CNT). By incorporating CNT as reinforcement in SMP, they have aimed to enhance the mechanical properties and improve shape fixity. However, the remarkable intrinsic properties of CNT have also opened up new paths for actuation mechanisms, including electro- and photo-thermal responses. This opens up possibilities for developing soft actuators that could lead to technological advancements in areas such as tissue engineering and soft robotics. SMP/CNT composites offer numerous advantages, including fast actuation, remote control, performance in challenging environments, complex shape deformations, and multifunctionality. This review provides an in-depth overview of the research conducted over the past few years on the production of SMP/CNT composites with both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices, with a focus on the unique contributions of CNT to the nanocomposite's response to external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Martins da Silva
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.M.d.S.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Mariana Paiva Proença
- ISOM and Departamento de Electrónica Física, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ava. Complutense 30, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José António Covas
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.M.d.S.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Maria C. Paiva
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.M.d.S.); (J.A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lorero I, Rodríguez Á, Campo M, Prolongo SG. Development of an Electroactive and Thermo-Reversible Diels-Alder Epoxy Nanocomposite Doped with Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4715. [PMID: 38139966 PMCID: PMC10747943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of Diels-Alder (D-A) crosslinked epoxy nanocomposites is an emerging field with several challenges to overcome: the synthesis is complex due to side reactions, the mechanical properties are hindered by the brittleness of these bonds, and the content of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to achieve electroactivity is much higher than the percolation thresholds of other conventional resins. In this work, we develop nanocomposites with different D-A crosslinking ratios (0, 0.6, and 1.0) and CNT contents (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 wt.%), achieving a simplified route and avoiding the use of solvents and side reactions by selecting a two-step curing method (100 °C-6 h + 60 °C-12 h) that generates the thermo-reversible resins. These reversible nanocomposites show ohmic behavior and effective Joule heating, reaching the dissociation temperatures of the D-A bonds. The fully reversible nanocomposites (ratio 1.0) present more homogeneous CNT dispersion compared to the partially reversible nanocomposites (ratio 0.6), showing higher electrical conductivity, as well as higher brittleness. For this study, the nanocomposite with a partially reversible matrix (ratio 0.6) doped with 0.7 CNT wt.% was selected to allow us to study its new smart functionalities and performance due to its reversible network by analyzing self-healing and thermoforming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Lorero
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Mónica Campo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Zeng X, Luo K, Chen T, Zhang T, Yan G, Wang L. A Multiple Remotely Controlled Platform from Recyclable Polyurethane Composite Network with Shape-Memory Effect and Self-Healing Ability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205286. [PMID: 36316237 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials can transform from temporary to permanent shapes by specific external triggers. However, the damage might inevitably occur to them when exposed to complex environments, causing a significant reduction in their lifetime and quality. In this study, recyclable remotely controlled shape-changing polyurethane composite with self-healing compacity is developed from polyethylene glycol, polytetrahydrofuran diol using isophorone diisocyanate as crosslinker. After the incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), remote heating could be generated by near-infrared irradiation and alternating magnetic fields. The results show that MNPs are uniformly distributed in the smart networks, resulting in tunable temperature changes of the polymer composite material under various direct/indirect triggering in bending experiments, presenting different shape recovery rates. Moreover, to enhance the self-healing capability, a disulfide bond is introduced into the polymer networks, and the results show that highly efficient and rapid healing could be achieved from tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy as well as optical microscopy. Additionally, the synergistic effect of transesterification and the dynamic exchange of disulfide bonds brin the networks reproducibility for recycling use. The obtained material is promising to be an alternative material for soft robots and smart sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Big Health and Intelligent Engineering, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, P. R. China
| | - Xiyang Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, P. R. China
| | - Kun Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Big Health and Intelligent Engineering, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Big Health and Intelligent Engineering, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Guilong Yan
- School of New Energy and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Big Health and Intelligent Engineering, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sánchez CP, Jérôme C, Noels L, Vanderbemden P. Review of Thermoresponsive Electroactive and Magnetoactive Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40701-40723. [PMID: 36406535 PMCID: PMC9670708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive and magnetoactive shape memory polymer nanocomposites (SMCs) are multistimuli-responsive smart materials that are of great interest in many research and industrial fields. In addition to thermoresponsive shape memory polymers, SMCs include nanofillers with suitable electric and/or magnetic properties that allow for alternative and remote methods of shape memory activation. This review discusses the state of the art on these electro- and magnetoactive SMCs and summarizes recently published investigations, together with relevant applications in several fields. Special attention is paid to the shape memory characteristics (shape fixity and shape recovery or recovery force) of these materials, as well as to the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields required to trigger the shape memory characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pereira Sánchez
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - Ludovic Noels
- Department
of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Vanderbemden
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|