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Kgatle MM, Kalla AA, Islam MM, Sathekge M, Moorad R. Prostate Cancer: Epigenetic Alterations, Risk Factors, and Therapy. Prostate Cancer 2016; 2016:5653862. [PMID: 27891254 PMCID: PMC5116340 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5653862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent urological cancer that affects aging men in South Africa, and mechanisms underlying prostate tumorigenesis remain elusive. Research advancements in the field of PCa and epigenetics have allowed for the identification of specific alterations that occur beyond genetics but are still critically important in the pathogenesis of tumorigenesis. Anomalous epigenetic changes associated with PCa include histone modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding miRNA. These mechanisms regulate and silence hundreds of target genes including some which are key components of cellular signalling pathways that, when perturbed, promote tumorigenesis. Elucidation of mechanisms underlying epigenetic alterations and the manner in which these mechanisms interact in regulating gene transcription in PCa are an unmet necessity that may lead to novel chemotherapeutic approaches. This will, therefore, aid in developing combination therapies that will target multiple epigenetic pathways, which can be used in conjunction with the current conventional PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankgopo M. Kgatle
- Division of Hepatology and Liver Research, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South Africa
| | - Asgar A. Kalla
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South Africa
| | - Muhammed M. Islam
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South Africa
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Razia Moorad
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South Africa
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Fillmore RA, Kojima C, Johnson C, Kolcun G, Dangott LJ, Zimmer WE. New concepts concerning prostate cancer screening. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:793-804. [PMID: 24928864 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (CaP) is rapidly becoming a worldwide health issue. While CaP mortality has decreased in recent years, coincident with the widespread use of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) screening, it remains the most common solid tumor in men and is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The frequency of CaP is growing not only in western cultures, but also its incidence is dramatically increasing in eastern nations. Recently, examination of data from long-term trials and follow up has cast a shadow on the effectiveness of employing PSA as a primary screening tool for CaP. In this review, we not only summarize opinions from this examination and synthesize recommendations from several groups that suggest strategies for utilizing PSA as a tool, but also call for research into biomarkers for CaP diagnosis and disease progression. We also describe our recent work that identified a smooth muscle contractile protein in prostate epithelia, namely smooth muscle gamma actin, and indicate the potential for this molecule as a new unique footprint and as a CaP marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Fillmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast, Long Beach MS 39560, USA
| | - Chinatsu Kojima
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Chevaun Johnson
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Georgina Kolcun
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, TX 77843, USA
| | - Warren E Zimmer
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843 Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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