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Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Biomedicine Markers. Virol Sin 2021; 36:852-858. [PMID: 33905075 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) were formed via ancient integration of exogenous retroviruses into the human genome and are considered to be viral "fossils". The human genome is embedded with a considerable amount of HERVs, witnessing the long-term evolutionary history of the viruses and the host. Most HERVs have lost coding capability during selection but still function in terms of HERV-mediated regulation of host gene expression. In this review, we summarize the roles of HERV activation in response to viral infections and diseases, and emphasize the potential use of HERVs as biomedicine markers in the early diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, which provides a new perspective for the clinical application of HERVs.
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Maruggi M, Layng FI, Lemos R, Garcia G, James BP, Sevilla M, Soldevilla F, Baaten BJ, de Jong PR, Koh MY, Powis G. Absence of HIF1A Leads to Glycogen Accumulation and an Inflammatory Response That Enables Pancreatic Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5839-5848. [PMID: 31585939 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells respond to hypoxia by upregulating the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) transcription factor, which drives survival mechanisms that include metabolic adaptation and induction of angiogenesis by VEGF. Pancreatic tumors are poorly vascularized and severely hypoxic. To study the angiogenic role of HIF1A, and specifically probe whether tumors are able to use alternative pathways in its absence, we created a xenograft mouse tumor model of pancreatic cancer lacking HIF1A. After an initial delay of about 30 days, the HIF1A-deficient tumors grew as rapidly as the wild-type tumors and had similar vascularization. These changes were maintained in subsequent passages of tumor xenografts in vivo and in cell lines ex vivo. There were many cancer cells with a "clear-cell" phenotype in the HIF1A-deficient tumors; this was the result of accumulation of glycogen. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the tumors identified hypoxic cancer cells with inhibited glycogen breakdown, which promoted glycogen accumulation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins 1β (IL1B) and 8 (IL8). scRNA-seq of the mouse tumor stroma showed enrichment of two subsets of myeloid dendritic cells (cDC), cDC1 and cDC2, that secreted proangiogenic cytokines. These results suggest that glycogen accumulation associated with a clear-cell phenotype in hypoxic cancer cells lacking HIF1A can initiate an alternate pathway of cytokine and DC-driven angiogenesis. Inhibiting glycogen accumulation may provide a treatment for cancers with the clear-cell phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings establish a novel mechanism by which tumors support angiogenesis in an HIF1α-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maruggi
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Fabiana Izidro Layng
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Lemos
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Guillermina Garcia
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian P James
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Monica Sevilla
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ferran Soldevilla
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Bas J Baaten
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Petrus R de Jong
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Mei Yee Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Garth Powis
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
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Hodroj MH, Bou-Fakhredin R, Nour-Eldine W, Noureldine HA, Noureldine MHA, Taher AT. Thalassemia and malignancy: An emerging concern? Blood Rev 2019; 37:100585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogenous group of tumors, >70% of which belong to the category of clear cell carcinoma. In recent years, crucial advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular and metabolic basis of clear cell carcinoma. This tumor manifests significant alterations in the cellular metabolism, so that the tumor cells preferentially induce the hypoxia response pathway using aerobic glycolysis, rather than the normal oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Most of the clear cell carcinomas (sporadic as well as familial) have mutations and deletions in the VHL gene located at 3p (p3.25). Normally, pVHL plays a crucial role in the proteasomal degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)1 and HIF2. Lack of a functioning pVHL owing to genetic alterations results in stabilization and accumulation of these factors, which promotes cell growth, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis, contributing to a neoplastic phenotype. Several other genes normally located adjacent to VHL (BAP1, SETD2, PBRM1) may also be lost. These are tumor suppressor genes whose loss not only plays a role in carcinogenesis but may also influence the clinical course of these neoplasms. In addition, interaction among a variety of other genes located at several different chromosomes may also play a role in the genesis and progression of clear cell carcinoma.
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Zakharia Y, Bhattacharya A, Rustum YM. Selenium targets resistance biomarkers enhancing efficacy while reducing toxicity of anti-cancer drugs: preclinical and clinical development. Oncotarget 2018; 9:10765-10783. [PMID: 29535842 PMCID: PMC5828194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se)-containing molecules exert antioxidant properties and modulate targets associated with tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Prevention clinical trials with low-dose supplementation of different types of Se molecules have yielded conflicting results. Utilizing several xenograft models, we earlier reported that the enhanced antitumor activity of various chemotherapeutic agents by selenomethione and Se-methylselenocysteine in several human tumor xenografts is highly dose- and schedule-dependent. Further, Se pretreament offered selective protection of normal tissues from drug-induced toxicity, thereby allowing higher dosing than maximum tolerated doses. These enhanced therapeutic effects were associated with inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1- and 2-alpha (HIF1α, HIF2α) protein, nuclear factor (erythyroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and pair-related homeobox-1 (Prx1) transcription factors, downregulation of oncogenic- and upregulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs. This review provides: 1) a brief update of clinical prevention trials with Se; 2) advances in the use of specific types, doses, and schedules of Se that selectively modulate antitumor activity and toxicity of anti-cancer drugs; 3) identification of targets selectively modulated by Se; 4) plasma and tumor tissue Se levels achieved after oral administration of Se in xenograft models and cancer patients; 5) development of a phase 1 clinical trial with escalating doses of orally administered selenomethionine in sequential combination with axitinib to patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma; and 6) clinical prospects for future therapeutic use of Se in combination with anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Zakharia
- University of Iowa Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Arup Bhattacharya
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Youcef M. Rustum
- University of Iowa Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Wu S, Jiang F, Wu H, Wang Y, Xu R, Cao J, Lu Q, Zhu X, Zhong Z, Zhao X. Prognostic significance of hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4846-4852. [PMID: 29328439 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression in tumors and the levels of preoperative hemoglobin in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), with or without concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), was investigated. A total of 128 patients with ccRCC who underwent surgery were analyzed using retrospective methods. Overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were analyzed with clinicopathological variables, including preoperative hemoglobin levels, COPD and the levels of HIF‑1α expression, by Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis. Levels of HIF‑1α expression were detected by immunohistochemistry and the multivariate analysis was performed by proportional hazards regression. High levels of HIF‑1α expression were associated with a higher pathological stage and histological grade in patients with ccRCC (P<0.05). The median OS and PFS of patients with concomitant COPD were shorter compared with patients without COPD (P<0.05). The levels of serum hemoglobin, HIF‑1α expression and COPD diagnosis were all identified as independent prognostic variables for the OS and PFS of patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Fen Jiang
- Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Gyeongsang 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongtao Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yinhuai Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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