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Chen MS, Howard LE, Stock S, Dolgner A, Freedland SJ, Aronson W, Terris M, Klaassen Z, Kane C, Amling C, Cooperberg M, Daskivich TJ. Validation of the prostate cancer comorbidity index in predicting cause-specific mortality in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023; 26:715-721. [PMID: 35668181 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate prediction of competing risks of mortality remains a key component of prostate cancer treatment decision-making. We sought to validate the Prostate Cancer Comorbidity Index (PCCI) score for predicting other-cause mortality (OCM) and cancer outcomes in men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS We sampled 4857 men with prostate cancer treated with RP in the VA from 2000-2018. Risks of OCM, 90-day all-cause mortality (ACM), prostate cancer-specific mortality, metastasis, and biochemical recurrence by PCCI score were assessed using Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression. We compared prediction of 90-day ACM between PCCI and the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, a validated predictor of short-term mortality. RESULTS Over median follow-up of 6.7 years (IQR 3.7-10.3), there was a stepwise increase in risk of OCM with higher PCCI score, with hazards (95%CI) of 1.53 (1.14-2.04), 2.11 (1.55-2.88), 2.36 (1.68-3.31), 3.61 (2.61-4.98), and 4.99 (3.58-6.96) for PCCI 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, and 10 + (vs. 0), respectively. Projected 10-year cumulative incidence of OCM was 8%, 12%, 16%, 19%, 26%, and 32% for scores of 0, 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, and 10+ , respectively. Men with PCCI 7+ had greater odds of 90-day ACM (OR 3.48, 95%CI 1.26-9.63) while men with higher ASA did not. Higher PCCI score was associated with worse cancer outcomes, with the highest categories driving the associations. CONCLUSIONS The PCCI is a robust measure of short- and long-term OCM after RP, validated for use in clinical care and health services research focusing on surgical patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Chen
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shannon Stock
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Freedland
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Aronson
- Division of Urology, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martha Terris
- Divison of Urology, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Augusta University-Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary Klaassen
- Divison of Urology, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Augusta University-Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Kane
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Amling
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Section of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Daskivich
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Mehta HB, Yong S, Sura SD, Hughes BD, Kuo YF, Williams SB, Tyler DS, Riall TS, Goodwin JS. Development of comorbidity score for patients undergoing major surgery. Health Serv Res 2019; 54:1223-1232. [PMID: 31576566 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a claims-based comorbidity score for patients undergoing major surgery, and compare its performance with established comorbidity scores. DATA SOURCE Five percent Medicare data from 2007 to 2014. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥65 years undergoing six major operations (N = 99 250). DATA COLLECTION One-year mortality was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, and length of stay. The comorbidity score was developed in the derivation cohort (70 percent sample) using logistic regression model. The comorbidity score was calibrated and validated in the validation cohort (30 percent sample), and compared against the Charlson, Elixhauser, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hierarchical Condition Categories (CMS-HCC) comorbidity scores using c-statistic, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the validation cohort, the surgery-specific comorbidity score was well calibrated and performed better than the Charlson, Elixhauser, and CMS-HCC comorbidity scores for all outcomes; the performance was comparable to the CMS-HCC for 30-day readmission. For example, the surgery-specific comorbidity score (c-statistic = 0.792; 95% CI, 0.785-0.799) had greater discrimination than the Charlson (c-statistic = 0.747; 95% CI, 0.739-0.755), Elixhauser (c-statistic = 0.747; 95% CI, 0.735-0.755), or CMS-HCC (c-statistic = 0.755; 95% CI, 0.747-0.763) scores in predicting 1-year mortality. The net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement were greater for surgery-specific comorbidity score compared to the Charlson, Elixhauser, and CMS-HCC scores. CONCLUSIONS Compared to commonly used comorbidity measures, a surgery-specific comorbidity score better predicted outcomes in the surgical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalkumar B Mehta
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Shan Yong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sneha D Sura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Byron D Hughes
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Stephen B Williams
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas S Tyler
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Taylor S Riall
- Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - James S Goodwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Cawthorpe D, Kerba M, Narendran A, Ghuttora H, Chartier G, Sartorius N. Temporal order of cancers and mental disorders in an adult population. BJPsych Open 2018; 4:95-105. [PMID: 29971152 PMCID: PMC6020283 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2018.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based examination of comorbidity is an emerging field of study. AIMS The purpose of the present population level study is to expand our understanding of how cancer and mental illness are temporally associated. METHOD A sample of 83 648 056 physician billing records for 664 838 (56% female) unique individuals over the age of 18 was stratified on ages 19-49 years and 50+ years, with temporal order of mental disorder and cancer forming the basis of comparison. RESULTS Mental disorders preceded cancers for both genders within each age strata. The full range of cancers and mental disorders preceding or following each pivot ICD class are described in terms of frequency of diagnosis and duration in days, with specific examples illustrated. CONCLUSIONS The temporal comorbidity between specific cancers and mental disorders may be useful in screening or clinical planning and may represent indicators of disease mechanism that warrant further screening or investigation. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cawthorpe
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry & Community Health Sciences, Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc Kerba
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aru Narendran
- Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium (POETIC) Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harleen Ghuttora
- Master of Biomedical Technology, University of Calgary, and Program Coordinator - Health, Genome Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Chartier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Norman Sartorius
- Visiting Professor at the Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK, Adjunct Professor at the University of St Louis, New York, USA, and President Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programmes, Geneva, Switzerland
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Froehner M, Koch R, Hübler M, Renner T, Borkowetz A, Zastrow S, Wirth MP. Only <10% of Patients Selected for Radical Prostatectomy Reach the Competing Mortality Rate of the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT). Eur Urol Focus 2018; 5:361-364. [PMID: 29426695 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT), surgery was not associated with lower mortality compared with observation. However, the high competing mortality rate of approximately 33% after 10 yr among the PIVOT study population has raised concerns on the generalizability of these results. We investigated 4282 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution between 1992 and 2010 to determine which subgroups harbored a competing (non-prostate cancer) mortality risk comparable to that of PIVOT and tested several combinations of higher age and comorbidities ("worst case scenarios") to identify subgroups reaching or even superseding the competing mortality rate of the PIVOT population. The competing mortality rate of PIVOT was not reached till an age-adjusted Charlson score of 5 or higher (corresponding to an age of 70-79 yr with diabetes with end-organ damage). Only 8.9% of patients belonged to this high-risk subgroup, and only small subgroups comprising 1-5% patients superseded the competing mortality rate among the PIVOT study population. This data underline that the results of PIVOT should be used with great caution to exclude candidates for radical prostatectomy with comorbidities from curative treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY: Only <10% of patients selected for radical prostatectomy reached the competing mortality rate of approximately 33% observed in the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT). The results of PIVOT should be used with great caution to exclude patients with concomitant diseases who seem otherwise fit for radical prostatectomy from curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Froehner
- Departments of Urology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Rainer Koch
- Medical Statistics and Biometry, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hübler
- Anesthesiology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Theresa Renner
- Departments of Urology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angelika Borkowetz
- Departments of Urology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Zastrow
- Departments of Urology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P Wirth
- Departments of Urology, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Aas K, Axcrona K, Kvåle R, Møller B, Myklebust TÅ, Axcrona U, Berge V, Fosså SD. Ten-year Mortality in Men With Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer in Norway. Urology 2017; 110:140-147. [PMID: 28823634 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide population-based data on 10-year prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), overall mortality (OM), treatment, and prognostic factors in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on data from the Norwegian Prostate Cancer Registry, we calculated 10-year PCSM and OM in 3449 patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa in 2004-2005 who underwent radical prostatectomy (n = 913), radiotherapy (n = 1334), or no local treatment (n = 1202). Patients were stratified according to risk group, Gleason grade group (GGG), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status. Aalen-Johansen and Kaplan-Meier estimates and proportional hazards regressions were used. RESULTS The 10-year PCSM rate was 8.5% (radical prostatectomy: 1.5, radiotherapy: 6.2%, no local treatment: 16.3%) and the OM rate was 25.5%. In the low-risk group, the risk of dying from other causes was 8-fold increased compared with death from PCa, the comparable factor being approximately 2 among high-risk patients. Patients with high-risk factors seemed to benefit the most from local treatment. Within each risk group, the 5 GGGs improved the prediction of PCSM. Having an ECOG performance status of ≥1 doubled the risk of PCSM compared with patients with an ECOG performance status of 0. CONCLUSION For all patients, the 10-year OM was about 3 times higher than PCSM, the greatest and lowest discrepancies emerging among patients with low- and high-risk tumors, respectively. The results support increased use of local treatment in high-risk patients. GGGs should be implemented in clinical practice. The role of ECOG performance status as prognostic factor has to be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Aas
- Department of Surgery, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Bærum Hospital, Drammen, Norway.
| | - Karol Axcrona
- Department of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Rune Kvåle
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; The Cancer Registry of Norway, Norway
| | | | | | - Ulrika Axcrona
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital/Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Viktor Berge
- Department of Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sophie Dorothea Fosså
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Norway; Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital/Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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An easily applicable single condition–based mortality index for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy or radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:32.e17-32.e23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Froehner M, Koch R, Hübler M, Zastrow S, Wirth MP. Predicting Competing Mortality in Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy Aged 70 yr or Older. Eur Urol 2016; 71:710-713. [PMID: 27793476 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the risk of competing mortality is of importance in tailoring optimal individual management strategies in patients with early prostate cancer. Using proportional hazard models for competing risks, we determined which parameters predict competing mortality in patients selected for radical prostatectomy aged 70 yr or older and compared the prognostic impact of individual parameters with that of their younger counterparts. Three common diseases (diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and other cancer) that predicted competing mortality in younger men were not predictors of competing mortality in men selected for radical prostatectomy aged 70 yr or older (hazard ratio [HR]:<1). Besides age (HR/yr: 1.08, p=0.0255), peripheral vascular disease (HR: 2.33, p=0.0195), cerebrovascular disease (HR: 2.23, p=0.0242), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class 3 (HR: 2.19, p<0.0001), current smoking (HR: 2.18, p=0.0098), and lower or unknown level of education (HR: 2.07, p=0.0002) were independent predictors of competing mortality in patients aged 70 yr or older. Combining these five conditions in a score might provide a superior comorbidity measure in this particular population. PATIENT SUMMARY Stricter selection may diminish the prognostic significance of several common diseases in men selected for radical prostatectomy aged 70 yr or older whereas other parameters (peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class 3, current smoking, and level of education) sustained their meaningfulness and should be taken into consideration when the risk of competing mortality is estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Froehner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Rainer Koch
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biometry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hübler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Zastrow
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P Wirth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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