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Apostolou M, Prodromou A. Strategies for meeting prospective mates: An explorative analysis in the Greek cultural context. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:284-290. [PMID: 37874203 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Most people strive toward establishing long-term romantic relationships, and the majority eventually succeed in doing so, which raises the question of how people meet prospective mates. In the current research, we used in-depth interviews and open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 218 Greek-speaking participants, and we identified 44 acts that people perform in order to meet prospective mates, and 17 categories indicating where people met their current or previous mates. In addition, we used quantitative research methods in a sample of 821 Greek-speaking participants, and we classified these acts into eight broader strategies. The most frequently adopted ones, included demonstrating active interest to prospective mates, going out to bars, clubs and cafés, improving one's looks and asking friends to introduce one to available individuals. For several strategies, we found significant sex and age effects. Furthermore, most participants indicated that they met their current and previous partners from friends and acquaintances, in school or university, on social media, and on a night out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andri Prodromou
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Apostolou M, Christoforou C, Lajunen TJ. What are Romantic Relationships Good for? An Explorative Analysis of the Perceived Benefits of Being in a Relationship. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 21:14747049231210245. [PMID: 37908132 PMCID: PMC10621308 DOI: 10.1177/14747049231210245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Forming long-term intimate relationships is a human universal, with most people across different times and cultures doing so. Such relationships should be associated with important benefits otherwise individuals would not engage in them, with the current research aiming to identify what people consider as beneficial in a long-term intimate relationship. More specifically, Study 1 employed qualitative research methods in a sample of 221 Greek-speaking participants, and identified 82 perceived benefits. Study 2 employed quantitative research methods in a sample of 545 Greek-speaking participants, and classified these benefits into 10 broad factors and two broader domains. Experiencing positive emotions, including love and passion, as well as having someone to provide support and do things together, were considered among the most important benefits. Although there were a few significant differences, the evaluations of the perceived benefits of intimate relationships were generally consistent across participants of different sex, age, and relationship status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timo Juhani Lajunen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Fišerová A, Havlíček J, Urban M, Urban K, Štěrbová Z. Parental Interference in Offspring's Mate Choice: Sets of Actions and Counteractions Based on Both Perspectives. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:2447-2463. [PMID: 36800066 PMCID: PMC9936925 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mate choice in humans is specific by the involvement of kin both in partner choice and in the functioning of the relationship. The influence of relatives ranges from providing advice all the way to arranged marriages. Existing research so far tended to map neither the actual parental interventions and further reactions (counteractions) nor the independently pursued behavior (actions) by which the offspring or their partners assert their interests. This study identified such sets of behaviors through semi-structured individual interviews with members of 20 dyads of adult offspring and their biological parents (five son-mother, five son-father, five daughter-mother, and five daughter-father dyads). Thematic analysis revealed sets of parental actions aimed at the offspring, their partners, and the couple as a whole, as well as further counteractions (reactions to parental interference) and independently pursued behavior (actions) of the offspring and their partners aimed at the parents in the context of the offspring's previous or current relationship. Our findings showed that parental interference differed depending on the recipient: toward the couple were applied mainly indirect and supportive parental actions, whereas when facing their offspring or offspring's partner, parents' actions were more direct and disruptive. Our results thus indicate the importance of reporting about actual interactions which differ from the hypothetical settings used in prior studies by lower intensity. Moreover, by interviewing both members of dyads, we expanded the sets of actions and counteractions identified by prior studies and managed to limit self-reporting bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fišerová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Urban
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Urban
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Štěrbová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Individual features influence the choice to attack in the southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis, but the opponent type dictates how the interaction goes. Acta Ethol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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5
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Agey E, Crippen S, Wells A, Upreti P. Socioeconomic benefits and limited parent-offspring disagreement in arranged marriages in Nepal. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2023; 5:e7. [PMID: 37587933 PMCID: PMC10426041 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mate preferences probably evolved to increase fitness; however, studies using arranged and non-arranged marriage as proxies for limited and free mate choice (respectively) do not find any reproductive differences. We explore why arranged and non-arranged marriages are an imperfect proxy for limited and free-choice matings and what fitness effects different marriage types could produce. Data from focus group discussions with men and women in Nepal show that there are three spouse choice categories with differing levels of parental influence over mate choice, reinforcing that arranged and non-arranged are not dichotomous. Discussions also show that parents and offspring, especially sons, may be more aligned in in-law/mate preferences than expected, demonstrating the need to establish clear domains of parent-offspring disagreement over spouse choice in the community before investigating fitness. Several social and financial benefits that are only available to arranged couples in this community were detected, and these benefits could compensate for any costs of not choosing a spouse independently. These benefits of arranged marriage are more salient for women than for men. These discussions indicate that predictions about the effects of spouse choice on fitness outcomes may differ for men and women and depend on community-specific socioeconomic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alyx Wells
- University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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6
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Larsen M. An evolutionary case for polygyny to counter demographic collapse. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1062950. [PMID: 36814655 PMCID: PMC9939451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1062950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex ratio theory suggests why mating practices have become dysfunctional in the West and other regions. Spain, Japan, and over 20 other nations are on course to have their populations halved by 2100, dramatically aging their citizenry. Experts and opinion makers warn that a demographic collapse cannot be absorbed by our current social order; Elon Musk proclaims this to be "the biggest threat to human civilization." Statistics from the Nordic countries-the world's most gender-equal region-indicate that subjective perceptions of the sex ratio in modern environments drive singledom and low reproduction. Scandinavia has the world's highest occurrence of one-person households: 43-46%. In the past decade, the Norwegian fertility rate dropped from 2.0 to 1.5. Sex ratio studies suggest that women's perception of there being few acceptable partners activates a polygynous mindset, which in prosperous, monogamous societies drives promiscuity to the detriment of pair-bonding. More than 6 million years of hominin evolution under promiscuous, polygynous, and monogamous regimes shaped mate preferences that evoke different cultural and behavioral responses as environments change. The Church's imposition of lifelong monogamy contributed to the emergence of the modern world, but if this world's gender-equal societies no longer motivate reproduction, being more open to polygyny could be worth considering as a means for increasing fertility. This article makes this case by exploring hominin mating from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees-through the genus Homo's forager and agricultural periods-to modern Scandinavians. In the past millennium, mating practices have coevolved with the emergence of modernity, necessitating frequent cultural updates. An evolutionary analysis of Nordic works of literature illuminates the ways in which ideological narratives influence reproductive norms. The insights gleaned are considered in the context of people's perceived sex ratio.
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7
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Apostolou M, Sullman M, Birkás B, Błachnio A, Bushina E, Calvo F, Costello W, Dujlovic T, Hill T, Lajunen TJ, Lisun Y, Manrique-Millones D, Manrique-Pino O, Meskó N, Nechtelberger M, Ohtsubo Y, Ollhoff CK, Przepiórka A, Putz Á, Tagliabue M, Tekeş B, Thomas A, Valentova JV, Varella MAC, Wang Y, Wright P, Font-Mayolas S. Mating Performance and Singlehood Across 14 Nations. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 21:14747049221150169. [PMID: 36596274 PMCID: PMC10355298 DOI: 10.1177/14747049221150169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult individuals frequently face difficulties in attracting and keeping mates, which is an important driver of singlehood. In the current research, we investigated the mating performance (i.e., how well people do in attracting and retaining intimate partners) and singlehood status in 14 different countries, namely Austria, Brazil, China, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, the UK, and Ukraine (N = 7,181). We found that poor mating performance was in high occurrence, with about one in four participants scoring low in this dimension, and more than 57% facing difficulties in starting and/or keeping a relationship. Men and women did not differ in their mating performance scores, but there was a small yet significant effect of age, with older participants indicating higher mating performance. Moreover, nearly 13% of the participants indicated that they were involuntarily single, which accounted for about one-third of the singles in the sample. In addition, more than 15% of the participants indicated that they were voluntarily single, and 10% were between-relationships single. We also found that poor mating performance was associated with an increased likelihood of voluntary, involuntary, and between-relationships singlehood. All types of singlehood were in higher occurrence in younger participants. Although there was some cross-cultural variation, the results were generally consistent across samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Sullman
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Béla Birkás
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Agata Błachnio
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ekaterina Bushina
- Center for Sociocultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fran Calvo
- Department of Pedagogy, Quality of Life Research Institute, Universitat de Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - William Costello
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | | | - Tetiana Hill
- Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Timo Juhani Lajunen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yanina Lisun
- Department of Journalism and Advertising, Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Norbert Meskó
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Christian Kenji Ollhoff
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aneta Przepiórka
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ádám Putz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Burcu Tekeş
- Department of Psychology, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Andrew Thomas
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paula Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Sílvia Font-Mayolas
- Department of Psychology, Quality of Life Research Institute, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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8
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Schaffnit S, Page AE, Lynch R, Spake L, Sear R, Sosis R, Shaver J, Alam N, Towner M, Shenk MK. The impact of market integration on arranged marriages in Matlab, Bangladesh. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2022; 5:e5. [PMID: 37587939 PMCID: PMC10426007 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in marriage markets has lasting impacts on women's wellbeing. By arranging marriages, parents exert financial and social powers to influence spouse characteristics and ensure optimal marriages. While arranging marriages is a major focus of parental investment, marriage decisions are also a source of conflict between parents and daughters in which parents often have more power. The process of market integration may alter parental investment strategies, however, increasing children's bargaining power and reducing parents' influence over children's marriage decisions. We use data from a market integrating region of Bangladesh to (a) describe temporal changes in marriage types, (b) identify which women enter arranged marriages and (c) determine how market integration affects patterns of arranged marriage. Most women's marriages were arranged, with love marriages more recent. We found few predictors of who entered arranged vs. love marriages, and family-level market integration did not predict marriage type at the individual level. However, based on descriptive findings, and findings relating women's and fathers' education to groom characteristics, we argue that at the society-level market integration has opened a novel path in which daughters use their own status, gained via parental investments, to facilitate good marriages under conditions of reduced parental assistance or control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. E. Page
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - R. Lynch
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - L. Spake
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - R. Sear
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - R. Sosis
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - J. Shaver
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N. Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M.C. Towner
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - M. K. Shenk
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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9
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Šaffa G, Duda P, Zrzavý J. Paternity Uncertainty and Parent-Offspring Conflict Explain Restrictions on Female Premarital Sex across Societies. HUMAN NATURE (HAWTHORNE, N.Y.) 2022; 33:215-235. [PMID: 35633467 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-022-09426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although norms of premarital sex vary cross-culturally, the sexuality of adolescent girls has been consistently more restricted than that of adolescent boys. Three major theories that attempt to explain restrictions on female premarital sex (FPS) concern male, female, and parental control. These competing theories have not been tested against each other cross-culturally. In this study, we do this using a sample of 128 nonindustrial societies and socioecological predictors capturing extramarital sex, paternal care, female status, sex ratio, parental control over a daughter's mate choice, residence, and marriage transactions, while also controlling for phylogenetic non-independence across societies. We found that multiple parties benefit from restrictions on FPS. Specifically, FPS is more restricted in societies intolerant of extramarital sex and where men transfer property to their children (male control), as well as where marriages are arranged by parents (parental control). Both paternity uncertainty (partitioned among marital fidelity and paternal investment) and parent-offspring conflict (prompting parents to control their daughter's sexuality) were identified as possible mechanisms of FPS restrictions. The evidence for female control is ambiguous, mainly because it can be equally well interpreted as both male control and parental control, and because fathers, rather than mothers, are often the primary decision makers about a daughter's mate choice. Our results also emphasize the importance of social roles, rather than stereotyped sex roles, as a more useful approach to understanding the evolution of FPS restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Šaffa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Zrzavý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
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10
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Apostolou M. The Direct Reproductive Cost of Same-Sex Attraction: Evidence from Two Nationally Representative U.S. Samples. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1857-1864. [PMID: 35377112 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Same-sex attraction is associated with a direct reproductive cost, i.e., a reduced number of biological children. The current study aimed to assess this cost for different forms of sexual attraction (i.e., only attracted to opposite sex, mostly attracted to opposite sex, equally attracted to both sexes, mostly attracted to same-sex, only attracted to same-sex), using two large nationally representative datasets (N = 15,208) from the USA. The results indicated that same-sex attraction was associated with substantial loss in direct reproductive output. More specifically, significant differences between the different types of same-sex attraction were found: Exclusive and mostly homosexual orientation identities were associated with the highest direct reproductive cost, while mostly attracted to opposite sex orientation and bisexuality identities were associated with lower direct reproductive costs. In addition, bisexual women did not differ significantly from exclusively heterosexual women in terms of their reproductive output. The implications of these findings for the evolutionary origins of same-sex attraction are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menelaos Apostolou
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Apostolou M. What Makes It Difficult to Start an Intimate Relationship: A Taxonomy of the Reasons. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 17:103-116. [PMID: 35136432 PMCID: PMC8768479 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework, the current research attempted to study the reasons that cause difficulties in starting an intimate relationship in the Greek cultural context. In particular, using qualitative research methods (interviews and open-ended questionnaires), Study 1 (N = 205) identified 58 reasons that make it difficult for people to start an intimate relationship. Using an online sample of 1,095 Greek-speaking participants (N = 1,095), Study 2 classified these reasons in 12 factors. More than 80% of the participants indicated that they faced above moderate or severe difficulties in at least one factor, while about 40% faced difficulties in three or more factors. Significant gender and age effects were found across the different factors. Using second order principal components analysis, the 12 factors were classified in three broader domains of difficulties in starting a relationship.
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12
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Agey E, Morris A, Chandy M, Gaulin SJC. Arranged Marriage Often Subverts Offspring Mate Choice: An HRAF‐Based Study. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Agey
- Department of Anthropology University of California Santa Barbara USA
| | - Addison Morris
- Department of Anthropology University of California Santa Barbara USA
| | - Maya Chandy
- Department of Anthropology University of California Santa Barbara USA
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13
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Apostolou M, Wang Y, Gavriilidou A. How People Become Attractive to Prospective Mates: Strategies of Self-Promotion in the Greek Cultural Context. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211045271. [PMID: 34605287 PMCID: PMC10358399 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211045271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of human mating is to appeal to prospective mates. Accordingly, the current research attempted to identify the strategies that people use in order to become more attractive as prospective intimate partners. More specifically, using open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 326 Greek-speaking participants, we identified 87 acts that people performed in order to become more attractive as mates. By using quantitative research methods in a sample of 2,197 Greek-speaking participants, we classified these acts into 16 different strategies. We found that, enhancing one's looks and becoming more pleasant, were among the most preferred strategies. Women were more likely than men to adopt strategies that involved looks, while men were more likely than women to adopt strategies that involved resource acquisition capacity. Moreover, age effects were found for most strategies. The identified strategies were classified into two broader domains, one aiming to develop and demonstrate fitness-increasing qualities, and the other to deceive about fitness-impairing traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Individuals high on the Dark Triad traits choose to stay single if they are low on sociosexuality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Collova JR, Sutherland CA, Jeffery L, Bothe E, Rhodes G. Adults' facial impressions of children's niceness, but not shyness, show modest accuracy. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:2328-2347. [PMID: 32967571 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820957575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lay wisdom warns against "judging a book by its cover." However, facial first impressions influence people's behaviour towards others, so it is critical that we understand whether these impressions are at all accurate. Understanding impressions of children's faces is particularly important because these impressions can have social consequences during a crucial time of development. Here, we examined the accuracy of two traits that capture the most variance in impressions of children's faces, niceness and shyness. We collected face images and parental reports of actual niceness/shyness for 86 children (4-11 years old). Different images of the same person can lead to different impressions, and so we employed a novel approach by obtaining impressions from five images of each child. These images were ambient, representing the natural variability in faces. Adult strangers rated the faces for niceness (Study 1) or shyness (Study 2). Niceness impressions were modestly accurate for different images of the same child, regardless of whether these images were presented individually or simultaneously as a group. Shyness impressions were not accurate, for images presented either individually or as a group. Together, these results demonstrate modest accuracy in adults' impressions of niceness, but not shyness, from children's faces. Furthermore, our results reveal that this accuracy can be captured by images which contain natural face variability, and holds across different images of the same child's face. These results invite future research into the cues and causal mechanisms underlying this link between facial impressions of niceness and nice behaviour in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma R Collova
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Clare Am Sutherland
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Linda Jeffery
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ellen Bothe
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Gillian Rhodes
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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16
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Kellie DJ, Dixson BJW, Brooks RC. Papa Don't Preach? : Using Lies to Expose the Truth about Who Suppresses Female Sexuality. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2020; 31:222-248. [PMID: 32794067 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-020-09372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of sexuality is culturally widespread, and women's sexual promiscuity, activity, and enjoyment are almost always judged and punished more harshly than men's. It remains disputed, however, to what end people suppress sexuality, and who benefits from the suppression of female sexuality. Different theories predict that women in general, men in general, women's intimate partners, or parents benefit most. Here we use the lies women and men tell-or imagine telling-about their sexual histories as an indirect measure of who is most involved in the suppression of sexuality. We asked men and women what they would reply if asked questions by their mother, father, current partner, attractive confederate, and various same- or opposite-sex friends and colleagues about their number of previous sex partners, age at first romantic kiss, age at first consensual sex, and cheating on a previous partner or spouse. By comparing the size and direction of the lies that subjects told, we tested competing predictions of several cultural and evolutionary theories concerning why female sexuality is suppressed and who is driving its suppression. We found that men and women told larger and more frequent lies to their parents, with women telling the largest and most frequent lies of all to their fathers. Additionally, the majority of lies by both men and women were in sexually conservative directions. Our findings suggest that mothers, and especially fathers, restrict female sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dax J Kellie
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Barnaby J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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17
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Himaz R. Sweet are the fruit of adversity? The impact of fathers' death on child non-cognitive outcomes in Ethiopia. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 38:100890. [PMID: 32544838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article looks at the effect paternal death can have on non-cognitive outcomes at age 15 and 22 depending on whether a child lost the father in middle childhood or adolescence. The article uses the potential outcome framework to estimate results using five rounds of longitudinal survey data for Ethiopia collected between 2002 and 2016. It finds that the loss of the father in middle childhood reduces an orphan's self-esteem significantly by 0.15 standard deviations and subjective wellbeing by 16 per cent. These effects are not persistent. Instead, the loss of the father between ages 12-22, encompassing early, middle and late adolescence have significant positive effects on agency, self-efficacy, self-esteem and peer relationships as a young adult aged 22, improving them by 0.31, 0.28, 0.31 and 0.26 standard deviations respectively. This suggests that a father's death during a child's adolescent years may be associated with positive adaptive behavior.
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Apostolou M, O J, Esposito G. Singles' Reasons for Being Single: Empirical Evidence From an Evolutionary Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:746. [PMID: 32435217 PMCID: PMC7218110 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively large number of people in Western societies are single; that is, they are not involved in any romantic relationship. In this study, we have attempted to investigate the reasons for singlehood by asking singles themselves. A final sample of 648 American singles (307 of them women) rated 92 possible reasons for singlehood. These reasons were classified into 18 broad factors and four general domains. Among the most important reasons were poor flirting skills, freedom, fear of getting hurt, having different priorities, and being too picky. Significant sex and age effects were found across different factors and domains. More specifically, men were more likely than women to indicate that they were single in order to be free to flirt around, and because they were not into family making; while women were more likely to indicate that they were single in order to avoid getting hurt, and because they have considered themselves not to be desirable as mates. Younger people were more likely to indicate that they were single because they had poor flirting skills, because they did not see themselves as desirable mates, and because they did not like commitment; whereas older people were more likely to indicate that they were single in order to be free to do what they have wanted. Findings were examined and discussed using evolutionary theories relating to mate selection and evolutionary mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaqing O
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Macfarlan SJ, Schacht R, Foley C, Cahoon S, Osusky G, Vernon KB, Tayler E, Henrickson C, Schniter E. Marriage dynamics in old Lower California: ecological constraints and reproductive value in an arid peninsular frontier. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2020; 65:156-171. [PMID: 32432937 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2020.1728685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly expected that natural selection will favor earlier reproduction, yet ecological constraints can force people to delay marriage. Furthermore, humans demonstrate sex-specific preferences in marriage partners - with grooms normally a few years older than their brides; however, the age at which individuals marry can influence the spousal age gap. We investigate factors influencing age at first marriage and age difference at marriage using nineteenth-century historical demographic data from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Analyses suggest ecological constraints affected male, but not female, age at first marriage. Males who migrated from their natal community and who married in communities whose primary economic activity was agriculture experienced delayed age at first marriage. The age at which females first married increased over time causing a reduction in the age gap between spouses. Furthermore, the spousal age gap showed sex-specific effects: women who married early in life were much younger than their husbands, while women who married late in life were older than their husbands, suggesting that variation in female reproductive value influenced mate choice. Males, on the other hand, who married late in life showed a preference for marrying much younger females, indicating preferences for females with high reproductive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J Macfarlan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center for Latin American Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ryan Schacht
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline Foley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sydney Cahoon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Grace Osusky
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kenneth B Vernon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Evan Tayler
- Department of Languages and Literature, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Celeste Henrickson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eric Schniter
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California, USA
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20
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The Price of Singlehood: Assessing the Impact of Involuntary Singlehood on Emotions and Life Satisfaction. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-019-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Apostolou M, Papadopoulou I, Christofi M, Vrontis D. Mating Performance: Assessing Flirting Skills, Mate Signal-Detection Ability, and Shyness Effects. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 17:1474704919872416. [PMID: 31542947 PMCID: PMC10299795 DOI: 10.1177/1474704919872416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several people today experience poor mating performance, that is, they face difficulties in starting and/or keeping an intimate relationship. On the basis of an evolutionary theoretical framework, it was hypothesized that poor mating performance would be predicted by poor flirting skills, poor mate signal-detection ability, and high shyness. By employing a sample of 587 Greek-speaking men and women, we found that more than 40% of our participants experienced difficulties in starting and/or keeping an intimate relationship. We also found that poor flirting skills, poor mate signal-detection ability, and high shyness were associated with poor performance in mating, especially with respect to starting an intimate relationship. The effect sizes and the odds ratios indicated that flirting skills had the largest effect on mating performance, followed by the mate signal-detection ability and shyness.
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22
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Johow J, Willführ KP, Voland E. High consanguinity promotes intergenerational wealth concentration in socioeconomically privileged Krummhörn families of the 18th and 19th centuries. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Apostolou M, Shialos M, Georgiadou P. The emotional cost of poor mating performance. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Bovet J, Raiber E, Ren W, Wang C, Seabright P. Parent-offspring conflict over mate choice: An experimental study in China. Br J Psychol 2018; 109:674-693. [PMID: 29943825 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Both parents and offspring have evolved mating preferences that enable them to select mates and children-in-law to maximize their inclusive fitness. The theory of parent-offspring conflict predicts that preferences for potential mates may differ between parents and offspring: individuals are expected to value biological quality more in their own mates than in their offspring's mates and to value investment potential more in their offspring's mates than in their own mates. We tested this hypothesis in China using a naturalistic 'marriage market' where parents actively search for marital partners for their offspring. Parents gather at a public park to advertise the characteristics of their adult children, looking for a potential son or daughter-in-law. We presented 589 parents and young adults from the city of Kunming (Yunnan, China) with hypothetical mating candidates varying in their levels of income (proxy for investment potential) and physical attractiveness (proxy for biological quality). We found some evidence of a parent-offspring conflict over mate choice, but only in the case of daughters, who evaluated physical attractiveness as more important than parents. We also found an effect of the mating candidate's sex, as physical attractiveness was deemed more valuable in a female potential mate by parents and offspring alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bovet
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France
| | - Eva Raiber
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France.,Toulouse School of Economics, University of Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Paul Seabright
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France.,Toulouse School of Economics, University of Toulouse, France
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26
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Apostolou M, Shialos M, Kyrou E, Demetriou A, Papamichael A. The challenge of starting and keeping a relationship: Prevalence rates and predictors of poor mating performance. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Guo Q, Li Y, Yu S. In-Law and Mate Preferences in Chinese Society and the Role of Traditional Cultural Values. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704917730518. [PMID: 28901196 PMCID: PMC10481029 DOI: 10.1177/1474704917730518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 347 parent-child dyads as participants, this study directly examined in-law and mate preferences in a typical collectivist culture. The results showed (1) traits indicating social status and parental investment were more highly valued by the parents, while traits indicating genetic quality and traits related to romantic love were more highly valued by the children. (2) Parental preferences were moderated by gender of the in-laws. Good earning capacity was more preferred by parents in a son-in-law, traits connoting genetic quality and reproductive fitness were more preferred by parents in a daughter-in-law. (3) There was more convergence in in-law and mate preferences in Chinese culture than in Western cultures. (4) Traditional cultural values (i.e., filial piety) can be used as a predictor of traditional mate preferences and less parent-child divergences. Additionally, greater preference for kind and understanding by parents than by children as well as by daughters than by sons, and greater preference for social status by the daughters' than by the sons' parents have not been observed in the rating and the ranking instrument. These findings illustrated how culture handles the parent-child disagreement over mating by authorizing greater parental influence on children's mating decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingke Guo
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shushuang Yu
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Wang Y, Apostolou M. In-Law Preferences in China and in Cyprus: Differences and Similarities. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704917725303. [PMID: 28868895 PMCID: PMC10480907 DOI: 10.1177/1474704917725303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across different times and cultures, parents exercise considerable influence over their children's mate choices. When they do so, parents are looking for specific traits in a prospective daughter- and son-in-law. Using a sample of 674 parents, the current research investigated in-law preferences in China. Participants rated 88 different traits, which were clustered in 10 different preference domains. In-law preferences were found to be contingent on the sex of the in-law and the sex of the parent. The data from the current study were compared with data from a different study which took place in the Republic of Cyprus. It was found that preferences varied in the two samples, but specific cultural differences were identified. It was also found that for both samples, the 10 different domains clustered in two supra-domains. The first supra-domain, where personality traits clustered, was preferred more by both Chinese and Greek-Cypriot parents than the second domain, where the rest of the traits clustered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Lefevre CE, Saxton TK. Parental preferences for the facial traits of their offspring's partners can enhance parental inclusive fitness. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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31
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Chagnon NA, Lynch RF, Shenk MK, Hames R, Flinn MV. Cross-cousin marriage among the Yanomamö shows evidence of parent-offspring conflict and mate competition between brothers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2590-E2607. [PMID: 28289230 PMCID: PMC5380100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618655114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marriage in many traditional societies often concerns the institutionalized exchange of reproductive partners among groups of kin. Such exchanges most often involve cross-cousins-marriage with the child of a parent's opposite-sex sibling-but it is unclear who benefits from these exchanges. Here we analyze the fitness consequences of marrying relatives among the Yanomamö from the Amazon. When individuals marry close kin, we find that (i) both husbands and wives have slightly lower fertility; (ii) offspring suffer from inbreeding depression; (iii) parents have more grandchildren; and (iv) siblings, especially brothers, benefit when their opposite-sex siblings marry relatives but not when their same-sex siblings do. Therefore, individuals seem to benefit when their children or opposite-sex siblings marry relatives but suffer costs when they, their parents, or same-sex siblings do. These asymmetric fitness outcomes suggest conflicts between parents and offspring and among siblings over optimal mating strategies. Parental control of marriages is reinforced by cultural norms prescribing cross-cousin marriage. We posit that local mate competition combined with parental control over marriages may escalate conflict between same-sex siblings who compete over mates, while simultaneously forging alliances between opposite-sex siblings. If these relationships are carried forward to subsequent generations, they may drive bilateral cross-cousin marriage rules. This study provides insights into the evolutionary importance of how kinship and reciprocity underlie conflicts over who controls mate choice and the origins of cross-cousin marriage prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napoleon A Chagnon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-1440;
| | - Robert F Lynch
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-1440
| | - Mary K Shenk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-1440
| | - Raymond Hames
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0368
| | - Mark V Flinn
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-1440
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32
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Apostolou M. Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-017-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Hames R, Garfield Z, Garfield M. Is Male Androphilia a Context-Dependent Cross-Cultural Universal? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:63-71. [PMID: 28028666 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cross-cultural ethnographic literature has traditionally used the label male "homosexuality" to describe sexual relationships between biological males without considering whether or not the concept encompasses primary sexual attraction to adult males. Although male androphilia seems to be found in all national populations, its universal existence in tribal populations has been questioned. Our goal is to review previous cross-cultural classifications and surveys of male same sex behavior to present a system that does justice to its varied expressions, especially as it is informed by contemporary sexuality research. Previous comparative research does not effectively distinguish male same sex behavior from male androphilia. Using the standard cross-cultural sample (SCCS) as a sampling frame and the ethnographic sources in the human relations area files and elsewhere, we present distributional data on various forms of male same sex behavior. The SCCS is useful because it is designed to be representative of all historically known social formations and the sample is designed to reduce similarities as a consequence of common descent or historical origin as well as reduce the probability of diffusion of sociocultural practices from one culture to another. Our results show that male same sex behavior as well as male androphilia is much more common than previously estimated in the SCCS. With our findings, we make an argument that male androphilia is a context-dependent cross-cultural universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Hames
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Zachary Garfield
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington-Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA
| | - Melissa Garfield
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington-Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA
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Apostolou M. Size did not matter: An evolutionary account of the variation in penis size and size anxiety. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1147933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Menelaos Apostolou
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
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35
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Apostolou M. Is Homosexuality more Prevalent in Agropastoral than in Hunting and Gathering Societies? Evidence from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-016-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Apostolou M. The evolution of same-sex attractions: Parental and intimate partners' reactions to deviations from exclusive heterosexual orientation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Kelly AJ, Dubbs SL, Barlow FK. An Evolutionary Perspective on Mate Rejection. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 14:1474704916678626. [PMID: 28024416 PMCID: PMC10480970 DOI: 10.1177/1474704916678626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We argue that mate rejection and ex-partner relationships are important, multifaceted topics that have been underresearched in social and evolutionary psychology. Mate rejection and relationship dissolution are ubiquitous and form integral parts of the human experience. Both also carry with them potential risks and benefits to our fitness and survival. Hence, we expect that mate rejection would have given rise to evolved behavioral and psychological adaptations. Herein, we outline some of the many unanswered questions in evolutionary psychology on these topics, at each step presenting novel hypotheses about how men and women should behave when rejecting a mate or potential mate or in response to rejection. We intend these hypotheses and suggestions for future research to be used as a basis for enriching our understanding of human mating from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh J. Kelly
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelli L. Dubbs
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Apostolou M, Chari I, Lefkides C, Theophanous I, Khalil M. Parent-offspring conflict over mating: The case of divorce. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Could there be a male commitment skepticism bias and a female sexual overperception bias? Novel hypotheses based on Error Management Theory. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Apostolou M. An evolutionary account of the prevalence of personality traits that impair intimate relationships. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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In-Law Preferences: Do Fathers and Mothers Agree on What They Want in a Daughter-in-Law and in a Son-in-Law? EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Apostolou M. Sexual selection and the opportunity cost of free mate choice. Theory Biosci 2016; 135:45-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12064-016-0222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Ellsworth RM, Shenk MK, Bailey DH, Walker RS. Comparative study of reproductive skew and pair-bond stability using genealogies from 80 small-scale human societies. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:335-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Ellsworth
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology; Webster University; St. Louis Missouri 63119
| | - Mary K. Shenk
- Department of Anthropology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Drew H. Bailey
- School of Education; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California 92697
| | - Robert S. Walker
- Department of Anthropology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
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What can cross-cultural correlations teach us about human nature? HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2015; 25:410-29. [PMID: 25092392 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-014-9206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many recent evolutionary psychology and human behavioral ecology studies have tested hypotheses by examining correlations between variables measured at a group level (e.g., state, country, continent). In such analyses, variables collected for each aggregation are often taken to be representative of the individuals present within them, and relationships between such variables are presumed to reflect individual-level processes. There are multiple reasons to exercise caution when doing so, including: (1) the ecological fallacy, whereby relationships observed at the aggregate level do not accurately represent individual-level processes; (2) non-independence of data points, which violates assumptions of the inferential techniques used in null hypothesis testing; and (3) cross-cultural non-equivalence of measurement (differences in construct validity between groups). We provide examples of how each of these gives rise to problems in the context of testing evolutionary hypotheses about human behavior, and we offer some suggestions for future research.
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45
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46
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Understanding the Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions in Women: an Evolutionary Perspective. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-015-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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47
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Apostolou M, Zacharia M. Parental choice in children's minds: exploring personality, sex and age contingencies. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2015.1030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Will They Do As We Wish? An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Parental Manipulation on Mating Behavior. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-014-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chapais B. Complex Kinship Patterns as Evolutionary Constructions, and the Origins of Sociocultural Universals. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1086/678972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
When treating patients with schizophrenia, substitute consent for treatment is often needed because of the patient's decisional incapacity. The goal of this article is to illustrate the potential problems involved in surrogate decision-making in a mental health service for women. A composite case vignette that highlights these issues is presented. The vignette was developed based on files from a women's clinic for psychosis and a selective literature review. The quality of the relationship between marriage partners and the possibility of pregnancy, motherhood, and child custody disputes all complicate the ethics of next- of-kin surrogate decision-making. The concept of "best interests" (the mother's or the child's) is not straightforward. A related ethical issue is whether/when to disclose psychiatric information to spouses. It is hoped that this paper will engender further discussion in medicine, cultural studies, ethics, and the law.
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