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Zhang K, Ma T, Wan X. The face of debt: Facial width-to-height ratios and regional debt in China. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15722. [PMID: 37180888 PMCID: PMC10173601 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHr) has been widely proven to exert a lasting influence on shaping behavior. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on the relationship between the fWHr level of bureaucrats and local government debt performance and attempt to discuss the demographic differences in explaining the fWHr-behavior link. We manually collected the fWHr data of local bureaucrats and used prefecture-level panel data of China from 2006 to 2015. The results show that the fWHr levels of bureaucrats are highly correlated with local government debt-bureaucrats with higher fWHr tend to issue more debt and expand the local debt substantially. Results of heterogeneity analysis suggest that the level of fWHr is gender-related-male bureaucrats tend to issue more debt. In addition, bureaucrats who have higher fWHr and who also hold higher education degrees are more inclined to issue debt. In this paper, we concentrate on the Chinese bureaucrat group and provide new micro-evidence on fWHr-related behavior from the perspective of local debt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhong Zhang
- School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, PR China
| | - Tingyu Ma
- School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, PR China
| | - Xin Wan
- Institute of Income Distribution and Public Finance, School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, No. 182 Nanhu Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China. 430073
- Corresponding author. Institute of Income Distribution and Public Finance, School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law; Address: Room 131, Wenqin Building, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, No. 182 Nanhu Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China. 430073.
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Casto KV, Prasad S, Josephs RA, Zilioli S, Welker K, Maslov A, Jones AC, Mehta PH. No Compelling Evidence that Self-Reported Personality Traits Explain Basal Testosterone and Cortisol’s Associations with Status-Relevant Behavior. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-023-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
A goal of behavioral neuroendocrinology is to understand how basal hormone levels relate to behavior. Studies of human participants sometimes measure self-reported personality traits, in addition to or instead of direct behavioral observation. Although personality traits often predict their respective behaviors, whether personality explains hormone-behavior relationships remains unclear.
Methods
We obtained data from eight previous studies (total N = 985) that examined baseline testosterone and cortisol as predictors of status-relevant behavior (competitiveness, dominance, risk-taking, aggression, affiliation, and social status). We tested whether the previously reported hormone-behavior relationships are mediated by self-reported personality traits (e.g., trait dominance, prestige, extraversion). As a secondary research question, we also tested whether trait dominance moderated the testosterone-behavior relationships.
Results
As expected, self-reported personality traits often predicted status-relevant behaviors, but there was little evidence that traits also correlated with basal testosterone or the testosterone × cortisol interaction. Across all eight studies, personality traits did not significantly mediate hormone-behavior relationships. Indeed, the effect sizes of the hormone-behavior relationships were robust to the inclusion of personality traits as covariates. Further, we did not find strong or consistent evidence that trait dominance moderates the testosterone-behavior association.
Conclusion
Results suggest that basal testosterone and cortisol predict status-related behavior independent of self-reported personality. We discuss how these results may have broader implications for the physiological mechanisms by which testosterone and cortisol influence behavior, a process that could be unconscious and automatic. We also discuss alternative explanations, limitations, and future directions.
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3
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Analysis of personality traits' correlation to facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) and mandibular line angle based on 16 personality factor in Chinese college students. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278201. [PMID: 36477722 PMCID: PMC9728930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial appearance reveals clues about personality. Studies have found that facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) correlates with some personality traits, and mandibular morphology as a potential facial feature that might have correlation with personality traits. Therefore, a face recognition study was carried out to explore the personality traits' correlation to both fWHR and bilateral mandibular line angles. Specifically, face images of 904 college students in China were collected and measured, with the personality traits evaluated using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. Analyses revealed that the average bilateral mandibular line angle of the male were significantly more extensive than that of the female, while the fWHR of the female was significantly more extensive than that of the male. We found facial features (fWHR and average bilateral mandibular line angle) were correlated with 16PF in the canonical correlation analysis and the loadings of bilateral mandibular line angles were greater than that of fWHR. The fWHR was significantly negatively correlated with the scores of sensitivity and self-reliance in male but none of the factors related to fWHR in female. The bilateral mandibular line angles were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of social boldness in male, and were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of vigilance and apprehension in female. Over all, the correlations between fWHR, average bilateral mandibular line angle and certain 16PF factors in male and female tend to be different, suggesting that such correlations might vary with gender. In the future, mandibular morphology could be selected as a potential indicator in facial perception. The limitations of this study were the participants were limited to 18-30 years of age and the mandibular morphology was not measured with anthropometry, which could be further improved in future studies.
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Cavalcante FDBF, Nepomuceno MV, Arruda Gomes DMDO, Câmara SF. Individual's Reproductive Strategies Moderates the Association Between Facial Width-to-Height and Risk-Taking Propensity. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 20:14747049221096758. [PMID: 35791511 PMCID: PMC10355301 DOI: 10.1177/14747049221096758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has yielded mixed findings on the relationship between facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), an androgen-dependent feature, and risk-taking propensity. We argue that mixed findings might result from overlooked variables. Given that risk-taking propensity might be ultimately linked to a search for mating opportunities, we analyze if reproductive strategies moderate the relationship between fWHR and risk-taking propensity. Our results, obtained from a sample of 434 male participants, show a positive association between fWHR and recreational and social risk-taking only for men who are more motivated to focus on mating effort over offspring survival. This finding aligns with research arguing that risk-taking may be a mating strategy since being social and recreational risk-prone might illustrate physical and psychological qualities and improve one's ability to attract mates. Our results support the notion that risk-taking might be a domain-specific construct. Overall, our research is in line with recent findings suggesting that the impact of testosterone exposure on risk-taking propensity is best understood when considering the role of contextual variables. Consequently, we add to previous research that studies related to risk-taking propensity should account for reproductive strategies.
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Huang Y, Zhai D, Song J, Rao X, Sun X, Tang J. Mental states and personality based on real-time physical activity and facial expression recognition. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1019043. [PMID: 36699483 PMCID: PMC9868243 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1019043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore a quick and non-invasive way to measure individual psychological states, this study developed interview-based scales, and multi-modal information was collected from 172 participants. METHODS We developed the Interview Psychological Symptom Inventory (IPSI) which eventually retained 53 items with nine main factors. All of them performed well in terms of reliability and validity. We used optimized convolutional neural networks and original detection algorithms for the recognition of individual facial expressions and physical activity based on Russell's circumplex model and the five factor model. RESULTS We found that there was a significant correlation between the developed scale and the participants' scores on each factor in the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and Big Five Inventory (BFI-2) [r = (-0.257, 0.632), p < 0.01]. Among the multi-modal data, the arousal of facial expressions was significantly correlated with the interval of validity (p < 0.01), valence was significantly correlated with IPSI and SCL-90, and physical activity was significantly correlated with gender, age, and factors of the scales. DISCUSSION Our research demonstrates that mental health can be monitored and assessed remotely by collecting and analyzing multimodal data from individuals captured by digital tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Huang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei, China
| | - Dengyue Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingze Song
- Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei, China.,ZhongJuYuan Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Xuanheng Rao
- Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Tang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei, China
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6
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Are facial width-to-height ratio, 2D:4D digit ratio and skeletal muscle mass related to men dominant behavior in the Chicken Game? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Using true experiments to study culture: Manipulations, measurement issues, and the question of appropriate control groups. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Hodges-Simeon CR, Albert G, Richardson GB, McHale TS, Weinberg SM, Gurven M, Gaulin SJC. Was facial width-to-height ratio subject to sexual selection pressures? A life course approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240284. [PMID: 33711068 PMCID: PMC7954343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection researchers have traditionally focused on adult sex differences; however, the schedule and pattern of sex-specific ontogeny can provide insights unobtainable from an exclusive focus on adults. Recently, it has been debated whether facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR; bi-zygomatic breadth divided by midface height) is a human secondary sexual characteristic (SSC). Here, we review current evidence, then address this debate using ontogenetic evidence, which has been under-explored in fWHR research. Facial measurements were collected from 3D surface images of males and females aged 3 to 40 (Study 1; US European-descent, n = 2449), and from 2D photographs of males and females aged 7 to 21 (Study 2; Bolivian Tsimane, n = 179), which were used to calculate three fWHR variants (which we call fWHRnasion, fWHRstomion, and fWHRbrow) and two other common facial masculinity ratios (facial width-to-lower-face-height ratio, fWHRlower, and cheekbone prominence). We test whether the observed pattern of facial development exhibits patterns indicative of SSCs, i.e., differential adolescent growth in either male or female facial morphology leading to an adult sex difference. Results showed that only fWHRlower exhibited both adult sex differences as well as the classic pattern of ontogeny for SSCs-greater lower-face growth in male adolescents relative to females. fWHRbrow was significantly wider among both pre- and post-pubertal males in the Bolivian Tsimane sample; post-hoc analyses revealed that the effect was driven by large sex differences in brow height, with females having higher placed brows than males across ages. In both samples, all fWHR measures were inversely associated with age; that is, human facial growth is characterized by greater relative elongation in the mid-face and lower face relative to facial width. This trend continues even into middle adulthood. BMI was also a positive predictor of most of the ratios across ages, with greater BMI associated with wider faces. Researchers collecting data on fWHR should target fWHRlower and fWHRbrow and should control for both age and BMI. Researchers should also compare ratio approaches with multivariate techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, to examine whether the latter have greater utility for understanding the evolution of facial sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Hodges-Simeon
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George B Richardson
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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9
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Estimating the Associations between Big Five Personality Traits, Testosterone, and Cortisol. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-020-00159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Can CEOs’ Facial Attractiveness Influence Philanthropic Behavior? Evidence from India. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/mor.2020.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study extends the extant literature on corporate philanthropy by exploring the indirect effect of physical attractiveness of CEOs on corporate philanthropy under conditional effects of family ownership and control. Recent empirical studies in psychology suggest that egalitarian values are negatively related to physical attractiveness. Based on these findings, we propose that physically attractive CEOs invest less in corporate philanthropic activities than less attractive peers as they have lower egalitarian values. Leveraging upper echelons and stewardship theory, we further consider the moderating impact of family ownership and control on the indirect relationship between the physical attractiveness of a CEO and philanthropy mediated through egalitarianism.
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11
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Kachur A, Osin E, Davydov D, Shutilov K, Novokshonov A. Assessing the Big Five personality traits using real-life static facial images. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8487. [PMID: 32444847 PMCID: PMC7244587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that morphological and social cues in a human face provide signals of human personality and behaviour. Previous studies have discovered associations between the features of artificial composite facial images and attributions of personality traits by human experts. We present new findings demonstrating the statistically significant prediction of a wider set of personality features (all the Big Five personality traits) for both men and women using real-life static facial images. Volunteer participants (N = 12,447) provided their face photographs (31,367 images) and completed a self-report measure of the Big Five traits. We trained a cascade of artificial neural networks (ANNs) on a large labelled dataset to predict self-reported Big Five scores. The highest correlations between observed and predicted personality scores were found for conscientiousness (0.360 for men and 0.335 for women) and the mean effect size was 0.243, exceeding the results obtained in prior studies using 'selfies'. The findings strongly support the possibility of predicting multidimensional personality profiles from static facial images using ANNs trained on large labelled datasets. Future research could investigate the relative contribution of morphological features of the face and other characteristics of facial images to predicting personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kachur
- Artificial Intelligence LLC (AIPictor), BP Mirland, 2-ya Khutorskaya ul. 38Ас15, Moscow, 127287, Russia.
| | - Evgeny Osin
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Psychology, International Laboratory of Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation, Myasnitskaya ul. 20, Moscow, 101000, Russia.
| | - Denis Davydov
- Open University for the Humanities and Economics, Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Nizhegorodskaya ul. 32s4, Moscow, 109029, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Novokshonov
- BestFitMe Ltd, 67 Grosvenor St, Mayfair, London, W1K 3JN, United Kingdom
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12
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Wilson V, Weiss A, Lefevre CE, Ochiai T, Matsuzawa T, Inoue-Murayama M, Freeman H, Herrelko ES, Altschul D. Facial width-to-height ratio in chimpanzees: Links to age, sex and personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Krenn B, Buehler C. Facial features and unethical behavior - Doped athletes show higher facial width-to-height ratios than non-doping sanctioned athletes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224472. [PMID: 31665155 PMCID: PMC6821090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research has emphasized the role of facial structures in predicting social behavior. In particular the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) was found to be a reliable predictor for antisocial and unethical behavior. The current study was aimed at examining this association in the field of sports: FWHRs of 146 doping sanctioned athletes in athletics (37 male/38 female) and weightlifting (44 male/27 female) were compared to the fWHRs of randomly chosen non-doping sanctioned athletes of the Top Ten at the World Championship 2017 and Olympic Games 2016 in both sports (146 athletes). The results showed that doping sanctioned athletes due to the use of anabolic steroids had larger fWHRs than non-doping sanctioned athletes. However, doping sanctioned athletes due to other doping rule violations than the use of anabolic steroids, did not show this effect. The study provides empirical evidence for the relation between fWHR and unethical behavior in a real-world setting and contributes to the discussion about fWHR’s biological origin, emphasizing the role of anabolic steroids. A mutual interaction between fWHR and doping behavior is discussed, at which a larger fWHR might signify a higher tendency to behave unethically, whereas the consequential intake of anabolic steroids might also shape individuals’ faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Krenn
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Callum Buehler
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Altschul DM, Robinson LM, Coleman K, Capitanio JP, Wilson VAD. An Exploration of the Relationships Among Facial Dimensions, Age, Sex, Dominance Status, and Personality in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). INT J PRIMATOL 2019; 40:532-552. [PMID: 32747846 PMCID: PMC7398590 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of personality in nonhuman primates have been linked to health, social relationships, and life history outcomes. In humans as well as nonhuman primates, facial morphology is associated with assertiveness, aggression, and measures of dominance status. In this study we aimed to examine the relationship among facial morphology, age, sex, dominance status, and ratings on the personality dimensions Confidence, Openness, Assertiveness, Friendliness, Activity, and Anxiety in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We measured facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) and lower-height/full-height ratio (fLHFH) using photographs from 109 captive rhesus macaques, which observers also assessed for dominance status and personality, and explored the associations among facial morphology, age, sex, dominance status, and personality. fWHR and fLHFH personality associations depended on age category: Assertiveness was associated with higher fWHR and fLHFH, and Confidence was associated with lower fWHR and fLHFH, but all these associations were consistent only in individuals <8 yr. of age. We found fWHR and fLHFH to not be consistently associated with sex or dominance status; compared to younger individuals, we found few associations with fWHR and fLHFH for individuals older than 8 yr., which may be due to limited sample size. Our results indicate that in macaques <8 yr. old, facial morphology is associated with the Assertiveness and Confidence personality dimensions, which is consistent with results suggesting a relationship between fWHR and trait aggression in humans and assertiveness in brown capuchins, all of which implies that fWHR might be a cue to assertive and aggressive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Altschul
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Primate Research Group, Edinburgh EH89JZ, UK
| | - L. M. Robinson
- Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1160 Vienna, Austria
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30034, USA
| | - K. Coleman
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Comparative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J. P. Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V. A. D. Wilson
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cognitive Ethology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Roy ARK, Cook T, Carré JM, Welker KM. Dual-hormone regulation of psychopathy: Evidence from mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:243-250. [PMID: 30390442 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that testosterone and cortisol interactively predict psychopathy. This effect represents a reversal of the established dual-hormone hypothesis, whereby testosterone is positively correlated with psychopathic traits, but only among individuals with elevated cortisol concentrations. This study aims to replicate the dual-hormone moderation of psychopathy in two independent samples. Enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) were used to assess cortisol across both samples and testosterone in Sample 1 (n = 165, 100% males). To address recent criticism of ELISAs and potentially extend these findings to women, testosterone concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in Sample 2 (n = 213, 44.1% males). We found conflicting evidence of the dual-hormone moderation of psychopathic traits. Although results were non-significant in Sample 1, a reversal of the dual-hormone hypothesis was found in Sample 2, in which testosterone was positively correlated with psychopathic traits, but only among individuals with high cortisol. This replication provides mixed support for less common reversals to the dual-hormone hypothesis. These findings emphasize the importance of using LC-MS/MS to measure testosterone and adds to the growing body of work on the relationship between hormones and psychopathology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlin R K Roy
- 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Terence Cook
- 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Justin M Carré
- 100 College Drive, Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7, Canada.
| | - Keith M Welker
- 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States.
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16
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Krenn B, Meier J. Does Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Predict Aggressive Behavior in Association Football? EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1474704918818590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research has emphasized the role of facial structures in affecting human social behavior. In particular, the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) was found to predict aggressive behavior, most notably in men of low social status. The current study aimed at broadening the insights into the role of fWHR in sports regarding the indicators of aggressive behavior and performance. We questioned the impact of fWHR in association football by analyzing fouls committed by players, their (yellow and red) cards received, and their goals scored and assists in the German ( n = 278) and Austrian ( n = 194) first division in the 2016–2017 season (306/180 matches). The market values of players were used as a measure of social status. Generalized estimating equation models taking negative binomial distribution into account did not reveal any significant impact of fWHR on fouls committed, yellow and red cards received, or assists and goals scored. Even the consideration of players’ field positions, players’ body mass index (BMI), their market value, and the interactional term of players’ fWHR and players’ market value did not affect the results. The analyses refuted any impact of fWHR in association football both on parameters of aggressive behavior (fouls and cards received) and performance (goals and assists). Merely, players’ market value was found to predict players’ goals and assists. The current study adds to the empirical evidence encouraging a critical assessment and discussion of fWHR research in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Krenn
- Department of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julius Meier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Noser E, Schoch J, Ehlert U. The influence of income and testosterone on the validity of facial width-to-height ratio as a biomarker for dominance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207333. [PMID: 30412629 PMCID: PMC6226197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has indicated that men's facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is part of an evolved system of social dominance, aggression, and power. fWHR has been linked to antisocial behavior, measured by self-reported aggression, but recent studies have failed to replicate this finding. To overcome these inconsistencies, influencing factors such as social status have to be taken into account in order to explain the relationship between fWHR and aggression. In particular, income has been shown to be an important influencing factor in this relationship. Furthermore, previous findings suggested that testosterone is linked to fWHR and might be associated with fWHR and dominance-related outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the influence of both social status defined by income and salivary testosterone on the association between fWHR and self-reported dominance-related behavioral traits. In particular, links between fWHR and self-report measures of aggression and the Dark Triad (encompassing psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) were investigated in N = 109 men aged 40 to 75 years. fWHR was significantly associated with physical aggression and two of the Dark Triad traits (psychopathy and Machiavellianism) in men reporting low income. The relationship between fWHR and narcissism was moderated by testosterone. The findings highlight the importance of considering social status and neuroendocrine parameters such as testosterone when examining associations between fWHR and complex psychological traits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilou Noser
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Schoch
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Welker KM, Roy ARK, Geniole S, Kitayama S, Carré JM. Taking risks for personal gain: An investigation of self-construal and testosterone responses to competition. Soc Neurosci 2017; 14:99-113. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1407822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Welker
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashlin R. K. Roy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn Geniole
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Canada
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin M. Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Canada
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Welker KM, Bird BM, Arnocky S. Commentary: Facial Width-to-Height Ratio (fWHR) Is Not Associated with Adolescent Testosterone Levels. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1745. [PMID: 27917130 PMCID: PMC5114283 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Welker
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University North Bay, ON, Canada
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20
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Borgi M, Majolo B. Facial width-to-height ratio relates to dominance style in the genus Macaca. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1775. [PMID: 27019780 PMCID: PMC4806626 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Physical, visual, chemical, and auditory cues signalling fighting ability have independently evolved in many animal taxa as a means to resolve conflicts without escalating to physical aggression. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR, i.e., the relative width to height of the face) has been associated with dominance-related phenotypes both in humans and in other primates. In humans, faces with a larger fWHR are perceived as more aggressive. Methods. We examined fWHR variation among 11 species of the genus Macaca. Macaques have been grouped into four distinct categories, from despotic to tolerant, based on their female dominance style. Female dominance style is related to intra- and inter-sexual competition in both males and females and is the result of different evolutionary pressure across species. We used female dominance style as a proxy of intra-/inter-sexual competition to test the occurrence of correlated evolution between competitive regimes and dominance-related phenotypes. fWHR was calculated from 145 2D photographs of male and female adult macaques. Results. We found no phylogenetic signal on the differences in fWHR across species in the two sexes. However, fWHR was greater, in females and males, in species characterised by despotic female dominance style than in tolerant species. Discussion. Our results suggest that dominance-related phenotypes are related to differences in competitive regimes and intensity of inter- and intra-sexual selection across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borgi
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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21
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Geniole SN, Denson TF, Dixson BJ, Carré JM, McCormick CM. Evidence from Meta-Analyses of the Facial Width-to-Height Ratio as an Evolved Cue of Threat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132726. [PMID: 26181579 PMCID: PMC4504483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) is the width of the face divided by the height of the upper face. There is mixed evidence for the hypothesis that the FWHR is a cue of threat and dominance in the human face. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all peer-reviewed studies (and 2 unpublished studies) to estimate the magnitude of the sex difference in the FWHR, and the magnitude of the relationship between the FWHR and threatening and dominant behaviours and perceptions. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the authors reported an analysis involving the FWHR. Our analyses revealed that the FWHR was larger in men than in women ( d¯ = .11, n = 10,853), cued judgements of masculinity in men ( r¯ = .35, n of faces = 487; n of observers = 339), and was related to body mass index ( r¯ = .31, n = 2,506). Further, the FWHR predicted both threat behaviour in men ( r¯ = .16, n = 4,603) and dominance behaviour in both sexes ( r¯ = .12, n = 948) across a variety of indices. Individuals with larger FWHRs were judged by observers as more threatening ( r¯ = .46, n of faces = 1,691; n of observers = 2,076) and more dominant ( r¯ = .20, n of faces = 603; n of observers = 236) than those with smaller FWHRs. Individuals with larger FWHRs were also judged as less attractive ( r¯ = -.26, n of faces = 721; n of observers = 335), especially when women made the judgements. These findings provide some support for the hypothesis that the FWHR is part of an evolved cueing system of intra-sexual threat and dominance in men. A limitation of the meta-analyses on perceptions of threat and dominance were the low number of stimuli involving female and older adult faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N. Geniole
- Psychology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas F. Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barnaby J. Dixson
- School of Psychology, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin M. Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl M. McCormick
- Psychology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mehta PH, Welker KM, Zilioli S, Carré JM. Testosterone and cortisol jointly modulate risk-taking. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:88-99. [PMID: 25813123 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent theories propose that testosterone should be positively related to risk-taking, but empirical support is mixed. Building on the dual-hormone hypothesis, the present research tested whether testosterone's role in risk-taking depends on cortisol. Study 1 (N=115) tested this hypothesis in a mixed-sex sample with self and informant reports of risk-taking. Study 2 (N=165) tested this hypothesis in a male-only sample with the Balloon Analog Risk Task, a behavioral measure of risk-taking. Across both studies, there was a positive association between basal testosterone and risk-taking among individuals low in basal cortisol but not individuals high in basal cortisol. This pattern emerged in both males and females and across multiple measures of risk-taking (self reports, informant reports, behavior). These studies provide novel empirical support for the claim that testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate risk-taking. Discussion focuses on putative mechanisms as well as implications for real-world risk-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal H Mehta
- University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97043, USA.
| | - Keith M Welker
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology, 325 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Wayne State University, 42 W Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Justin M Carré
- Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON P1B8L7, Canada
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An Examination of the Associations Between Facial Structure, Aggressive Behavior, and Performance in the 2010 World Cup Association Football Players. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-014-0003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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