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Clayton BLL, Kristell JD, Allan KC, Cohn EF, Karl M, Jerome AD, Garrison E, Maeno-Hikichi Y, Sturno AM, Kerr A, Shick HE, Sepeda JA, Freundt EC, Sas AR, Segal BM, Miller RH, Tesar PJ. A phenotypic screening platform for identifying chemical modulators of astrocyte reactivity. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:656-665. [PMID: 38378993 PMCID: PMC11034956 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Disease, injury and aging induce pathological reactive astrocyte states that contribute to neurodegeneration. Modulating reactive astrocytes therefore represent an attractive therapeutic strategy. Here we describe the development of an astrocyte phenotypic screening platform for identifying chemical modulators of astrocyte reactivity. Leveraging this platform for chemical screening, we identify histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibitors as effective suppressors of pathological astrocyte reactivity. We demonstrate that HDAC3 inhibition reduces molecular and functional characteristics of reactive astrocytes in vitro. Transcriptional and chromatin mapping studies show that HDAC3 inhibition disarms pathological astrocyte gene expression and function while promoting the expression of genes associated with beneficial astrocytes. Administration of RGFP966, a small molecule HDAC3 inhibitor, blocks reactive astrocyte formation and promotes neuroprotection in vivo in mice. Collectively, these results establish a platform for discovering modulators of reactive astrocyte states, inform the mechanisms that control astrocyte reactivity and demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of modulating astrocyte reactivity for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L L Clayton
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - James D Kristell
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kevin C Allan
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erin F Cohn
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Molly Karl
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew D Jerome
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric Garrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yuka Maeno-Hikichi
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Annalise M Sturno
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexis Kerr
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Elizabeth Shick
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jesse A Sepeda
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric C Freundt
- Department of Biology, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew R Sas
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Institute for Glial Sciences, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Wu S, Liu C, Tang J, Wu C, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Han J, Xue J, Lin J, Chen Y, Yang J, Zhuo Y, Li Y. Tafluprost promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve crush via Zn 2+-mTOR pathway. Neuropharmacology 2024; 242:109746. [PMID: 37832634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether Tafluprost could promote optic nerve regeneration in mice after optic nerve crush (ONC) and determine the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Tafluprost was injected into the vitreous body immediately after ONC. The level of Zn2+ in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina was stained using autometallography (AMG). The number of survival retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was determined via dual staining with RGC markers Tuj1 and RBPMS. Individual axons that regenerated to 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm were manually counted in the whole-mount optic nerve labeled by cholera toxin B fragment (CTB). Immunofluorescence and Western blot were performed to detect protein expression levels. Pattern electroretinogram was used to evaluate RGCs function. RESULTS Tafluprost promoted RGC survival in a dose-dependent manner with an optimal concentration of 1 μM. Tafluprost significantly decreased ZnT-3 expression and Zn2+ accumulation in the IPL of retina. Tafluprost stimulated intense axonal regeneration and maintained RGCs function compared to control. Mechanistically, Tafluprost and Zn2+ elimination treatment (TPEN or ZnT-3 deletion) can activate the mTOR pathway with an improved percentage of pS6+ RGCs in the retina. However, rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mTOR1, inhibited the activation of the mTOR pathway and abolished the regenerative effect mediated by Tafluprost. Tafluprost also inhibited the upregulation of p62, LC3 and Beclin-1, attenuated the overactivation of microglia/macrophages and downregulated the expression of TNFα and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Tafluprost promoted axon regeneration via regulation of the Zn2+-mTOR pathway, and provide novel research directions for glaucomatous optic nerve injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Canying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiahui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Caiqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiaxu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jingfei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jinpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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3
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Joo L, Jeong HY, Bae DH, Jee JH, Choi WH, Kim HY, Kim S, Yang DH, Gee HY, Jeon S, Roh YG, Yoo J. Prostaglandin F2α analogue, bimatoprost ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115446. [PMID: 37918255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is an antibiotic that is effective against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. However, the high incidence of nephrotoxicity caused by colistin limits its clinical use. To identify compounds that might ameliorate colistin-induced nephrotoxicity, we obtained 1707 compounds from the Korea Chemical Bank and used a high-content screening (HCS) imaging-based assay. In this way, we found that bimatoprost (one of prostaglandin F2α analogue) ameliorated colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. To further assess the effects of bimatoprost on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity, we used in vitro and in vivo models. In cultured human proximal tubular cells (HK-2), colistin induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, indicative of apoptosis, was higher in colistin-treated cells, but this effect of colistin was ameliorated by cotreatment with bimatoprost. The generation of reactive oxygen species, assessed using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was less marked in cells treated with both colistin and bimatoprost than in those treated with colistin alone. Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10 per group) that were intraperitoneally injected with colistin (10 mg/kg/12 hr) for 14 days showed high blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations that were reduced by the coadministration of bimatoprost (0.5 mg/kg/12 hr). In addition, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM1) and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression also reduced by bimatoprost administration. Further investigation in tubuloid and kidney organoids also showed that bimatoprost attenuated the nephrotoxicity by colistin, showing dose-dependent reducing effect of KIM1 expression. In this study, we have identified bimatoprost, prostaglandin F2α analogue as a drug that ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Joo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yun Jeong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Bae
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Jee
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES LTD., Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonnggi-do 13620, the Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, 03080, the Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, the Republic of Korea
| | - SeongGyeong Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gil Roh
- Program in Health Policy, Chung-Buk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES LTD., Seongnam, the Republic of Korea.
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Bastia E, Sgambellone S, Lucarini L, Provensi G, Brambilla S, Galli C, Almirante N, Impagnatiello F. NCX 470 Restores Ocular Hemodynamics and Retinal Cell Physiology After ET-1-Induced Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of Optic Nerve and Retina in Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:496-504. [PMID: 35787180 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Determine whether NCX 470, a nitric oxide (NO)-donating bimatoprost with clinically demonstrated intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects, improves ocular hemodynamics and retinal physiology. Methods: Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia/reperfusion model in New Zealand white rabbits was used. ET-1 was injected next to the optic nerve twice/week (Monday and Thursday) for 6 weeks. Starting on week 3, animals received NCX 470 (0.1% bid, 6 days/week Monday-Saturday) or vehicle until the end of ET-1 treatment. IOP, ophthalmic artery resistive index (OA-RI) and retina physiology (electroretinogram, ERG) were determined before dosing and at different times post-dosing. All measurements were taken on Mondays before the AM daily dosing (36 h treatment-free). Finally, oxidative stress markers were determined in dissected retina and iris/ciliary body of treated eyes. Results: Injection of ET-1 progressively increased IOP (20.7 ± 0.6, 24.9 ± 1.2, and 27.0 ± 0.6 mmHg at baseline, week 2 and 6, respectively) and OA-RI (0.30 ± 0.02, 0.39 ± 0.02, and 0.42 ± 0.03 at baseline, week 2 and 6, respectively) and reduced rods and/or cones response as indicated by changes in ERG amplitudes under different stimulating conditions. NCX 470 re-established baseline IOP (21.8 ± 1.0 mmHg), OA-RI (0.33 ± 0.02), and ERG amplitude by week 6 (mostly rod response, 0.01Dark_AVeh_6week = 32.2 ± 3.0 μV and 0.01Dark_ANCX470_6week 44.3 ± 4.5 μV; mostly cone response, 3.0Dark_AVeh_6week = 87.6 ± 10.1 μV and 3.0Dark_ANCX470_6week = 122.8 ± 11.4 μV; combined rod/cone response, 3.0Light_AVeh_6week = 49.8 ± 6.5 μV and 3.0Light_ANCX470_6week = 64.2 ± 6.8 μV). NCX 470 also reversed ET-1-induced changes in glutathione and manganese superoxide dismutase (oxidative stress markers) in retina and iris/ciliary body. Conclusions: Repeated ocular topical dosing with NCX 470 reverses ET-1-induced changes in IOP, OA-RI, and ERG suggesting improved ocular hemodynamics and retinal physiology likely independently from its demonstrated IOP-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Sgambellone
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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5
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Kurysheva NI. [Neuroprotective properties of latanoprost]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:126-134. [PMID: 36004601 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used to treat glaucoma. The review shows that latanoprost possesses direct neuroprotective properties such as blocking the entry of calcium ions into neurons and inhibiting the action of caspase-3, inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and activation of polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and Klotho protein. It is emphasized that when the drug is instilled into the eye, the concentration of the drug inside the vitreous body is twice as high as what is required to ensure the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical and Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
- Ophthalmological Center of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Kelada M, Hill D, Yap TE, Manzar H, Cordeiro MF. Innovations and revolutions in reducing retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1835470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kelada
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
| | - Daniel Hill
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Timothy E. Yap
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
| | - Haider Manzar
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
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7
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Jung KI, Woo JE, Park CK. Intraocular pressure fluctuation and neurodegeneration in the diabetic rat retina. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3046-3059. [PMID: 32087615 PMCID: PMC7279969 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Early retinal neurodegeneration occurs as one of the complications of diabetes even before clinically detectable diabetic vascular retinopathy. The pathogenesis of retinal diabetic neuropathy is still not well understood. We investigated the serial changes or fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP) and examined their roles in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration in diabetic retina. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated with ophthalmic preparations of brinzolamide, latanoprost, both drugs (combined treatment) or saline for 8 weeks. IOP was measured daily under general anaesthesia using a rebound tonometer. Antegrade axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve was assessed with a fluorescent substrate. Immunohistochemical staining, TUNEL assays and western blots were also used. KEY RESULTS The fluctuation of IOP was higher in the diabetes group than in the normal control or the combined treatment group. Diabetes-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells was decreased by combined treatment. Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein or Iba-1 in the retina or optic nerve head, induced by diabetes, was attenuated only by the combined treatment. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was increased in diabetic rats but not in the combined treatment group. Diabetes-induced loss of antegrade axoplasmic transport was partially relieved with combined treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Elevated IOP fluctuations seemed to be associated with the gliosis, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration induced by diabetes. The loss of retinal ganglion cells might be relieved by IOP-lowering medication. The improvement of unstable perfusion pressure could play a role in neuroprotection in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung In Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Jung Eun Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Chan Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
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8
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Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used in the treatment of glaucoma. The present review shows that latanoprost is the most balanced prostaglandin analogue in terms of efficacy-safety. Its use improves the quality of life of glaucoma patients, provides reliable IOP reduction, has high patient compliance, and helps with the long-term preservation of visual functions. The review also reveals the possibility of long-term (more than five years) use of the drug, as well as effective combined treatment using latanoprost and beta-blockers, considers the pediatric use of latanoprost, and discusses its neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Center of FMBA, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Sato K, Nakagawa Y, Omodaka K, Asada H, Fujii S, Masaki K, Nakazawa T. The Sustained Release of Tafluprost with a Drug Delivery System Prevents the Axonal Injury-induced Loss of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1114-1123. [PMID: 31994948 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1715446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigated whether a new drug delivery system (DDS) could enable the controlled release of tafluprost and suppress retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in rats after optic nerve transection (ONT). METHODS A DDS containing 0.04%, 0.20% or 1.00% tafluprost, or vehicle, was injected intravitreally in 8-12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats 7 days before ONT, and the retinas were extracted 7 days after ONT. For comparison, eye drops containing 0.0015% tafluprost or vehicle were used once a day. The extracted retinas were analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS The level of tafluprost acid in the groups that received the 0.20% and 1.00% tafluprost DDSs was stable, and higher than the maximum concentration in the eye drop group, even after 14 days. In the retinas treated with the 1.00% tafluprost DDS, the active form of the drug had a high concentration (~50 times higher than eye drops), but no significant IOP difference compared with its vehicle in this study. The 1.00% tafluprost DDS group also had less cleaved α-fodrin and fewer c-Jun-positive cells than the vehicle DDS group. CONCLUSIONS This study found that a newly developed DDS allowed the controlled release of tafluprost and prevented the loss of RGCs after ONT IOP independently. The duration of drug action on the target site was longer with a tafluprost DDS than with topical instillation and should therefore reduce problems related to lack of patient compliance. This system may also enable new treatments to prevent RGC degeneration in diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Yurika Nakagawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asada
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Global R&D, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Nara, Japan
| | - Shinobu Fujii
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Global R&D, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Nara, Japan
| | - Kenji Masaki
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Global R&D, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Nara, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
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10
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Adeghate J, Rahmatnejad K, Waisbourd M, Katz LJ. Intraocular pressure-independent management of normal tension glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 64:101-110. [PMID: 30300625 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Adeghate
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Ophthalmology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamran Rahmatnejad
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Waisbourd
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Tel-Aviv University Medical Center, Glaucoma Research Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - L Jay Katz
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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11
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Jutley G, Luk SM, Dehabadi MH, Cordeiro MF. Management of glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2017; 7:157-172. [PMID: 28540772 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease with an estimated prevalence of 60 million people, and the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The mainstay of treatment has been aimed at lowering intraocular pressure, currently the only modifiable risk factor. Unfortunately, despite adequate pressure control, many patients go on to suffer irreversible visual loss. We first briefly examine currently established intraocular pressure lowering-treatments, with a discussion of their roles in neuroprotection as demonstrated by both animal and clinical studies. The review then examines currently available intraocular pressure independent agents that have shown promise for possessing neuroprotective effects in the management of glaucoma. Finally, we explore potential future treatments such as immune-modulation, stem cell therapy and neural regeneration as they may provide further protection against the neurodegenerative processes involved in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet Jutley
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - Sheila Mh Luk
- Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mohammad H Dehabadi
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
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Yamamoto K, Sato K, Yukita M, Yasuda M, Omodaka K, Ryu M, Fujita K, Nishiguchi KM, Machida S, Nakazawa T. The neuroprotective effect of latanoprost acts via klotho-mediated suppression of calpain activation after optic nerve transection. J Neurochem 2017; 140:495-508. [PMID: 27859240 PMCID: PMC5299490 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Latanoprost was first developed for use in glaucoma therapy as an ocular hypotensive agent targeting the prostaglandin F2α (FP) receptor. Subsequently, latanoprost showed a neuroprotective effect, an additional pharmacological action. However, although it is well-known that latanoprost exerts an ocular hypotensive effect via the FP receptor, it is not known whether this is also true of its neuroprotective effect. Klotho was firstly identified as the gene linked to the suppression of aging phenotype: the defect of klotho gene in mice results aging phenotype such as hypokinesis, arteriosclerosis, and short lifespan. After that, the function of klotho was also reported to maintain calcium homeostasis and to exert a neuroprotective effect in various models of neurodegenerative disease. However, the function of klotho in eyes including retina is still poorly understood. Here, we show that klotho is a key factor underlying the neuroprotective effect of latanoprost during post-axotomy retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Importantly, a quantitative RT-PCR gene expression analysis of klotho in sorted rat retinal cells revealed that the highest expression level of klotho in the retina was in the RGCs. Latanoprost acid, the biologically active form of latanoprost, inhibits post-traumatic calpain activation and concomitantly facilitates the expression and shedding of klotho in axotomized RGCs. This expression profile is a good match with the localization, not of the FP receptor, but of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1, known as a prostaglandin transporter, in the ocular tissue. Furthermore, an organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 inhibitor suppressed latanoprost acid-mediated klotho shedding ex vivo, whereas an FP receptor antagonist did not. The klotho fragments shed from the RGCs reduced the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, and a specific klotho inhibitor accelerated and increased RGC death after axotomy. We conclude that the shed klotho fragments might contribute to the attenuation of axonal injury-induced calpain activation and oxidative stress, thereby protecting RGCs from post-traumatic neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamamoto
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information AnalyticsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Masayoshi Yukita
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Masayuki Yasuda
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information AnalyticsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Morin Ryu
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Kosuke Fujita
- Department of Retinal Disease ControlTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Koji M. Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Shigeki Machida
- Department of OphthalmologyDokkyo Medical University Koshigaya HospitalSaitamaJapan
- Department of OphthalmologyIwate Medical University School of MedicineIwateJapan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information AnalyticsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Retinal Disease ControlTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
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13
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Rescue effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on optic nerve degeneration in a rat model of neuromyelitis optica. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2016; 60:419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-016-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Shin JA, Kim NW, Kang SS, Kim ML, Sung KR. In vitro Effects of Prostaglandin Analogs on Cultured Astrocytes Obtained from the Lamina Cribrosa. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:676-82. [PMID: 26237412 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) on cell viability and apoptosis in cultured astrocytes obtained from the lamina cribrosa (LC) of the human optic nerve head (ONH). METHODS Astrocytes were cultured from LC samples obtained from human donor ONH and treated with three kinds of acid form of PGAs: latanoprost (LAT-A), tafluprost (TAF-A), and bimatoprost (BIM-A) (0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 ug/mL). Cell viability was assessed using the WST-1 assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using the deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Apoptotic protein expression was evaluated using western blot analysis. RESULTS ONH astrocytes expressed FP receptor in western blot analysis. In the presence of 0.1 ug/mL of LAT-A, BIM-A, and TAF-A, the cell viability was 85%, 85% and 82%, respectively. WST-1 assay revealed about 50% of cell viability following treatment with 50 ug/mL of all PGAs. After exposing astrocytes to 10 ug/mL of each PGA for 24 hours, apoptotic cells were stained in TUNEL assay. Western blot analysis revealed that the PGAs up-regulated Bax (pro-apoptotic protein) and down-regulated Bcl-xL (anti-apoptotic protein) in the astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS PGAs affected cell viability in cultured astrocytes obtained from human ONH LC. PGA treatment may induce apoptosis in ONH astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Shin
- a Biomedical Research Center , Seoul , Korea
| | - Nam Woo Kim
- b College of Medicine, University of Ulsan , Seoul , Korea and
| | | | | | - Kyung Rim Sung
- c Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan , Seoul , Korea
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15
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Morrone LA, Rombolà L, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Nucci C, Russo R. Natural compounds and retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:257-81. [PMID: 26497795 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness in the world, is a chronic optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure and characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons degeneration and death leading to typical optic nerve head damage and distinctive visual field defects. Although the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still largely unknown, it is hypothesized that RCGs become damaged through various insults/mechanisms, including ischemia, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, defective axonal transport, trophic factor withdrawal, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the potential benefits of several natural compounds for RGCs neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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16
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Schmidl D, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G, Popa-Cherecheanu A. Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:63-77. [PMID: 25587905 PMCID: PMC4346603 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving the optic nerve and associated structures, which is characterized by progressive visual field loss and typical changes of the optic nerve head (ONH). The only known treatment of the disease is reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), which has been shown to reduce glaucoma progression in a variety of large-scale clinical trials. Nowadays, a relatively wide array of topical antiglaucoma drugs is available, including prostaglandin analogues, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-receptor antagonists, adrenergic agonists, and parasympathomimetics. In clinical routine, this allows for individualized treatment taking risk factors, efficacy, and safety into account. A major challenge is related to adherence to therapy. Sustained release devices may help minimize this problem but are not yet available for clinical routine use. Another hope arises from non-IOP-related treatment concepts. In recent years, much knowledge has been gained regarding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the disease process in glaucoma. This also strengthens the hope that glaucoma therapy beyond IOP lowering will become available. Implementing this concept with clinical trials remains, however, a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Doucette LP, Rasnitsyn A, Seifi M, Walter MA. The interactions of genes, age, and environment in glaucoma pathogenesis. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:310-26. [PMID: 25907525 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a progressive degenerative condition that results in the death of retinal ganglion cells, is one of the leading causes of blindness, affecting millions worldwide. The mechanisms underlying glaucoma are not well understood, although years of studies have shown that the largest risk factors are elevated intraocular pressure, age, and genetics. Eleven genes and multiple loci have been identified as contributing factors. These genes act by a number of mechanisms, including mechanical stress, ischemic/oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. We summarize the recent advances in the understanding of glaucoma and propose a unified hypothesis for glaucoma pathogenesis. Glaucoma does not result from a single pathological mechanism, but rather a combination of pathways that are influenced by genes, age, and environment. In particular, we hypothesize that, in the presence of genetic risk factors, exposure to environment stresses results in an earlier age of onset for glaucoma. This hypothesis is based upon the overlap of the molecular pathways in which glaucoma genes are involved. Because of the interactions between these processes, it is likely that there are common therapies that may be effective for different subtypes of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance P Doucette
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Rasnitsyn
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael A Walter
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Miki A, Kanamori A, Nakamura M, Matsumoto Y, Mizokami J, Negi A. The expression of syntaphilin is down-regulated in the optic nerve after axonal injury. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:38-47. [PMID: 25447562 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of mitochondrial function is an important pathogenic factor in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies in which retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is the fundamental pathology. Syntaphilin was recently discovered as a docking protein that affects mitochondrial mobility. However, no reports have investigated the involvement of syntaphilin in the visual system. We investigated the expression of syntaphilin in the rat retina, optic nerve and brain. The expression of syntaphilin exhibited varying patterns in the visual system. Syntaphilin was expressed in retinal ganglion cells in the retina, in the cell bodies of neurons in the superior colliculus and was abundant in the astrocytes of rat optic nerves (similar to the findings that syntaphilin is expressed in human optic nerves). After optic nerve transection, which caused RGC death and axonal degeneration, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to assess changes in gene expression in the rat retina and optic nerve. Syntaphilin gene and protein expression in the optic nerve was downregulated 3 and 7 days after optic nerve transection. Our study suggests that syntaphilin expression in astrocytes at the optic nerve might be involved in axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miki
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiyasu Kanamori
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Matsumoto
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junji Mizokami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Negi
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Shih GC, Calkins DJ. Secondary neuroprotective effects of hypotensive drugs and potential mechanisms of action. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 7:161-175. [PMID: 22737176 DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma, a long-term degenerative ocular neuropathy, remains a significant cause of vision impairment worldwide. While many risk factors have been correlated with increased risk for primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only modifiable risk factor and primary therapeutic target. Pharmacologic therapies are administered topically; these include α(2)-agonists, β-antagonists, prostaglandin analogs and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Some of these topical medications exhibit secondary neuroprotective effects independent of their effect on IOP. This review covers the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection stimulated by drugs currently marketed for the lowering of IOP, based on known literature. While the neuroprotective properties of many glaucoma pharmaceuticals are promising from an experimental standpoint, key challenges for the development of new clinical practices include unknown systemic side effects, limited methods of drug delivery to the retina and optic nerve, and development of extended-release formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Shih
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 11435 MRB IV, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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20
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Sera from patients with seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectral disorders caused the degeneration of rodent optic nerve. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:61-9. [PMID: 24374258 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune inflammatory, neurodestructive disease primarily targeting the optic nerve and spinal cord. An autoantibody against water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which is expressed at endofeet of astrocytes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NMO. We evaluated the impact of sera of seropositive patients with NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) on the rodent optic nerve and retina. Serum was obtained either from patients with seropositive NMOSD (AQP4+), seronegative patient with idiopathic optic neuritis (AQP4-), and healthy volunteers (control). Anti-AQP4 antibody in a serum was measured by a previously established cell-based assay. The patients' sera were applied on the optic nerve after de-sheathed. Immunohistochemistry showed that at 7 days after the treatment, the area of the optic nerve exposed to the AQP4+ sera lost expression of both AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Also, Human-IgG immunoreactivity and marked invasion of inflammation cells were observed in the optic nerve treated with AQP4+ serum. Immnoreactivity of neurofilament was reduced at 14 days after the treatment, not 7 days. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed the reduced gene expression of neurofilament in retina from the eye that was exposed to the AQP4+ sera at 14 days. Retrograde fluorogold-labeling on the retinal flatmount disclosed the significantly reduced number of retinal ganglion cells when the AQP4+ sera were applied. The present model has demonstrated that the sera from patients with seropositive NMOSDs led to the regional astrocytic degeneration and inflammatory cell invasion in the optic nerve, resulting in the ultimate loss of RGCs and their axons at areas beyond the injury site.
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21
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Neuroprotection of medical IOP-lowering therapy. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:245-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Miki A, Kanamori A, Negi A, Naka M, Nakamura M. Loss of aquaporin 9 expression adversely affects the survival of retinal ganglion cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1727-39. [PMID: 23506846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 9 (AQP9), an aquaglyceroporin belonging to the AQP water channel family, is permeable not only to water but also to noncharged solutes such as lactate. In neurons, lactate presumably acts as an energy substrate and as a source of NADH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously reported that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) express AQP9 and that elevated intraocular pressure reduces AQP9 expression and increases death of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer of rodents. In the present study, we investigated the association of AQP9 expression with serum deprivation-induced death of RGC-5 cells and with death of neurons in the rat retinal ganglion cell layer after optic nerve transection (ONT). The effect of AQP9 RNA interference on serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, ROS accumulation, and the NAD(+)/NADH ratio in RGC-5 cells was examined. Both serum deprivation and ONT significantly reduced AQP9 protein expression in RGCs and increased the rate of RGC death. Retinal AQP9 gene expression also declined after ONT. Down-regulation of AQP9 significantly increased apoptosis, ROS accumulation, and the NAD(+)/NADH ratio in the RGC-5 cells. These findings suggest that AQP9 loss adversely affects survival of RGCs, at least partly because of decreased transport of lactate as a substrate for energy and/or ROS scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miki
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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23
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Takano N, Tsuruma K, Ohno Y, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Bimatoprost protects retinal neuronal damage via Akt pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:56-61. [PMID: 23395963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, prostaglandin analogs, such as bimatoprost, have become the major therapeutic class for medical treatment of glaucoma because of their efficacy and generally well tolerated systemic safety profile. However, the detailed mechanism of the direct action of bimatoprost on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) has rarely been understood. Thus, in this study, we elucidated the mechanism of the protective effects of bimatoprost on RGC against oxidative stress. To examine the protective effects of bimatoprost, cultured RGC with various concentrations of bimatoprost (in both free acid and amide form) were exposed to l-buthionin-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) plus glutamate or serum depletion in vitro and intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was used to induce retinal damage in vivo. To elucidate the protective mechanism of bimatoprost, we used western blot analysis to investigate the phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Bimatoprost significantly reduced BSO plus glutamate- and serum deprivation-induced death in concentration-dependent manners. Bimatoprost induced activation of Akt and ERK, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated the protective effect of bimatoprost. On the other hand, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, exhibited protective effect unexpectedly. Moreover, ERK was more phosphorylated by attenuation of Akt activity in cultured RGC. In an in vivo study, bimatoprost reduced NMDA-induced RGC death. Taken together, these findings indicate that bimatoprost has protective effects on in vitro and in vivo retinal damage, suggesting that the mechanism underlying may be via the Akt pathway, which may modulate the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Takano
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Harms NV, Toris CB. Current status of unoprostone for the management of glaucoma and the future of its use in the treatment of retinal disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012. [PMID: 23199345 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.748038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optic nerve and retinal diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are significant public health concerns and have a momentous impact on patients' functional status and quality of life. These diseases are among the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide and account for billions of dollars in healthcare expenditures and lost productivity. The importance of adequate treatment of these conditions and the need for efficacious therapeutic drugs cannot be overstated. Unoprostone continues to be developed as a potential treatment for these debilitating diseases. AREAS COVERED This review provides background information on unoprostone isopropyl (unoprostone), a prostanoid and synthetic docosanoid approved for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, and recapitulates safety and efficacy data as it relates to this indication. Additionally, this review describes potential new uses of unoprostone as therapy for dry AMD and RP. A literature search of peer-reviewed publications was performed utilizing PubMed. Searches were last updated on 10 September 2012. EXPERT OPINION Current data indicate that unoprostone does significantly lower intraocular pressure (IOP) and has a favorable safety and tolerability profile. However, the IOP-lowering effects of unoprostone do not compare with other commercially available prostanoids and it has the disadvantage of a twice-daily rather than once-daily dosing regimen. Nonetheless, recent data suggest that unoprostone may improve neuronal survival and increase ocular blood flow, indicating that it may have some value as a therapy for glaucoma, RP and dry AMD. Further studies are needed to confirm whether unoprostone provides any clinically significant advantage over the other commercially available prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Harms
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Gonzalez-Moreno EI, Guzman-de la Garza FJ, Fernandez-Garza NE. Arachidonic acid derivatives and their role in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:168953. [PMID: 22997489 PMCID: PMC3446639 DOI: 10.1100/2012/168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, a process of axonal degradation, debris clearance, and subsequent regeneration is initiated by complex local signaling, called Wallerian degeneration (WD). This process is in part mediated by neuroglia as well as infiltrating inflammatory cells and regulated by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and the activation of transcription factors also related to the inflammatory response. Part of this neuroimmune signaling is mediated by the innate immune system, including arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The enzymes responsible for their production, cyclooxygenases and lipooxygenases, also participate in nerve degeneration and regeneration. The interactions between signals for nerve regeneration and neuroinflammation go all the way down to the molecular level. In this paper, we discuss the role that AA derivatives might play during WD and nerve regeneration, and the therapeutic possibilities that arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodrigo Camara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Ermiş SS. Differential pharmacology and clinical utility of preservative-free tafluprost in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:673-8. [PMID: 22654492 PMCID: PMC3363306 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s24248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic disease requiring lifelong treatment. Discomfort due to medications may affect patients’ quality of life and may cause poor compliance, which leads to poor intraocular pressure control. To minimize the side effects of long-term treatment, preparations with lower benzalkonium chloride concentrations, preservative-free preparations and alternative preservatives have been developed and reported to have a lower rate of side effects. Tafluprost, launched on the ophthalmic market in 2008, is a new 16-phenoxy analogue of prostaglandin F2α, clinically used as an ocular hypotensive agent for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The safety and intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of tafluprost has been demonstrated in various preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıtkı Samet Ermiş
- Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Tıp Fakültesi, Čagış Kampüsü, Balıkesir, Turkey
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27
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Yamagishi R, Aihara M, Araie M. Neuroprotective effects of prostaglandin analogues on retinal ganglion cell death independent of intraocular pressure reduction. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bull ND, Johnson TV, Welsapar G, DeKorver NW, Tomarev SI, Martin KR. Use of an adult rat retinal explant model for screening of potential retinal ganglion cell neuroprotective therapies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3309-20. [PMID: 21345987 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. To validate an established adult organotypic retinal explant culture system for use as an efficient medium-throughput screening tool to investigate novel retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotective therapies. METHODS. Optimal culture conditions for detecting RGC neuroprotection in rat retinal explants were identified. Retinal explants were treated with various recognized, or purported, neuroprotective agents and cultured for either 4 or 7 days ex vivo. The number of cells surviving in the RGC layer (RGCL) was quantified using histologic and immunohistochemical techniques, and statistical analyses were applied to detect neuroprotective effects. RESULTS. The ability to replicate previously reported in vivo RGC neuroprotection in retinal explants was verified by demonstrating that caspase inhibition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment, and stem cell transplantation all reduced RGCL cell loss in this model. Further screening of potential neuroprotective pharmacologic agents demonstrated that betaxolol, losartan, tafluprost, and simvastatin all alleviated RGCL cell loss in retinal explants, supporting previous reports. However, treatment with brimonidine did not protect RGCL neurons from death in retinal explant cultures. Explants cultured for 4 days ex vivo proved most sensitive for detecting neuroprotection. CONCLUSIONS. The current adult rat retinal explant culture model offers advantages over other models for screening potential neuroprotective drugs, including maintenance of neurons in situ, control of environmental conditions, and dissociation from other factors such as intraocular pressure. Verification that neuroprotection by previously identified RGC-protective therapies could be replicated in adult retinal explant cultures suggests that this model could be used for efficient medium-throughput screening of novel neuroprotective therapies for retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Bull
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Latanoprost Promotes Neurite Outgrowth in Differentiated RGC-5 Cells via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:597-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fukuda M, Nakanishi Y, Fuse M, Yokoi N, Hamada Y, Fukagawa M, Negi A, Nakamura M. Altered expression of aquaporins 1 and 4 coincides with neurodegenerative events in retinas of spontaneously diabetic Torii rats. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kanamori A, Naka M, Fukuda M, Nakamura M, Negi A. Tafluprost protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247:1353-60. [PMID: 19551401 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether tafluprost, which is a prostaglandin-related compound and an anti-glaucoma drug, has a direct anti-apoptotic effect in cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and rat RGCs in retinas with optic nerve crush (ONC). METHODS RGC-5 cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by a serum deprivation and by exogenous glutamate. The level of cell death with or without tafluprost was monitored by an XTT assay and by immunocytochemistry with activated caspase-3. Changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) levels were measured with fluo-4 fluorescence. Rat RGCs were degenerated by ONC. After topical instillation of tafluprost for 7 and 14 days, the numbers of retrograde-labeled RGCs were counted. Retinal flatmounts were subjected to terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining to detect apoptotic cells. RESULTS Tafluprost dose-dependently promoted RGC-5 cell viability with an optimum concentration of 3 microM (p = 0.006). Tafluprost significantly reduced caspase-3-positive cells and suppressed [Ca(+2)]i evoked by exogenous glutamate. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor and KT-5823 partially blocked the rescue effect of tafluprost (p = 0.002). The survival rate of RGCs significantly increased in eyes treated with tafluprost (p = 0.01), and the prevalence of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly decreased 14 days after ONC (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tafluprost has an anti-apoptotic effect in RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyasu Kanamori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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