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Takeda A, Hasegawa E, Yawata N, Notomi S, Ishikawa K, Murakami Y, Hisatomi T, Kimura K, Sonoda KH. Increased vitreous levels of B cell activation factor (BAFF) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor in patients with macular edema due to uveitis related to Behçet's disease and sarcoidosis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:2675-2686. [PMID: 35230474 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveitis accounts for 10-15% of all cases of blindness in the developed world. Uveitic macular edema (UME) is a primary cause of permanent visual impairment in patients with uveitis. Because proinflammatory mediators elicit inflammation and lead to UME, we determined the profiles of proinflammatory mediators associated with complications, such as ME, in the vitreous humor of patients with panuveitis related to Behçet's disease (BD) and sarcoidosis. METHODS In this retrospective study, we enrolled 21 patients with uveitis, including 6 with BD and 15 with sarcoidosis, and 15 patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) at the Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Hospital, between January 2008 and April 2016. Vitreous concentrations of 32 proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines and soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 families, were assessed using a bead-based multiplex assay and their association with clinical data was examined. RESULTS The levels of proinflammatory mediators, including a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF), soluble cluster of differentiation 30 (sCD30), soluble TNF receptor-1 (sTNFR1), sTNFR2, TNF-α, IL-6, and soluble IL-6 receptor-α (sIL-6Rα), were significantly higher in patients with uveitis. With regard to clinical parameters in patients with uveitis, vitreous levels of BAFF and sIL-6Rα were prominently elevated in patients with UME compared to in those without UME (P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that elevated vitreous levels of BAFF and sIL-6Rα are associated with the pathogenesis of UME in patients with panuveitis related to BD and sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Yawata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Notomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka University, Chikushino, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kim J, Ahn M, Choi Y, Chun J, Jung K, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Shin T. Osteopontin is a biomarker for early autoimmune uveoretinitis. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1604-1608. [PMID: 34916447 PMCID: PMC8771122 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix protein with a diverse range of functions, including roles in cell adhesion, migration, and immunomodulation, which are associated with the modulation of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. The present study was performed to evaluate the involvement of OPN in the eyes of an experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) model. The EAU model was developed by immunization of Lewis rats with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. The results showed the OPN level was remarkably upregulated in the eye of EAU rats on day 9 post-immunization. The level of CD44, a ligand of OPN, was increased in the ciliary body of EAU rats. Furthermore, OPN was also detected in the ciliary body and activated microglia/macrophages in the EAU retina. The results suggest that OPN was significantly upregulated in the eyes of EAU rats, and that it may be useful as an early biomarker of ocular autoimmune diseases. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jeju National University (approval No. 2020-0012) on March 11, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Chun
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Buggage RR, Bordet T. Gene Therapy for Uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:249-270. [PMID: 34584061 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a sight-threatening ocular inflammatory condition in which the retina and uveal tissues become a target of autoreactive immune cells. While microglia have been studied extensively in autoimmune uveitis, their exact function remains uncertain. The objective of the current study was to determine whether resident microglia are necessary and sufficient to initiate and amplify retinal inflammation in autoimmune uveitis. In this study, we clearly demonstrate that microglia are essential for initiating infiltration of immune cells utilizing a murine model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) and the recently identified microglia-specific marker P2ry12. Initiating disease is the primary function of microglia in EAU, since eliminating microglia during the later stages of EAU had little effect, indicating that the function of circulating leukocytes is to amplify and sustain destructive inflammation once microglia have triggered disease. In the absence of microglia, uveitis does not develop, since leukocytes cannot gain entry through the blood-retinal barrier, illustrating that microglia play a critical role in regulating infiltration of inflammatory cells into the retina.
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Clemente N, Raineri D, Cappellano G, Boggio E, Favero F, Soluri MF, Dianzani C, Comi C, Dianzani U, Chiocchetti A. Osteopontin Bridging Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7675437. [PMID: 28097158 PMCID: PMC5206443 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7675437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) regulates the immune response at multiple levels. Physiologically, it regulates the host response to infections by driving T helper (Th) polarization and acting on both innate and adaptive immunity; pathologically, it contributes to the development of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. In some cases, the mechanisms of these effects have been described, but many aspects of the OPN function remain elusive. This is in part ascribable to the fact that OPN is a complex molecule with several posttranslational modifications and it may act as either an immobilized protein of the extracellular matrix or a soluble cytokine or an intracytoplasmic molecule by binding to a wide variety of molecules including crystals of calcium phosphate, several cell surface receptors, and intracytoplasmic molecules. This review describes the OPN structure, isoforms, and functions and its role in regulating the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaa Clemente
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Raineri
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Biocenter, Division for Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Favero
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Soluri
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, “A. Avogadro” UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), “A. Avogadro” University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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Barry RJ, Nguyen QD, Lee RW, Murray PI, Denniston AK. Pharmacotherapy for uveitis: current management and emerging therapy. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:1891-911. [PMID: 25284976 PMCID: PMC4181632 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s47778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis, a group of conditions characterized by intraocular inflammation, is a major cause of sight loss in the working population. Most uveitis seen in Western countries is noninfectious and appears to be autoimmune or autoinflammatory in nature, requiring treatment with immunosuppressive and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. In this educational review, we outline the ideal characteristics of drugs for uveitis and review the data to support the use of current and emerging therapies in this context. It is crucial that we continue to develop new therapies for use in uveitis that aim to suppress disease activity, prevent accumulation of damage, and preserve visual function for patients with the minimum possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Barry
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation, Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Stanley M Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Richard W Lee
- Inflammation and Immunotherapy Theme, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip I Murray
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation, Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation, Research, University of Birmingham, UK ; Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Lee K, Bajwa A, Freitas-Neto CA, Metzinger JL, Wentworth BA, Foster CS. A comprehensive review and update on the biologic treatment of adult noninfectious uveitis: part II. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1651-66. [PMID: 25226284 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.947957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of adult, noninfectious uveitis remains a major challenge for ophthalmologists around the world, especially in regard to recalcitrant cases. It is reported to comprise approximately 10% of preventable blindness in the USA. The cause of uveitis can be idiopathic or associated with infectious and systemic disorders. The era of biologic medical therapies provides new options for patients with otherwise treatment-resistant inflammatory eye disease. AREAS COVERED This two-part review gives a comprehensive overview of the existing medical treatment options for patients with adult, noninfectious uveitis, as well as important advances for the treatment ocular inflammation. Part I covers classic immunomodulation and latest information on corticosteroid therapy. In part II, emerging therapies are discussed, including biologic response modifiers, experimental treatments and ongoing clinical studies for uveitis. EXPERT OPINION The hazard of chronic corticosteroid use in the treatment of adult, noninfectious uveitis is well documented. Corticosteroid-sparing therapies, which offer a very favorable risk-benefit profile when administered properly, should be substituted. Although nothing is currently approved for on-label use in this indication, many therapies, through either translation or novel basic science research, have the potential to fill the currently exposed gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Lee
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , 5 Cambridge Center, 8th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142 , USA +1 617 621 6377 ; +1 617 494 1430 ;
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Xin N, Fu L, Shao Z, Guo M, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Dou C, Zheng S, Shen X, Yao Y, Wang J, Wang J, Cui G, Liu Y, Geng D, Xiao C, Zhang Z, Dong R. RNA interference targeting Bcl-6 ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 58:85-94. [PMID: 24361642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are dedicated to providing help to B cells and are strongly associated with antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) is a key transcription factor of Tfh cells, and IL-21 is known to be a critical cytokine produced by Tfh cells. We silenced Bcl-6 gene expression using RNA interference (RNAi) delivered by a lentiviral vector, to evaluate the therapeutic role of Bcl-6 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Our data demonstrate that CD4(+)CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) Tfh cells, Bcl-6 and IL-21 were significantly increased in EAMG mice, compared with controls. In addition, we found that frequencies of Tfh cells were positively correlated with the levels of serum anti-AChR Ab. In-vivo transduction of lenti-siRNA-Bcl6 ameliorates the severity of ongoing EAMG with decreased Tfh cells, Bcl-6 and IL-21 expression, and leads to decreased anti-AChR antibody levels. Furthermore, we found that siRNA knockdown of Bcl-6 expression increases the expression of Th1(IFN-γ, T-bet) and Th2 markers (IL-4 and GATA3), but failed to alter the expression of Th17-related markers (RORγt, IL-17) and Treg markers (FoxP3). Our study suggests that Tfh cells contribute to the antibody production and could be one of the most important T cell subsets responsible for development and progression of EAMG or MG. Bcl-6 provides a promising therapeutic target for immunotherapy not only for MG, but also for other antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Lab of Infection and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Shao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingfeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Changxin Dou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanhu Yao
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghai Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenghua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zunsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiguo Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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He Y, Jia SB, Zhang W, Shi JM. New options for uveitis treatment. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:702-7. [PMID: 24195053 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.05.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is one of the most important causes of blindness worldwide. Its etiology and pathogenesis are complicated and have not been well understood. The treatment for uveitis is predominantly based on steroids and immunosuppressants. However, systemic side effects limit their clinical application. With the advancement of molecular biology, some intravitreal implants and biologic agents have been used for the treatment of uveitis. Additionally, novel techniques such as gene therapy and RNA interference are being studied for using as uveitis therapy. This paper reviews recent advances in uveitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuling Center Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing 408000, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Increased osteopontin expression in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patient cells is associated with IL-17 expression. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:295-8. [PMID: 23756056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurological inflammatory disease associated with a predominant infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are the main subset of HTLV-1-infected cells. It has been demonstrated that in cell line the viral Tax protein transcriptionnally regulate expression of osteopontin, an inflammatory cytokine associated with Th17-related pathologies. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to explore osteopontin expression in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and in HAM/TSP patients and consequences on IL17 expression. STUDY DESIGN We quantified Tax, osteopontin, RORγ, IL17 and IL22 mRNA expressions in cells from 10 HAM/TSP patients, 6 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ASY) and 4 HTLV-1-negative healthy donors during ex vivo culture. RESULTS We observed that the expression of osteopontin was higher in HAM/TSP patients and correlated with Tax expression levels. Positive regulation of RORγ, IL17 and IL22 were also observed during cell culture. CONCLUSIONS Our results propose a new mechanism which could contribute to HAM/TSP pathogenesis.
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Shan M, Yuan X, Song LZ, Roberts L, Zarinkamar N, Seryshev A, Zhang Y, Hilsenbeck S, Chang SH, Dong C, Corry DB, Kheradmand F. Cigarette smoke induction of osteopontin (SPP1) mediates T(H)17 inflammation in human and experimental emphysema. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:117ra9. [PMID: 22261033 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Smoking-related lung diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide, underscoring the need to understand their pathogenesis and develop new effective therapies. We have shown that CD1a+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from lungs of patients with emphysema can induce autoreactive T helper 1 (T(H)1) and T(H)17 cells. Similarly, the canonical cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) are specifically linked to lung destruction in smokers, but how smoke activates APCs to mediate emphysema remains unknown. Here, we show that, in addition to increasing IFN-γ expression, cigarette smoke increased the expression of IL-17A in both CD4+ and γδ T cells from mouse lung. IL-17A deficiency resulted in attenuation of, whereas lack of γδ T cells exacerbated, smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Adoptive transfer of lung APCs isolated from mice with emphysema revealed that this cell population was capable of transferring disease even in the absence of active smoke exposure, a process that was dependent on IL-17A expression. Spp1 (the gene for osteopontin) was highly expressed in the pathogenic lung APCs of smoke-exposed mice and was required for the T(H)17 responses and emphysema in vivo, in part through its inhibition of the expression of the transcription factor Irf7. Thus, the Spp1-Irf7 axis is critical for induction of pathological T(H)17 responses, revealing a major mechanism by which smoke activates lung APCs to induce emphysema and identifying a pathway that could be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Deeg CA, Eberhardt C, Hofmaier F, Amann B, Hauck SM. Osteopontin and fibronectin levels are decreased in vitreous of autoimmune uveitis and retinal expression of both proteins indicates ECM re-modeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27674. [PMID: 22194789 PMCID: PMC3237414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is an intraocular inflammation that arises through autoreactive T-cells attacking the inner eye, eventually leading to blindness. However, the contributing molecular pathomechanisms within the affected tissues remain as yet elusive. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that varies tremendously and influences the encompassing tissue. In order to assess ECM re-modeling in autoimmune uveitis, we investigated the expression of ECM molecules fibronectin and osteopontin in vitreous and retina samples. This was carried out in the only spontaneous animal model for human autoimmue uveitis, namely equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) that resembles the human disease in clinical as well as in immunopathological aspects. ERU is a naturally occurring autoimmune disease in horses that develops frequently and has already proved its value to study disease-related pathomechanisms. Western blot analysis of fibronectin and osteopontin in healthy and uveitic vitreous revealed significant reduction of both proteins in uveitis. Immunohistochemical expression of fibronectin in healthy retinas was restricted to the inner limiting membrane abutting vimentin positive Müller cell endfeet, while in uveitic sections, a disintegration of the ILM was observed changing the fibronectin expression to a dispersed pattern extending toward the vitreous. Retinal expression of osteopontin in control tissue was found in a characteristic Müller cell pattern illustrated by co-localization with vimentin. In uveitic retinas, the immunoreactivity of osteopontin in gliotic Müller cells was almost absent. The ability of Müller cells to express fibronectin and osteopontin was additionally shown by immunocytochemistry of primary cultured equine Müller cells and the equine Müller cell line eqMC-7. In conclusion, severe ECM re-modeling in autoimmune uveitis reported here, might affect the adhesive function of fibronectin and thus the anchoring of Müller cell endfeet to the ILM. Furthermore, the absence of osteopontin in gliotic Müller cells might represent reduced neuroprotection, an osteopontin attribute that is intensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany.
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Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein involved in various pathophysiological events. OPN has been studied as a secreted protein, but recent reports showed that OPN can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Therefore, some OPN molecules are not secreted and stay in cells. Such intracellular OPN (iOPN) has biological functions distinct from secreted OPN (sOPN). iOPN is involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and in signal transduction pathways downstream of innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as an adaptor or scaffolding protein. Although sOPN and iOPN are generated from the same Opn mRNA species, biological outcomes mediated by two isoforms can be different. It would be necessary to delineate which isoform of OPN is responsible for pathophysiological events.
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