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Palchunova K, Kaji Y, Fujita A, Oshika T. RNA-seq analysis of human trabecular endothelial cells after treatment with timolol maleate. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10384-023-00998-5. [PMID: 37314597 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-023-00998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Timolol maleate (timolol), a β-receptor blocker, reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production. Timolol reportedly also protects ganglion cells, decreases aqueous humor outflow facility, and destroys the extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork. In this study, we investigated the effects of timolol on cultured human trabecular endothelial cells purchased from ScienCell using next-generation sequencing. STUDY DESIGN Experimental investigation. METHODS Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted after 24 h. More than 100 million RNAs in control and timolol-treated group were sequenced using a next-generation sequencer. The expression of 55,778 RNAs was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2,105 genes were significantly upregulated and 2,125 genes were downregulated, after the addition of timolol. VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) (388-fold) had the maximum increase in expression, followed by amphiregulin (333-fold), a member of the epidermal growth factor family. Moreover, the expression of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, and 14, increased. CONCLUSION Timolol exerts various effects on human trabecular endothelial cells. The increase in MMP expression may contribute to the decrease in the aqueous humor outflow facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Palchunova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba Majors in Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kaji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba Majors in Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan.
- Matsumoto Eye Clinic, 2-25-2F Toride-i-center, Chuo-machi Toride, Ibaraki, 3020014, Japan.
| | - Akari Fujita
- Kagurazaka Eye Clinic, 115 Yarai-cho Shinjyuku, Tokyo, 1620805, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba Majors in Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan
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Shekari F, Abyadeh M, Meyfour A, Mirzaei M, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Graham SL, Salekdeh GH. Extracellular Vesicles as reconfigurable therapeutics for eye diseases: Promises and hurdles. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 225:102437. [PMID: 36931589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A large number of people worldwide suffer from visual impairment. However, most available therapies rely on impeding the development of a particular eye disorder. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for effective alternative treatments, specifically regenerative therapies. Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, ectosomes, or microvesicles, are released by cells and play a potential role in regeneration. Following an introduction to EV biogenesis and isolation methods, this integrative review provides an overview of our current knowledge about EVs as a communication paradigm in the eye. Then, we focused on the therapeutic applications of EVs derived from conditioned medium, biological fluid, or tissue and highlighted some recent developments in strategies to boost the innate therapeutic potential of EVs by loading various kinds of drugs or being engineered at the level of producing cells or EVs. Challenges faced in the development of safe and effective translation of EV-based therapy into clinical settings for eye diseases are also discussed to pave the road toward reaching feasible regenerative therapies required for eye-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sharma S, Bollinger KE, Kodeboyina SK, Zhi W, Patton J, Bai S, Edwards B, Ulrich L, Bogorad D, Sharma A. Proteomic Alterations in Aqueous Humor From Patients With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2635-2643. [PMID: 29847670 PMCID: PMC6733532 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most prevalent form of glaucoma, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. The aqueous humor (AH), a biological fluid in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, is involved in a multitude of functions including the maintenance of IOP and ocular homeostasis. This fluid is very close to the pathologic site and is also known to have a significant role in glaucoma pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to identify proteomic alterations in AH from patients with POAG. Methods AH samples were extracted from 47 patients undergoing cataract surgery (controls: n = 32; POAG: n = 15). Proteomic analysis of the digested samples was accomplished by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. The identified proteins were evaluated using a variety of statistical and bioinformatics methods. Results A total of 33 proteins were significantly altered in POAG subjects compared with the controls. The most abundant proteins in POAG subjects are IGKC (13.56-fold), ITIH4 (4.1-fold), APOC3 (3.36-fold), IDH3A (3.11-fold), LOC105369216 (2.98-fold). SERPINF2 (2.94-fold), NPC2 (2.88-fold), SUCLG2 (2.70-fold), KIAA0100 (2.29-fold), CNOT4 (2.23-fold), AQP4 (2.11-fold), COL18A1 (2.08-fold), NWD1 (2.07-fold), and TMEM120B (2.06-fold). A significant increasing trend in the odds ratios of having POAG was observed with increased levels of these proteins. Conclusion Proteins identified in this study are implicated in signaling, glycosylation, immune response, molecular transport, and lipid metabolism. The identified candidate proteins may be potential biomarkers associated with POAG development and may lead to more insight in understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kathryn E Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sai Karthik Kodeboyina
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jordan Patton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Shan Bai
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Blake Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - David Bogorad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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4
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Paper-Based Microfluidic Platforms for Understanding the Role of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Major Blindness-Threatening Diseases. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050310. [PMID: 29738436 PMCID: PMC5977324 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging roles of exosomes in the pathogenesis of major blindness-threatening diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy, were discovered by aqueous humor analysis. A new diagnostic method using cellulose-based devices and microfluidic chip techniques for the isolation of exosomes from aqueous humor is less cumbersome and saves time. This method will enable more investigations for aqueous humor analysis in the future.
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Keller KE, Bhattacharya SK, Borrás T, Brunner TM, Chansangpetch S, Clark AF, Dismuke WM, Du Y, Elliott MH, Ethier CR, Faralli JA, Freddo TF, Fuchshofer R, Giovingo M, Gong H, Gonzalez P, Huang A, Johnstone MA, Kaufman PL, Kelley MJ, Knepper PA, Kopczynski CC, Kuchtey JG, Kuchtey RW, Kuehn MH, Lieberman RL, Lin SC, Liton P, Liu Y, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Mao W, Masis-Solano M, McDonnell F, McDowell CM, Overby DR, Pattabiraman PP, Raghunathan VK, Rao PV, Rhee DJ, Chowdhury UR, Russell P, Samples JR, Schwartz D, Stubbs EB, Tamm ER, Tan JC, Toris CB, Torrejon KY, Vranka JA, Wirtz MK, Yorio T, Zhang J, Zode GS, Fautsch MP, Peters DM, Acott TS, Stamer WD. Consensus recommendations for trabecular meshwork cell isolation, characterization and culture. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:164-173. [PMID: 29526795 PMCID: PMC6042513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultured trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are a valuable model system to study the cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of conventional outflow resistance and thus intraocular pressure; and their dysfunction resulting in ocular hypertension. In this review, we describe the standard procedures used for the isolation of TM cells from several animal species including humans, and the methods used to validate their identity. Having a set of standard practices for TM cells will increase the scientific rigor when used as a model, and enable other researchers to replicate and build upon previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbott F Clark
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | - Yiqin Du
- University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | | | | | | | - Thomas F Freddo
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex Huang
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shan C Lin
- University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | | | - Weiming Mao
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James C Tan
- University of Southern California, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mary K Wirtz
- Oregon Health and Science University, United States
| | - Thomas Yorio
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Gulab S Zode
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Ted S Acott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
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Liu Y, Allingham RR. Major review: Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:62-84. [PMID: 28499933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type, is a complex inherited disorder that is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve head excavation, and visual field loss. The discovery of a large, and growing, number of genetic and chromosomal loci has been shown to contribute to POAG risk, which carry implications for disease pathogenesis. Differential gene expression analyses in glaucoma-affected tissues as well as animal models of POAG are enhancing our mechanistic understanding in this common, blinding disorder. In this review we summarize recent developments in POAG genetics and molecular genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke - National University of Singapore (Duke-NUS), Singapore.
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Funke S, Perumal N, Bell K, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. The potential impact of recent insights into proteomic changes associated with glaucoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:311-334. [PMID: 28271721 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1298448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma, a major ocular neuropathy, is still far from being understood on a molecular scale. Proteomic workflows revealed glaucoma associated alterations in different eye components. By using state-of-the-art mass spectrometric (MS) based discovery approaches large proteome datasets providing important information about glaucoma related proteins and pathways could be generated. Corresponding proteomic information could be retrieved from various ocular sample species derived from glaucoma experimental models or from original human material (e.g. optic nerve head or aqueous humor). However, particular eye tissues with the potential for understanding the disease's molecular pathomechanism remains underrepresented. Areas covered: The present review provides an overview of the analysis depth achieved for the glaucomatous eye proteome. With respect to different eye regions and biofluids, proteomics related literature was found using PubMed, Scholar and UniProtKB. Thereby, the review explores the potential of clinical proteomics for glaucoma research. Expert commentary: Proteomics will provide important contributions to understanding the molecular processes associated with glaucoma. Sensitive discovery and targeted MS approaches will assist understanding of the molecular interplay of different eye components and biofluids in glaucoma. Proteomic results will drive the comprehension of glaucoma, allowing a more stringent disease hypothesis within the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Funke
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Katharina Bell
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
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Stamer WD, Clark AF. The many faces of the trabecular meshwork cell. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:112-123. [PMID: 27443500 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the combined purpose of facilitating useful vision over a lifetime, a number of ocular cells have evolved specialized features not found elsewhere in the body. The trabecular meshwork (TM) cell at the irido-corneal angle, which is a key regulator of intraocular pressure, is no exception. Examination of cells in culture isolated from the human TM has shown that they are unique in many ways, displaying characteristic features of several different cell types. Thus, these neural crest derived cells display expression patterns and behaviors typical of endothelia, fibroblasts, smooth muscle and macrophages, owing to the multiple roles and two distinct environments where they operate to maintain intraocular pressure homeostasis. In most individuals, TM cells function normally over a lifetime in the face of persistent stressors, including phagocytic, oxidative, mechanical and metabolic stress. Study of TM cells isolated from ocular hypertensive eyes has shown a compromised ability to perform their daily duties. This review highlights the many responsibilities of the TM cell and its challenges, progress in our understanding of TM biology over the past 30 years, as well as discusses unanswered questions about TM dysfunction that results in IOP dysregulation and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Daniel Stamer
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, TX, United States.
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Dismuke WM, Challa P, Navarro I, Stamer WD, Liu Y. Human aqueous humor exosomes. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:73-7. [PMID: 25619138 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH) is a dynamic intraocular fluid that supports the vitality of tissues that regulate intraocular pressure. We recently discovered that extracellular nanovesicles called exosomes are a major constituent of AH. Exosomes function in extracellular communication and contain proteins and small RNA. Our goal was to characterize the physical properties of AH exosomes and their exosomal RNA (esRNA) content. We isolated exosomes from human AH collected during cataract surgery from five patients using serial ultracentrifugation. We measured the size and concentration of AH exosomes in solution using nanoparticle tracking analysis. We found a single population of vesicles having a mean size of 121 ± 11 nm in the unprocessed AH. Data show that centrifugation does not significantly affect the mean particle size (121 ± 11 nm versus 124 ± 21 nm), but does impact the final number of exosomes in solution (87% loss from the unprocessed AH; n = 5). We extracted esRNA from the pooled human AH samples using miRCURY RNA isolation kit from Exiqon. The quality of extracted esRNA was evaluated using Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 and was used to generate a sequencing library for small RNA sequencing with Illumina MiSeq sequencer. More than 10 different miRNAs were identified; abundant species included miR-486-5p, miR-204, and miR-184. We found that the majority of extracellular vesicles in the AH were in the exosome size range, suggesting that miRNAs housed within exosomes may function in communication between AH inflow and outflow tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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10
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Controlled exosome release from the retinal pigment epithelium in situ. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wu Y, Chen W, Guo M, He Q, Hu Y. Effects of transforming growth factor-β2 on myocilin expression and secretion in human primary cultured trabecular meshwork cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4827-4836. [PMID: 25197353 PMCID: PMC4152043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The trabecular meshwork (TM), a reticular tissue in the outflow passage of the aqueous humor (AH), is a major contributor to intraocular outflow resistance. High levels of myocilin (MYOC), which is expressed in the TM, are associated with high IOP. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) concentrations in human AH are significantly elevated in POAG patients. This study was designed to investigate the effects of TGF-β2 on MYOC expression and secretion in human primary cultured TM cells. Primary cultured human TM cells were treated with 0 (control group), 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL TGF-β2 for 12, 24, or 48 h. MYOC mRNA and protein expressions in TM cells and protein secretion in conditioned media were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively. TM cells treated with 1, 10, and, 100 ng/mL TGF-β2 for 48 h showed higher MYOC mRNA and protein expressions than those in the control group (0 ng/mL TGF-β2) (all P < 0.05). Treatment with TGF-β2 for 48 h also induced MYOC secretion in conditioned media in a dose-dependent manner (0 ng/mL: 7.107±1.163 pg/ml; 1 ng/mL: 7.879±1.894 pg/ml; 10 ng/mL: 8.063±1.181 pg/ml; 100 ng/mL: 8.902±0.699 pg/ml; all P < 0.05). In Conclusion, TGF-β2 induced MYOC expression and secretion in human primary cultured TM cells. Further investigations are required to confirm the involvement of these two factors in POAG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, China
| | - Wanzhu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, China
| | - Maosheng Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, China
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Crawford A, Souzeau E, Agar A, Ridge B, Dubowsky A, Burdon KP, Craig JE. Identification of a novel MYOC mutation, p.(Trp373*), in a family with open angle glaucoma. Gene 2014; 545:271-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morgan JT, Wood JA, Walker NJ, Raghunathan VK, Borjesson DL, Murphy CJ, Russell P. Human trabecular meshwork cells exhibit several characteristics of, but are distinct from, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:254-66. [PMID: 24456002 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To support the growing promise of regenerative medicine in glaucoma, we characterized the similarities and differences between human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). METHODS HTM cells and hMSCs were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the expression of myoc, angptl7, sox2, pou5f1, and notch1 was determined in both cell types with and without dexamethasone (Dex). Immunosuppressive behavior of HTM cells and hMSCs was determined using T cells activated with phytohemagglutinin. T-cell proliferation was determined using BrdU incorporation and flow cytometry. Multipotency of HTM cells and hMSCs was determined using adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation media as well as aqueous humor (AH). Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression was determined in HTM cells, hMSCs, and HTM tissue. RESULTS Phenotypically, HTM and hMSCs expressed CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD146 but not CD31, CD34, and CD45 and similar sox2, pou5f1, and notch1 expression. Both cell types suppressed T-cell proliferation. However, HTM cells, but not hMSCs, upregulated myoc and angptl7 in response to Dex. Additionally, HTM cells did not differentiate into adipocytes or osteocytes. Culture of hMSCs in 20%, but not 100%, AH potently induced alkaline phosphatase activity. HTM cells in culture possessed uniformly strong expression of αSMA, which contrasted with the limited expression in hMSCs and spatially discrete expression in HTM tissue. CONCLUSIONS HTM cells possess a number of important similarities with hMSCs but lack multipotency, one of the defining characteristics of stem cells. Further work is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms and functional implications underlying the phenotypic similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Morgan
- 1 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
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Abstract
Myocilin is a broadly expressed protein that when mutated uniquely causes glaucoma. While no function has been ascribed to explain focal disease, some properties of myocilin are known. Myocilin is a cytoplasmic protein that also localizes to vesicles specifically as part of a large membrane-associated complex with properties similar to the SNARE machinery that function in vesicle fusion. Its role in vesicle dynamics has not been detailed, however myocilin intersects with the endocytic compartment at the level of the multivesicular body. Since internalized GPCRs are sorted in the multivesicular body, we investigated whether myocilin functions in ligand-dependent GPR143 endocytosis. Using recombinant systems we found that the kinetics of myocilin recruitment to biotinylated membrane proteins was similar to that of arrestin-3. We also co-localized myocilin with GPR143 and Arrestin-2 by confocal microscopy. However, wild-type myocilin differed significantly in its association kinetics and co-localization with internalized proteins from mutant myocilin (P370L or T377M). Moreover, we found that myocilin bound to the cytoplasmic tail of GPR143, an interaction mediated by its amino terminal helix-turn-helix domain. Hydrodynamic analyses show that the myocilin-GPR143 protein complex is >158 kD and stable in 500 mM KCl, but not 0.1% SDS. Collectively, data indicate that myocilin is recruited to the membrane compartment, interacting with GPCR proteins during ligand-mediated endocytosis and that GPCR signaling underlies pathology in myocilin glaucoma.
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Liu Y, Allingham RR, Qin X, Layfield D, Dellinger AE, Gibson J, Wheeler J, Ashley-Koch AE, Stamer WD, Hauser MA. Gene expression profile in human trabecular meshwork from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6382-9. [PMID: 24003086 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the specific genes in human trabecular meshwork (TM) related to POAG. METHODS Primary open-angle glaucoma TM specimens were obtained from routine trabeculectomy surgery. Nonglaucomatous control TM specimens were dissected from donor eyes using the same approach as a standard trabeculectomy. All cases were screened for myocilin (MYOC) mutations. Total RNA was extracted, labeled, and hybridized to Illumina HumanWG-6 BeadChips. Expression data were normalized and analyzed using the R package limma in Bioconductor. Pathway analyses were performed using DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. RESULTS Our study included surgical TM specimens from 15 cases and 13 controls. One case was identified with a heterozygous Q368X MYOC mutation. If TMs were available from both eyes in an individual, the expression data were combined for analysis. The following three comparisons were performed for differential analyses: (1) MYOC POAG case versus 14 non-MYOC POAG cases, (2) MYOC POAG case versus 13 controls, and (3) 14 non-MYOC POAG cases versus 13 controls. Limited by one MYOC case in comparisons 1 and 2, expression changes were reported comparing the fold changes but without P values. Comparison 3 identified 483 genes, including 36 components of TM exosomes. Gene ontology analysis identified several enriched functional clusters, including cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, and secretion. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest TM expression study of POAG cases and controls performed to date and represents the first report of TM expression in a patient having POAG with a Q368X MYOC mutation. Our data suggest the potential role of endocytic and exosome pathways in the pathogenesis of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Cyp1b1 mediates periostin regulation of trabecular meshwork development by suppression of oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4225-40. [PMID: 23979599 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00856-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation in CYP1B1 has been reported for patients with congenital glaucoma. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show increased diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) in Cyp1b1-deficient (Cyp1b1(-/-)) mice. Cyp1b1(-/-) mice presented ultrastructural irregular collagen distribution in their trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue along with increased oxidative stress and decreased levels of periostin (Postn). Increased levels of oxidative stress and decreased levels of Postn were also detected in human glaucomatous TM tissues. Furthermore, Postn-deficient mice exhibited TM tissue ultrastructural abnormalities similar to those of Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) restored structural abnormality of TM tissue in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. In addition, TM cells prepared from Cyp1b1(-/-) mice exhibited increased oxidative stress, altered adhesion, and decreased levels of Postn. These aberrant cellular responses were reversed in the presence of NAC or by restoration of Cyp1b1 expression. Cyp1b1 knockdown or inhibition of CYP1B1 activity in Cyp1b1(+/+) TM cells resulted in a Cyp1b1(-/-) phenotype. Thus, metabolic activity of CYP1B1 contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of TM tissue through modulation of Postn expression.
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Torrejon KY, Pu D, Bergkvist M, Danias J, Sharfstein ST, Xie Y. Recreating a human trabecular meshwork outflow system on microfabricated porous structures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:3205-18. [PMID: 23775275 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, resulting from an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP is the only modifiable risk factor of glaucoma and is controlled by the outflow of the aqueous humor through the human trabecular meshwork (HTM). Currently, the lack of a proper in vitro HTM model impedes advances in understanding outflow physiology and discovering effective IOP-lowering anti-glaucoma therapeutics. Therefore, we designed and constructed an in vitro HTM model using micropatterned, porous SU-8 scaffolds, which support cells to recapitulate functional HTM morphology and allow the study of outflow physiology. The pore size of SU-8 scaffolds, surface coating, cell seeding density, and culture duration were evaluated for HTM cell growth. The bioengineered HTM was characterized by F-actin staining and immunocytochemistry of HTM markers. A stand-alone perfusion chamber with an integrated pressure sensing system was further constructed and used for the investigation of the outflow facility of the bioengineered HTM treated with latrunculin B-an IOP lowering agent. Cells in the in vitro model exhibited HTM-like morphology, expression of α-smooth muscle actin, myocilin, and αß-crystallin, outflow characteristics and drug responsiveness. Altogether, we have developed an in vitro HTM model system for understanding HTM cell biology and screening of pharmacological or biological agents that affect trabecular outflow facility, expediting discovery of IOP-lowering, anti-glaucoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Torrejon
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York, 12203
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18
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012; 23:155-9. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e3283511bcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Joe MK, Kee C, Tomarev SI. Myocilin interacts with syntrophins and is member of dystrophin-associated protein complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13216-27. [PMID: 22371502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have linked myocilin to open angle glaucoma, but the functions of the protein in the eye and other tissues have remained elusive. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate myocilin function(s). We identified α1-syntrophin, a component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), as a myocilin-binding candidate. Myocilin interacted with α1-syntrophin via its N-terminal domain and co-immunoprecipitated with α1-syntrophin from C2C12 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle. Expression of 15-fold higher levels of myocilin in the muscles of transgenic mice led to the elevated association of α1-syntrophin, neuronal nitric-oxide synthase, and α-dystroglycan with DAPC, which increased the binding of laminin to α-dystroglycan and Akt signaling. Phosphorylation of Akt and Forkhead box O-class 3, key regulators of muscle size, was increased more than 3-fold, whereas the expression of muscle-specific RING finger protein-1 and atrogin-1, muscle atrophy markers, was decreased by 79 and 88%, respectively, in the muscles of transgenic mice. Consequently, the average size of muscle fibers of the transgenic mice was increased by 36% relative to controls. We suggest that intracellular myocilin plays a role as a regulator of muscle hypertrophy pathways, acting through the components of DAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Kuk Joe
- Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Orwig SD, Perry CW, Kim LY, Turnage KC, Zhang R, Vollrath D, Schmidt-Krey I, Lieberman RL. Amyloid fibril formation by the glaucoma-associated olfactomedin domain of myocilin. J Mol Biol 2011; 421:242-55. [PMID: 22197377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocilin is a protein found in the extracellular matrix of trabecular meshwork tissue, the anatomical region of the eye involved in regulating intraocular pressure. Wild-type (WT) myocilin has been associated with steroid-induced glaucoma, and variants of myocilin have been linked to early-onset inherited glaucoma. Elevated levels and aggregation of myocilin hasten increased intraocular pressure and glaucoma-characteristic vision loss due to irreversible damage to the optic nerve. In spite of reports on the intracellular accumulation of mutant and WT myocilin in vitro, cell culture, and model organisms, these aggregates have not been structurally characterized. In this work, we provide biophysical evidence for the hallmarks of amyloid fibrils in aggregated forms of WT and mutant myocilin localized to the C-terminal olfactomedin (OLF) domain. These fibrils are grown under a variety of conditions in a nucleation-dependent and self-propagating manner. Protofibrillar oligomers and mature amyloid fibrils are observed in vitro. Full-length mutant myocilin expressed in mammalian cells forms intracellular amyloid-containing aggregates as well. Taken together, this work provides new insights into and raises new questions about the molecular properties of the highly conserved OLF domain, and suggests a novel protein-based hypothesis for glaucoma pathogenesis for further testing in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Orwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Liu Y, Allingham RR. Molecular genetics in glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:331-9. [PMID: 21871452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a family of diseases whose pathology is defined by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Clinically, glaucoma presents as a distinctive optic neuropathy with associated visual field loss. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), chronic angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) are the most prevalent forms of glaucoma globally and are the most common causes of glaucoma-related blindness worldwide. A host of genetic and environmental factors contribute to glaucoma phenotypes. This review examines the current status of genetic investigations of POAG, ACG, XFG, including the less common forms of glaucoma primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), the developmental glaucomas, and pigment dispersion glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Burns JN, Turnage KC, Walker CA, Lieberman RL. The stability of myocilin olfactomedin domain variants provides new insight into glaucoma as a protein misfolding disorder. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5824-33. [PMID: 21612213 DOI: 10.1021/bi200231x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocilin variants, localized to the olfactomedin (OLF) domain, are linked to early-onset, inherited forms of open-angle glaucoma. Disease-causing myocilin variants accumulate within trabecular meshwork cells instead of being secreted to the trabecular extracellular matrix of the eye. We hypothesize that, like in other diseases of protein misfolding, aggregation and downstream pathogenesis originate from the compromised thermal stability of mutant myocilins. In an expansion of our pilot study of four mutants, we compare 21 additional purified OLF variants by using a fluorescence stability assay and investigate the secondary structure of the most stable variants by circular dichroism. Variants with lower melting temperatures are correlated with earlier glaucoma diagnoses. The chemical chaperone trimethylamine N-oxide is capable of restoring the stability of most, but not all, variants to wild-type (WT) levels. Interestingly, three reported OLF disease variants, A427T, G246R, and A445V, exhibited properties indistinguishable from those of WT OLF, but an increased apparent aggregation propensity in vitro relative to that of WT OLF suggests that biophysical factors other than thermal stability, such as kinetics and unfolding pathways, may also be involved in myocilin glaucoma pathogenesis. Similarly, no changes from WT OLF stability and secondary structure were detected for three annotated single-nucleotide polymorphism variants. Our work provides the first quantitative demonstration of compromised stability among many identified OLF variants and places myocilin glaucoma in the context of other diseases of protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicole Burns
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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Protein profile of exosomes from trabecular meshwork cells. J Proteomics 2011; 74:796-804. [PMID: 21362503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the role of exosomes in the trabecular meshwork (TM), the site of intraocular pressure control, the exosome proteome from primary cultures of human TM cell monolayers was analyzed. Exosomes were purified from urine and conditioned media from primary cultures of human TM cell monolayers and subjected to a two dimensional HPLC separation and MS/MS analyses using the MudPIT strategy. Spectra were searched against a human protein database using Sequest. Protein profiles were compared to each other and the Exocarta database and the presence of specific protein markers confirmed by Western blot analyses of exosomes from aqueous humor and human TM cell strains (n=5) that were untreated, or exposed to dexamethasone and/or ionomycin. TM cell exosomes contained 108 of the 143 most represented exosome proteins in ExoCarta, including previously characterized markers such as membrane organizing and tetraspanin proteins. Several cell-specific proteins in TM exosomes were identified including myocilin, emilin-1 and neuropilin-1. All TM exosome proteins had flotation densities on sucrose gradients and release responses to ionomycin typical for exosomes. Taken together, TM exosomes have a characteristic exosome protein profile plus contain unique proteins, including the glaucoma-causing protein, myocilin; suggesting a role for exosomes in the control of intraocular pressure.
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