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Wang T, Lian P, Zhan J, Li Y, Liu B, Zhao X, Wu Q, Li H, Lu L, Chen S. The landscape of angiogenesis and inflammatory factors in eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization before and after anti-VEGF injection. Cytokine 2024; 179:156640. [PMID: 38735245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the levels of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokines in individuals with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) and the changes in these factors following intravitreal anti-VEGF injection. METHODS Aqueous humor samples were gathered from eyes with mCNV, those with single macular bleeding (SMB) without mCNV in highly myopic eyes, and those with age-related cataracts. Using a multiplex bead immunoassay, we analyzed 28 angiogenesis and inflammatory factors in the aqueous humor. Furthermore, clinical data were documented for correlation analysis. RESULTS In this study, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and fibroblast growth factors 1 (FGF-1) were significantly elevated in mCNV compared to SMB eyes (p < 0.05). Their odds ratios for mCNV occurrence were 1.05, 3.45, and 2.64, respectively. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and VEGF-C were notably higher in mCNV than in cataract patients (p < 0.05), and VEGF-C correlated to the degree of myopic atrophic maculopathy (p = 0.024). Axial length exhibited a negative correlation with VEGF-A and positive correlations with VEGF-C, HGF, and MCP-1 (p < 0.01). Following anti-VEGF treatment, a reduction in VEGF-A, endothelin-1, and FGF-2 was noted in mCNV patients (p < 0.05), but MCP-1 levels increased. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the predominant role of angiogenesis and inflammation factors in mCNV pathogenesis. VEGF-C's correlation with axial length and atrophy suggests its involvement in the process of myopic atrophic maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ping Lian
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinlian Zhan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qingxiu Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haichun Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Shida Chen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Gül FC, Kobat SG, Çelik F, Aydin S, Akkoç RF. Plasma and aqueous levels of alarin and adipsin ın patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:176. [PMID: 35436912 PMCID: PMC9016965 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Backround Diabetic retinopathy is a disease seen with microvascular complications as a result of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Alarin and Adipsin are molecules with a role in energy and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine plasma and aqueous levels of Alarin and Adipsin in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy to evaluate their potential roles in diabetic retinopathy. Methods The study included one eye from each of 20 cataract patients without diabetes (C), 20 cataract patients with diabetes and without diabetic retinopathy (DM + C), and 20 cataract patients with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR + C). Plasma and aqueous humour samples were taken from all patients during the cataract operation. Alarin and Adipsin levels were examined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results Both plasma and aqueous Alarin levels were significantly higher in the patients with diabetic retinopathy than in the control group (p < 0.001, p = 0.006). Adipsin levels were found to be significantly higher in plasma in the control group than in the DR + C group and significantly higher in aqueous in the DR + C group than in the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Conclusion These findings suggest that Alarin and Adipsin may play important role in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Cem Gül
- Medical Doctor Ophthalmology Clinic, Universal Eye Center, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Sabiha Güngör Kobat
- Medical Doctor Department of Ophthalmology Clinic, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Fatih Çelik
- Medical Doctor Ophthalmology Clinic, Elazig City Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Aydin
- Prof Dr Department of Biochemistry, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Mallardo M, Costagliola C, Nigro E, Daniele A. AdipoRon negatively regulates proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Peptides 2021; 146:170676. [PMID: 34687793 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine playing important roles in metabolic, inflammatory and proliferative processes. At the time of surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, an altered expression of adipokines has been associated with the development of future proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR); this evidence as well as the presence of adiponectin receptors in ocular tissues and cell lines suggests a role of adiponectin in the physio-pathology of ocular conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of AdipoRon, an adiponectin agonist, on ARPE-19, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line after confirming the expression of AdipoR1, AdipoR2, T-cadherin receptors. We evaluated the effects of AdipoRon in terms of vitality, survival, and migration; furthermore, we investigated the potential effects of AdipoRon on the inflammatory state of ARPE-19 cells analysing the levels of IL-10, VEGF, MCP-1 and IL-6 cytokines. Our findings indicated that AdipoRon, in a time and dose-dependent manner, reduces cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation of ARPE-19 cells. On the contrary, AdipoRon administration does not affect the expression of the tested cytokines. In conclusion, our results indicated that AdipoRon, may constitute an endogenous inhibitor of retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation and migration, both processes deeply involved in development of PVR. Since PVR are characterized by an aberrant growth, migration and dedifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, our data contribute to open new fields of research to develop innovative therapeutic targets. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of AdipoRon and of other small-molecule adiponectin analogs on retinal epithelium to clarify the functional role of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mallardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze riproduttive ed odontostomatologiche, Federico II" Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, 80131, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, "Federico II" Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, 80131, Italy
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Chaudhary R, Scott RAH, Wallace G, Berry M, Logan A, Blanch RJ. Inflammatory and Fibrogenic Factors in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Development. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 32742753 PMCID: PMC7357815 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) occurs in 5%-10% of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment cases and is the principle cause for failure of retinal reattachment surgery. Although there are a number of surgical adjunctive agents available for preventing the development of PVR, all have limited efficacy. Discovering predictive molecular biomarkers to determine the probability of PVR development after retinal reattachment surgery will allow better patient stratification for more targeted drug evaluations. Methods Narrative literature review. Results We provide a summary of the inflammatory and fibrogenic factors found in ocular fluid samples during the development of retinal detachment and PVR and discuss their possible use as molecular PVR predictive biomarkers. Conclusions Studies monitoring the levels of the above factors have found that few if any have predictive biomarker value, suggesting that widening the phenotype of potential factors and a combinatorial approach are required to determine predictive biomarkers for PVR. Translational Relevance The identification of relevant biomarkers relies on an understanding of disease signaling pathways derived from basic science research. We discuss the extent to which those molecules identified as biomarkers and predictors of PVR relate to disease pathogenesis and could function as useful disease predictors. (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ number, UMIN000005604).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Chaudhary
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK.,Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Graham Wallace
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Unit of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Palanisamy K, Raman R, Sulochana KN, Chidambaram S. Adiponectin: A potential candidate for treating fibrosis in posterior segment of the eye. Med Hypotheses 2018; 123:9-12. [PMID: 30696604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis in ocular tissues causes severe visual deterioration and blindness in patients with glaucoma, cataract, age related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Currently available anti-fibrotic agents exhibit undesirous cytotoxic effects and thus prove ineffective to treat post-surgical fibrosis. Accordingly, there is a need to develop efficient and novel anti-fibrotic agents. Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine from adipocytes is increased in the aqueous and vitreous humor of the patients with micro-angiopathy and chronic inflammation. Furthermore, it is reported to be elevated in the subretinal fluid, vitreous and epiretinal membrane of patients with AMD, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) respectively. Since APN has anti-angiogenic activity and reduces VEGF levels, we hypothesize that APN might regulate the angio-fibrotic switch and drive the formation of fibrovascular membrane at advanced stages of AMD, PVR and PDR. Intriguingly, APN is shown to inhibit liver, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis, yet it accelerates renal fibrosis. Therefore, the factors such as tissue and cell type, disease specific pathological milieu and the choice of APN receptor interaction could determine the pro- or anti-fibrotic nature of APN. We speculate that APN could play a profibrotic role in the posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikka Palanisamy
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Rajiv Raman
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subbulakshmi Chidambaram
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
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He S, Barron E, Ishikawa K, Nazari Khanamiri H, Spee C, Zhou P, Kase S, Wang Z, Dustin LD, Hinton DR. Inhibition of DNA Methylation and Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 Suppresses RPE Transdifferentiation: Relevance to Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5579-89. [PMID: 26305530 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate expression of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in epiretinal membranes from patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and to investigate effects of inhibition of MeCP2 and DNA methylation on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transdifferentiation. METHODS Expression of MeCP2 and its colocalization with cytokeratin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in surgically excised PVR membranes was studied using immunohistochemistry. The effects of 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC) on human RPE cell migration and viability were evaluated using a modified Boyden chamber assay and the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression of RASAL1 mRNA and its promoter region methylation were evaluated by real-time PCR and methylation-specific PCR. Effects of 5-AZA-dC on expression of α-SMA, fibronectin (FN), and TGF-β receptor 2 (TGF-β R2) and Smad2/3 phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blotting. Effect of short interfering RNA (siRNA) knock-down of MeCP2 on expression of α-SMA and FN induced by TGFβ was determined. RESULTS MeCP2 was abundantly expressed in cells within PVR membranes where it was double labeled with cells positive for cytokeratin and α-SMA. 5-AZA-dC inhibited expression of MeCP2 and suppressed RASAL1 gene methylation while increasing expression of the RASAL1 gene. Treatment with 5-AZA-dC significantly suppressed the expression of α-SMA, FN, TGF-β R2 and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and inhibited RPE cell migration. TGF-β induced expression of α-SMA, and FN was suppressed by knock-down of MeCP2. CONCLUSIONS MeCP2 and DNA methylation regulate RPE transdifferentiation and may be involved in the pathogenesis of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun He
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Unit
| | - Ernesto Barron
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Hossein Nazari Khanamiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Chris Spee
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Satoru Kase
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zhuoshi Wang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Laurie Diane Dustin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Unit
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Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokine leptin might be implicated in ocular neovascularization. However, the potential of inhibiting leptin function in ophthalmic cells has never been explored. Here we assessed mitogenic, angiogenic, and signaling leptin activities in retinal and corneal endothelial cells and examined the capability of a specific leptin receptor (ObR) antagonist, Allo-aca, to inhibit these functions. Methods and Results The experiments were carried out in monkey retinal (RF/6A) and bovine corneal (BCE) endothelial cells. Leptin at 50-250 ng/mL stimulated the growth of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal mitogenic response (35±7 and 27±3% in RF6A and BCE cells, respectively) was noted at 24 h of 250 ng/mL leptin treatments. Leptin-dependent proliferation was reduced to base levels with 10 and 100 nM Allo-aca in BCE and RF6A cells, respectively. In both cell lines, leptin promoted angiogenic responses, with the maximal increase in tube formation (163±10 and 133±8% in RF6A and BCE cultures, respectively) observed under a 250 ng/mL leptin treatment for 3 h. Furthermore, in both cell lines 250 ng/mL leptin modulated the activity or expression of several signaling molecules involved in proliferation, inflammatory activity and angiogenesis, such as STAT3, Akt, and ERK1/2, COX2, and NFκB. In both cell lines, leptin-induced angiogenic and signaling responses were significantly inhibited with 100 nM Allo-aca. We also found that leptin increased its own mRNA and protein expression in both cell lines, and this autocrine effect was abolished by 100-250 nM Allo-aca. Conclusions Our data provide new insights into the role of leptin in ocular endothelial cells and represent the first original report on targeting ObR in ophthalmic cell models.
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