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Sun W, Gu S, Zhang F, Xu M, Chang P, Zhao Y. Congenital cataracts affect the retinal visual cycle and mitochondrial function: A multi-omics study of GJA8 knockout rabbits. J Proteomics 2023; 287:104972. [PMID: 37467890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cataracts are a threat to visual development in children, and the visual impairment persists after surgical treatment; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Previous clinical studies have identified the effect of congenital cataracts on retinal morphology and function. To further understand the molecular mechanisms by which congenital cataracts affect retinal development, we analyzed retina samples from 7-week-old GJA8-knockout rabbits with congenital cataracts and controls by four-dimensional label-free quantification proteomics and untargeted metabolomics. Bioinformatics analysis of proteomic data showed that retinol metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid degradation pathways were downregulated in the retinas of rabbits with congenital cataracts, indicating that their visual cycle and mitochondrial function were affected. Additional validation of differentially abundant proteins related to the visual cycle and mitochondrial function was performed using Parallel reaction monitoring and western blot experiments. Untargeted metabolome analysis showed significant upregulation of the antioxidant glutathione and ascorbic acid in the retinas of rabbits with congenital cataracts, indicating that their oxidative stress balance was not dysregulated. SIGNIFICANCE: Congenital cataracts in children can alter retinal structure and function, yet the mechanisms are uncertain. Here is the first study to use proteomics and metabolomics approaches to investigate the effects of congenital cataracts on retinal development in the early postnatal period. Our findings suggest that congenital cataracts have an impact on the retinal visual cycle and mitochondrial function. These findings give insight on the molecular pathways behind congenital cataract-induced visual function impairment in the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Sun
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; National Center for Clinical and Medical Research, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Siyi Gu
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; National Center for Clinical and Medical Research, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; National Center for Clinical and Medical Research, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Mengxiang Xu
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; National Center for Clinical and Medical Research, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Pingjun Chang
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; National Center for Clinical and Medical Research, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
| | - Yune Zhao
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; National Center for Clinical and Medical Research, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
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Ye J, Sinha P, Hou F, He X, Shen M, Lu F, Shao Y. Impact of Temporal Visual Flicker on Spatial Contrast Sensitivity in Myopia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:710344. [PMID: 34421527 PMCID: PMC8374145 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.710344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether short-term exposure to high temporal frequency full-field flicker has an impact on spatial visual acuity in individuals with varying degrees of myopia. Methods Thirty subjects (evenly divided between control and experimental groups) underwent a 5-min exposure to full-field flicker. The flicker rate was lower than critical flicker frequency (CFF) for the experimental group (12.5 Hz) and significantly higher than CFF for the controls (60 Hz). Spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was measured before and immediately after flicker exposure. We examined whether the post flicker CSF parameters were different from the pre-exposure CSF values in either of the subject groups. Additionally, we examined the relationship between the amount of CSF change from pre to post timepoints and the degree of subjects’ myopia. The CSF parameters included peak frequency, peak sensitivity, bandwidth, truncation, and area under log CSF (AULCSF). Results There was no significant difference of all five pre-exposure CSF parameters between the two groups at baseline (P = 0.333 ∼ 0.424). Experimental group subjects exhibited significant (P < 0.005) increases in peak sensitivity and AULCSF, when comparing post-exposure results to pre-exposure ones. Controls showed no such enhancements. Furthermore, the extent of these changes in the experimental group was correlated significantly with the participants’ refractive error (P = 0.005 and 0.018, respectively). Conclusion Our data suggest that exposure to perceivable high-frequency flicker (but, not to supra-CFF frequencies) enhances important aspects of spatial contrast sensitivity, and these enhancements are correlated to the degree of myopia. This finding has implications for potential interventions for cases of modest myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pawan Sinha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Fang Hou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianghang He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Fuzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yilei Shao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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RNA-seq and GSEA identifies suppression of ligand-gated chloride efflux channels as the major gene pathway contributing to form deprivation myopia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5280. [PMID: 33674625 PMCID: PMC7935918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no consensus regarding the aetiology of the excessive ocular volume that characterizes high myopia. Thus, we aimed to test whether the gene pathways identified by gene set enrichment analysis of RNA-seq transcriptomics refutes the predictions of the Retinal Ion Driven Efflux (RIDE) hypothesis when applied to the induction of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and subsequent recovery (post-occluder removal). We found that the induction of profound FDM led to significant suppression in the ligand-gated chloride ion channel transport pathway via suppression of glycine, GABAA and GABAC ionotropic receptors. Post-occluder removal for short term recovery from FDM of 6 h and 24 h, induced significant upregulation of the gene families linked to cone receptor phototransduction, mitochondrial energy, and complement pathways. These findings support a model of form deprivation myopia as a Cl− ion driven adaptive fluid response to the modulation of the visual signal cascade by form deprivation that in turn affects the resultant ionic environment of the outer and inner retinal tissues, axial and vitreal elongation as predicted by the RIDE model. Occluder removal and return to normal light conditions led to return to more normal upregulation of phototransduction, slowed growth rate, refractive recovery and apparent return towards physiological homeostasis.
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Abstract
Myopia is a globally emerging issue, with multiple medical and socio-economic burdens and no well-established causal treatment thus far. A better insight into altered biochemical pathways and underlying pathogenesis might facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of myopia, ultimately leading to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic measures. In this review, we summarize current data about the metabolomics and proteomics of myopia in humans and present various experimental approaches and animal models, along with their strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss the potential applicability of these findings to medical practice and suggest directions for future research.
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Tao Y, Li XL, Sun LY, Wei YH, Yu XT, Wang H. Effect of green flickering light on myopia development and expression of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pigs. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1755-1760. [PMID: 30450304 PMCID: PMC6232333 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.11.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of green flickering light on refractive development and expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) M1 in the eyes of guinea pigs. METHODS Thirty guinea pigs (15-20 days old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=10/group). Animals in group I were raised in a completely closed carton with green flickering light illumination. Those in group II were kept in the open top closed carton under normal natural light. Guinea pigs were raised in a sight-widen cage under normal natural light in group III. The refractive status and axial length were measured before and after 8 weeks' illumination. Moreover, total RNA extracted from retinal, choroidal, and scleral tissues were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expressions of the receptor M1 were also explored in the retina, choroid, and sclera using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was a remarkable reduction in refractive error and increase in axial length after 8-weeks' green flickering light stimulation (P<0.001). The expression of M1 receptor mRNA in sclera and retina in myopia group were remarkably lower than that in group II and III (P<0.01). Significant reduced expression of M1 receptor stimulated by green flickering light in retina and sclera tissues were also observed (P<0.05). However, there was no M1 receptor expression in choroid in 3 groups. CONCLUSION Myopia can be induced by 8 weeks' green flickering light exposure in the animal model. M1 receptor may be involved causally or protectively in myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Yuan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Hua Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
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Riddell N, Faou P, Crewther SG. Short term optical defocus perturbs normal developmental shifts in retina/RPE protein abundance. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:18. [PMID: 30157773 PMCID: PMC6116556 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia (short-sightedness) affects approximately 1.4 billion people worldwide, and prevalence is increasing. Animal models induced by defocusing lenses show striking similarity with human myopia in terms of morphology and the implicated genetic pathways. Less is known about proteome changes in animals. Thus, the present study aimed to improve understanding of protein pathway responses to lens defocus, with an emphasis on relating expression changes to no lens control development and identifying bidirectional and/or distinct pathways across myopia and hyperopia (long-sightedness) models. RESULTS Quantitative label-free proteomics and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to examine protein pathway expression in the retina/RPE of chicks following 6 h and 48 h of myopia induction with - 10 dioptre (D) lenses, hyperopia induction with +10D lenses, or normal no lens rearing. Seventy-one pathways linked to cell development and neuronal maturation were differentially enriched between 6 and 48 h in no lens chicks. The majority of these normal developmental changes were disrupted by lens-wear (47 of 71 pathways), however, only 11 pathways displayed distinct expression profiles across the lens conditions. Most notably, negative lens-wear induced up-regulation of proteins involved in ATP-driven ion transport, calcium homeostasis, and GABA signalling between 6 and 48 h, while the same proteins were down-regulated over time in normally developing chicks. Glutamate and bicarbonate/chloride transporters were also down-regulated over time in normally developing chicks, and positive lens-wear inhibited this down-regulation. CONCLUSIONS The chick retina/RPE proteome undergoes extensive pathway expression shifts during normal development. Most of these pathways are further disrupted by lens-wear. The identified expression patterns suggest close interactions between neurotransmission (as exemplified by increased GABA receptor and synaptic protein expression), cellular ion homeostasis, and associated energy resources during myopia induction. We have also provided novel evidence for changes to SLC-mediated transmembrane transport during hyperopia induction, with potential implications for signalling at the photoreceptor-bipolar synapse. These findings reflect a key role for perturbed neurotransmission and ionic homeostasis in optically-induced refractive errors, and are predicted by our Retinal Ion Driven Efflux (RIDE) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd., Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Pierre Faou
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd., Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Xie M, Song F, Li J, Ma H, Wu J, Hou Y. Characteristics of SNPs related with high myopia traits in Chinese Han population. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schaeffel F, Feldkaemper M. Animal models in myopia research. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 98:507-17. [PMID: 26769177 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the development of refractive errors, in particular myopia, would be substantially limited had Wiesel and Raviola not discovered by accident that monkeys develop axial myopia as a result of deprivation of form vision. Similarly, if Josh Wallman and colleagues had not found that simple plastic goggles attached to the chicken eye generate large amounts of myopia, the chicken model would perhaps not have become such an important animal model. Contrary to previous assumptions about the mechanisms of myopia, these animal models suggested that eye growth is visually controlled locally by the retina, that an afferent connection to the brain is not essential and that emmetropisation uses more sophisticated cues than just the magnitude of retinal blur. While animal models have shown that the retina can determine the sign of defocus, the underlying mechanism is still not entirely clear. Animal models have also provided knowledge about the biochemical nature of the signal cascade converting the output of retinal image processing to changes in choroidal thickness and scleral growth; however, a critical question was, and still is, can the results from animal models be applied to myopia in children? While the basic findings from chickens appear applicable to monkeys, some fundamental questions remain. If eye growth is guided by visual feedback, why is myopic development not self-limiting? Why does undercorrection not arrest myopic progression even though positive lenses induce myopic defocus, which leads to the development of hyperopia in emmetropic animals? Why do some spectacle or contact lens designs reduce myopic progression and others not? It appears that some major differences exist between animals reared with imposed defocus and children treated with various optical corrections, although without the basic knowledge obtained from animal models, we would be lost in an abundance of untestable hypotheses concerning human myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Marita Feldkaemper
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Tuebingen, Germany
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Identification of myopia-associated WNT7B polymorphisms provides insights into the mechanism underlying the development of myopia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6689. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Pardue MT, Stone RA, Iuvone PM. Investigating mechanisms of myopia in mice. Exp Eye Res 2013; 114:96-105. [PMID: 23305908 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors have been shown to control visually-guided eye growth and influence myopia development. However, investigations into the intersection of these two factors in controlling refractive development have been limited by the lack of a genetically modifiable animal model. Technological advances have now made it possible to assess refractive state and ocular biometry in the small mouse eye and therefore to exploit the many genetic mouse mutants to investigate mechanisms of visually-guided eye growth. This review considers the benefits and challenges of studying refractive development in mice, compares the results of refractive error and ocular biometry from wild-type strains and genetic models in normal laboratory visual environments or with disrupted visual input, and discusses some of the remaining challenges in interpreting data from the mouse to validate and standardize methods between labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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