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Marchese NA, Ríos MN, Guido ME. The Intrinsic Blue Light Responses of Avian Müller Glial Cells Imply Calcium Release from Internal Stores. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221076698. [PMID: 35103506 PMCID: PMC8814826 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221076698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina of vertebrates is responsible for capturing light through visual
(cones and rods) and non-visual photoreceptors (intrinsically photosensitive
retinal ganglion cells and horizontal cells) triggering a number of essential
activities associated to image- and non-image forming functions (photic
entrainment of daily rhythms, pupillary light reflexes, pineal melatonin
inhibition, among others). Although the retina contains diverse types of
neuronal based-photoreceptors cells, originally classified as ciliary- or
rhabdomeric-like types, in recent years, it has been shown that the major glial
cell type of the retina, the Müller glial cells (MC), express blue photopigments
as Opn3 (encephalopsin) and Opn5 (neuropsin) and display light responses
associated to intracellular Ca2 + mobilization. These findings strongly propose
MC as novel retinal photodetectors (Rios et al., 2019). Herein, we further
investigated the intrinsic light responses of primary cultures of MC from
embryonic chicken retinas specially focused on Ca2 + mobilization by
fluorescence imaging and the identity of the internal Ca2 + stores responsible
for blue light responses. Results clearly demonstrated that light responses were
specific to blue light of long time exposure, and that the main Ca2 + reservoir
to trigger downstream responses came from intracellular stores localized in the
endoplasmic reticulum These observations bring more complexity to the intrinsic
photosensitivity of retinal cells, particularly with regard to the detection of
light in the blue range of visible spectra, and add novel functions to glial
cells cooperating with other photoreceptors to detect and integrate ambient
light in the retinal circuit and participate in cell to cell communication.
Summary statement:
Non-neuronal cells in the vertebrate retina, Muller glial cells, express
non-canonical photopigments and sense blue light causing calcium release from
intracellular stores strongly suggesting a novel intrinsic photosensitivity and
new regulatory events mediating light-driven processes with yet unknown
physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Marchese
- 373607CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28217Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano N Ríos
- 373607CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28217Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario E Guido
- 373607CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28217Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Rios MN, Marchese NA, Guido ME. Expression of Non-visual Opsins Opn3 and Opn5 in the Developing Inner Retinal Cells of Birds. Light-Responses in Müller Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:376. [PMID: 31474836 PMCID: PMC6706981 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian retina is composed of different types of photoreceptors responsible for image and non-image forming tasks: the visual photoreceptor cells (cones and rods), the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photoresponsive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and horizontal cells. Furthermore, the non-visual opsins Opn3 (encephalopsin/panaopsin) and Opn5 (neuropsin) have been shown to be expressed in the vertebrate inner retina, responding to blue (BL) and UV light, respectively. Here we investigated the expression and localization of Opn3 and Opn5 in the developing chick retina at different embryonic days (E) as well as in primary cultures of retinal Müller glial cells (MCs). Opn3 and Opn5 mRNAs and proteins appeared as early as E10 although traces of Opn3- and Opn5-like proteins were seen earlier by E7 in the forming RGC layer and in glial cells extending throughout the developing nuclear layer. Later on, at postnatal days 1–10 (PN1–10) a significant expression of Opn3 was observed in inner retinal cells and processes in plexiform layers, together with expression of the glial markers glutamine synthetase (GS) and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Opn3 and Opn5 were found to be expressed in primary MC cultures prepared at E8 and kept for 2 weeks. In addition, significant effects of BL exposure on Opn3 expression and subcellular localization were observed in MCs as BL significantly increased its levels and modified its nuclear location when compared with dark controls, through a mechanism dependent on protein synthesis. More importantly, a subpopulation of MCs responded to brief BL pulses by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels; whereas light-responses were completely abolished with the retinal bleacher hydroxylamine pretreatment. Taken together, our findings show that these two opsins are expressed in inner retinal cells and MCs of the chicken retina at early developmental phases and remain expressed in the mature retina at PN days. In addition, the novel photic responses seen in MCs may suggest another important role for the glia in retinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano N Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto," Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Marchese
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto," Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario E Guido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto," Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Horizontal cells expressing melanopsin x are novel photoreceptors in the avian inner retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13215-13220. [PMID: 27789727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608901113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, three types of photoreceptors-visual photoreceptor cones and rods and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)-converged through evolution to detect light and regulate image- and nonimage-forming activities such as photic entrainment of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflexes, etc. ipRGCs express the nonvisual photopigment melanopsin (OPN4), encoded by two genes: the Xenopus (Opn4x) and mammalian (Opn4m) orthologs. In the chicken retina, both OPN4 proteins are found in ipRGCs, and Opn4x is also present in retinal horizontal cells (HCs), which connect with visual photoreceptors. Here we investigate the intrinsic photosensitivity and functioning of HCs from primary cultures of embryonic retinas at day 15 by using calcium fluorescent fluo4 imaging, pharmacological inhibitory treatments, and Opn4x knockdown. Results show that HCs are avian photoreceptors with a retinal-based OPN4X photopigment conferring intrinsic photosensitivity. Light responses in HCs appear to be driven through an ancient type of phototransduction cascade similar to that in rhabdomeric photoreceptors involving a G-protein q, the activation of phospholipase C, calcium mobilization, and the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Based on their intrinsic photosensitivity, HCs may have a key dual function in the retina of vertebrates, potentially regulating nonvisual tasks together with their sister cells, ipRGCs, and with visual photoreceptors, modulating lateral interactions and retinal processing.
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The Visual Cycle in the Inner Retina of Chicken and the Involvement of Retinal G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (RGR). Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2507-2517. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Díaz NM, Morera LP, Guido ME. Melanopsin and the Non-visual Photochemistry in the Inner Retina of Vertebrates. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:29-44. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M. Díaz
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC); Córdoba Argentina
| | - Luis P. Morera
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC); Córdoba Argentina
| | - Mario E. Guido
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC); Córdoba Argentina
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Wickramasinghe S, Cánovas A, Rincón G, Medrano JF. RNA-Sequencing: A tool to explore new frontiers in animal genetics. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Early appearance of nonvisual and circadian markers in the developing inner retinal cells of chicken. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:646847. [PMID: 24977155 PMCID: PMC4055225 DOI: 10.1155/2014/646847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The retina is a key component of the vertebrate circadian system; it is responsible for detecting and transmitting the environmental illumination conditions (day/night cycles) to the brain that synchronize the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). For this, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the SCN and other nonvisual areas. In the chicken, intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4) transmit photic information and regulate diverse nonvisual tasks. In nonmammalian vertebrates, two genes encode Opn4: the Xenopus (Opn4x) and the mammalian (Opn4m) orthologs. RGCs express both Opn4 genes but are not the only inner retinal cells expressing Opn4x: horizontal cells (HCs) also do so. Here, we further characterize primary cultures of both populations of inner retinal cells (RGCs and HCs) expressing Opn4x. The expression of this nonvisual photopigment, as well as that for different circadian markers such as the clock genes Bmal1, Clock, Per2, and Cry1, and the key melatonin synthesizing enzyme, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT), appears very early in development in both cell populations. The results clearly suggest that nonvisual Opn4 photoreceptors and endogenous clocks converge all together in these inner retinal cells at early developmental stages.
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Dupraz S, Grassi D, Karnas D, Nieto Guil AF, Hicks D, Quiroga S. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor is essential for axonal regeneration in adult central nervous system neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54462. [PMID: 23349896 PMCID: PMC3548777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration is an essential condition to re-establish functional neuronal connections in the injured adult central nervous system (CNS), but efficient regrowth of severed axons has proven to be very difficult to achieve. Although significant progress has been made in identifying the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms involved, many aspects remain unresolved. Axonal development in embryonic CNS (hippocampus) requires the obligate activation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Based on known similarities between axonal growth in fetal compared to mature CNS, we decided to examine the expression of the IGF-1R, using an antibody to the βgc subunit or a polyclonal anti-peptide antibody directed to the IGF-R (C20), in an in vitro model of adult CNS axonal regeneration, namely retinal ganglion cells (RGC) derived from adult rat retinas. Expression of both βgc and the β subunit recognized by C20 antibody were low in freshly isolated adult RGC, but increased significantly after 4 days in vitro. As in embryonic axons, βgc was localised to distal regions and leading growth cones in RGC. IGF-1R-βgc co-localised with activated p85 involved in the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, upon stimulation with IGF-1. Blocking experiments using either an antibody which neutralises IGF-1R activation, shRNA designed against the IGF-1R sequence, or the PI3K pathway inhibitor LY294002, all significantly reduced axon regeneration from adult RGC in vitro (∼40% RGC possessed axons in controls vs 2-8% in the different blocking studies). Finally, co-transfection of RGC with shRNA to silence IGF-1R together with a vector containing a constitutively active form of downstream PI3K (p110), fully restored axonal outgrowth in vitro. Hence these data demonstrate that axonal regeneration in adult CNS neurons requires re-expression and activation of IGF-1R, and targeting this system may offer new therapeutic approaches to enhancing axonal regeneration following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Dupraz
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diego Grassi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diana Karnas
- Rhythms, Life and Death in the Retina, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR-3212 Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alvaro F. Nieto Guil
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - David Hicks
- Rhythms, Life and Death in the Retina, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR-3212 Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Santiago Quiroga
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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