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Bahlmann D, van Oterendorp C. [Glaucoma Filtration Surgery - Bleb-forming Procedures]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024; 241:863-880. [PMID: 38788734 DOI: 10.1055/a-2305-5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma filtration surgery has been a standard surgical therapy for decades. An increasing knowledge about wound healing processes in the eye, the introduction of antimetabolite treatment and continuous improvements of the surgical technique helped making trabeculectomy - the prototype filtration surgery - a very effective therapeutic tool. However, best results will only be regularly achieved with a high level of experience and time dedicated to postoperative follow-up. Furthermore, the potential for severe early and late complications still remains high. Thus, novel stent-based filtration surgery approaches, such as the Preserflo and the XEN shunt have been introduced. This review presents these three bleb-forming filtration procedures, covering the basic principles of surgical technique, data on effectivity as well as complications.
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Chen TC, Chang SW. Repeated cell sorting ensures the homogeneity of ocular cell populations expressing a transgenic protein. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265183. [PMID: 35333876 PMCID: PMC8956163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic proteins can be routinely expressed in various mammalian cell types via different transgenic systems, but the efficiency of transgene expression is constrained by the complex interplay among factors such as the temporal consistency of expression and compatibility with specific cell types, including ocular cells. Here, we report a more efficient way to express an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in human corneal fibroblasts, corneal epithelial cells, and conjunctival epithelial cells through a lentiviral expression system. The relative transducing unit criterion for EGFP-expressing pseudovirions was first determined in HEK-293T cells. Homogeneous populations of EGFP-positive and EGFP-negative cells could be isolated by cell sorting. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for puromycin was calculated according to viability curves for each cell type. The results revealed that cell types differed with respect to EGFP expression efficiency after transduction with the same amount of EGFP-encoding pseudovirions. Using a cell sorter, the homogeneity of EGFP-positive cells reached >95%. In the initial sorting stage, however, the efficiency of EGFP expression in the sorted cells was noticeably reduced after two rounds of sequential culture, but repeated sorting for up to four rounds yielded homogeneous EGFP-positive human corneal fibroblasts that could be maintained in continuous culture in vitro. The sorted EGFP-positive cells retained their proper morphology and cell type-specific protein expression patterns. Puromycin resistance was found to depend on cell type, indicating that the IC50 for puromycin must be determined for each cell type to ensure the isolation of homogeneous EGFP-positive cells. Taken together, repeated cell sorting is an efficient means of obtaining homogeneous populations of ocular cells expressing a transgenic protein during continuous culture without the potential confounding effects of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ye H, Yang X, Chen X, Shen L, Le R. Isoliquiritigenin protects against angiotensin II-induced fibrogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB/PPARγ inflammatory pathway in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108146. [PMID: 32726604 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the protective effects of Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced inflammation and fibrosis on Human Tenon's capsule Fibroblasts (HTFs) and Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages (MPMs). This study also investigated the potential mechanism of action of ISL. METHOD Methyl-thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to test ISL toxicity. An ELISA and an RT-qPCR assay detected the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and ICAM-1). A Western blot investigated the expression levels of inflammation-related signals [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)], and fibrogenesis, including fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)]. Protein expressions of α-SMA were measured by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Pre-treatment with ISL (10 or 20 μM) dose-dependently decreased the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, and COX-2 induced by ANG II (1 μg/ml) in both MPMs and HTFs. ANG II remarkably increased the amount of P65 in the nuclei and decreased the amount of P65 in the cytoplasm. Additionally, ANG II reduced PPARγ expression levels in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, these effects which were induced by ISL were remarkably neutralized by ISL pre-treatment. Finally, ANG II markedly elevated the expression of fibronectin and α-SMA. CONCLUSION ISL could alleviate ANG II-induced fibrogenesis by inhibiting the NF-κB/PPARγ inflammatory pathway. In addition, ISL may be a potential agent for the treatment of conjunctival fibrosis. Most importantly, the NF-κB/PPARγ signaling pathway could be an effective therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of conjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Ye
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Rongrong Le
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen TC, Ho WT, Lai CH, Chang SW. Mitomycin C modulates intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and affects corneal fibroblast migration. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172752. [PMID: 31647907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MMC) is often used to prevent postoperative corneal haze and subconjunctival fibrosis in ocular surgery. It also affects the motility and viability of the residual ocular cells, including corneal stromal cells. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) contributes to the promotion of cell movement in macrophage and cancer cells, but the intracellular role of MMP-9 remained unclear. Herein, we illustrated the novel role of intracellular MMP-9 in MMC-suppressed cell migration using isolated human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). In HCFs, MMC enhanced intracellular MMP-9 at transcriptional and protein levels. Using co-immunoprecipitation analysis, we confirmed that MMC enhanced the association between intracellular MMP-9 and inactive FAK/paxillin (PXN) complexes, i.e. PXN without phospho-tyrosine 118 (pY118) and FAK without phospho-tyrosine 397 (pY397). To verify the role of intracellular MMP-9 in migration, its gene was directly isolated from HCFs and highly expressed in HCFs by a lentivirus-based pseudovirus system with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the MMP-9-IG-versus IG-expressing cells. Compared with the IG-expressing cells, higher intracellular MMP-9 expression in the MMP-9-IG-expressing HCFs proliferated and migrated more slowly. Phosphorylation of FAK at Y397 and PXN at both Y31 and Y118 were significantly less in the MMP-9-IG-expressing HCFs. These suggested that MMC-upregulated intracellular MMP-9 clutched inactive FAK/PXN complexes at focal adhesion sites to form a new "inactive" trimer, prohibited FAK/PXN complexes phosphorylation and retarded corneal fibroblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsueh Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tsutsumi-Kuroda U, Inoue T, Futakuchi A, Shobayashi K, Takahashi E, Kojima S, Inoue-Mochita M, Fujimoto T, Tanihara H. Decreased MCP-1/CCR2 axis-mediated chemotactic effect of conjunctival fibroblasts after transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Feng QY, Hu ZX, Song XL, Pan HW. Aberrant expression of genes and proteins in pterygium and their implications in the pathogenesis. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:973-981. [PMID: 28730091 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.06.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease induced by a variety of factors. The exact pathogenesis of pterygium remains unclear. Numbers of genes and proteins are discovered in pterygium and they function differently in the occurrence and development of this disease. We searched the Web of Science and PubMed throughout history for literatures about the subject. The keywords we used contain pterygium, gene, protein, angiogenesis, fibrosis, proliferation, inflammation, pathogenesis and therapy. In this review, we summarize the aberrant expression of a range of genes and proteins in pterygium compared with normal conjunctiva or cornea, including growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, interleukins, tumor suppressor genes, proliferation related proteins, apoptosis related proteins, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, heat shock proteins and tight junction proteins. We illustrate their possible mechanisms in the pathogenesis of pterygium as well as the related intervention based on them for pterygium therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Hu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Ling Song
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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Szigiato AA, Podbielski DW, Ahmed IIK. Sustained drug delivery for the management of glaucoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2017.1280393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik W. Podbielski
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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A role for antimetabolites in glaucoma tube surgery: current evidence and future directions. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016; 27:164-9. [PMID: 26720778 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The main treatment modality for glaucoma is the reduction and control of the intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma filtration surgery, including trabeculectomy and/or implantation of a glaucoma drainage device (GDD), is warranted if IOP remains medically uncontrolled. However, postoperative scarring remains a critical determinant of long-term bleb survival and IOP control after drainage surgery. Antimetabolites, such as mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil, have been used for many years to increase survival time of filtration surgeries by preventing bleb fibrosis and scarring. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of: the current usage of these antimetabolites in GDD, the recent advancements of these antimetabolites in combination with other technologies, and the role of future antimetabolites. RECENT FINDINGS Mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil have been used in GDD and trabeculectomy to prevent the exaggerated cellular reaction that leads to fibrosis. The adjunctive administration of these drugs intraoperatively and postoperatively has resulted in a lower rate of the hypertensive phase, and possibly a better long-term success rate in Ahmed valve surgeries. However, the application of these antimetabolites and their multiple-dosing applications are associated with nonspecific cytotoxicity and potentially severe complications such as bleb leak and conjunctival erosion over the tube. Recent studies are thus focusing on different medications, targeting new molecular pathways, and designing new delivery vehicles to minimize current antimetabolites side-effects and increase their efficacy. Promising results of these studies have led to development of new collaborative medications and advanced drug delivery systems for better modulation of GDD surgeries' predictable outcomes. SUMMARY The development of small molecule therapeutics, combination therapies, and innovative drug vehicles to prevent postsurgical fibrosis and achieve better surgical outcome in glaucoma filtration surgeries is promising.
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Chen TC, Tsai TY, Chang SW. Molecular mechanism of fluoroquinolones modulation on corneal fibroblast motility. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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