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Hu B, Huang Y, Jakobs TC, Kang Q, Lv Z, Liu W, Wang R. Viability of mitochondria-labeled retinal ganglion cells in organotypic retinal explant cultures by two methods. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109311. [PMID: 36403849 PMCID: PMC11003390 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal explant cultures provide a valuable system to study retinal function in vitro. This study established a new retinal explant culture method to prolong the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Explants were prepared in two different ways: with or without optic nerve. Retinas from newborn mice that had received an injection of MitoTracker Red into the contralateral superior colliculus to label axonal mitochondria were cultured as organotypic culture for 7 days in vitro. At several time points during the culture, viability of RGCs was assessed by multi-electrode array recording, and morphology by immunohistochemical methods. During the culture, the thickness of the retinal tissue in both groups gradually decreased, however, the structure of the layers of the retina could be identified. Massive apoptosis in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) appeared on the first day of culture, thereafter the number of apoptotic cells decreased. Glial activation was observed throughout the culture, and there was no difference in morphology between the two groups. RGCs loss was exacerbated on 3rdday of culture, and RGCs loss in retinal explants with preserved optic nerve was significantly lower than in retinas that did not preserve the optic nerve. More and longer-lasting mitochondrial signals were observed in the injured area of the optic nerve-preserving explants. Retinal explants provide an invaluable tool for studying retinal function and developing treatments for ocular diseases. The optic nerve-preserving culture helps preserve the integrity of RGCs. The higher number of mitochondria in the nerve-preserving cultures may help maintain viability of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tatjana C Jakobs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary / Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Qianyan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Ziwei Lv
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China; Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710002, China.
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Chen X, Xiaokaiti M, Wu S, Yao W, You S, Li G, Mo X. A modified fabrication procedure of retinal explant and optimized formulation of culture medium in a three-dimensional retinal culture system. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 344:108860. [PMID: 32673635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional culture system of retinal explant is commonly used to study retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon regeneration in vitro. The retinal explants fabricated by traditional procedure in culture system, however, are usually too small (merely 0.5 × 0.5 mm) to be easily detected or treated by current experimental techniques. Also, the constituents of culture medium have not been fully elucidated. NEW METHOD A fabrication procedure was developed to enlarge the retinal explants and explore the reasonable concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) for evaluating axonal regeneration. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the density or length of regenerative neurites in the retinal explants fabricated by traditional and modified procedures. Increased FBS concentrations promoted neurite regeneration, decreased RGCs apoptosis, and activated tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptors, all reaching a plateau at 1 % FBS. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Compared with traditional procedure, the modified fabrication procedure facilitates application of experimental techniques to retinal explants, increases the efficiency of obtaining observation area of regenerating neurites, and reduces the wastage of retinal tissues. The recommended FBS concentration determined in this study is shown to be more suitable for studying neuronal regeneration. CONCLUSION The retinal explants made by the modified fabrication procedure are successfully applied to the three-dimensional culture system, and presented several advantages over the traditional one. Furthermore, a preliminary experiment must be performed to determine the suitable concentration of FBS in each study to ensure accuracy and stability of the results obtained from the three-dimension retinal culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Maierhaba Xiaokaiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Suqian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuqi You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, NO. 83, Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Murali A, Ramlogan-Steel CA, Andrzejewski S, Steel JC, Layton CJ. Retinal explant culture: A platform to investigate human neuro-retina. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:274-285. [PMID: 30378239 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The retina is the tissue responsible for light detection, in which retinal neurons convert light energy into electrical signals to be transported towards the visual cortex. Damage of retinal neurons leads to neuronal cell death and retinal pathologies, compromising visual acuity and eventually leading to irreversible blindness. Models of retinal neurodegeneration include 2D systems like cell lines, disassociated cultures and co-cultures, and 3D models like organoids, organotypic retinal cultures and animal models. Of these, ex vivo human retinal cultures are arguably the most suitable models for translational research as they retain complex inter-cellular interactions of the retina and precisely mimic in-situ responses. In this review, we summarize the distinguishing features of the human retina which are important to preserve in experimental culture, the historical development of human retinal culture systems, the factors affecting ex vivo human retinal culture and the applications and challenges associated with current methods of human retinal explant culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Murali
- LVF Ophthalmology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charmaine A Ramlogan-Steel
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Slawomir Andrzejewski
- LVF Ophthalmology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason C Steel
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J Layton
- LVF Ophthalmology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Role of the β Common (βc) Family of Cytokines in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028514. [PMID: 28716883 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The β common ([βc]/CD131) family of cytokines comprises granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-5, all of which use βc as their key signaling receptor subunit. This is a prototypic signaling subunit-sharing cytokine family that has unveiled many biological paradigms and structural principles applicable to the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 receptor families, all of which also share one or more signaling subunits. Originally identified for their functions in the hematopoietic system, the βc cytokines are now known to be truly pleiotropic, impacting on multiple cell types, organs, and biological systems, and thereby controlling the balance between health and disease. This review will focus on the emerging biological roles for the βc cytokines, our progress toward understanding the mechanisms of receptor assembly and signaling, and the application of this knowledge to develop exciting new therapeutic approaches against human disease.
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Barber A, Farmer K, Martin KR, Smith PD. Retinal regeneration mechanisms linked to multiple cancer molecules: A therapeutic conundrum. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 56:19-31. [PMID: 27586058 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a large number of research articles have been published demonstrating regeneration and/or neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells following manipulation of specific genetic and molecular targets. Interestingly, of the targets that have been identified to promote repair following visual system damage, many are genes known to be mutated in different types of cancer. This review explores recent literature on the potential for modulating cancer genes as a therapeutic strategy for visual system repair and looks at the potential clinical challenges associated with implementing this type of therapy. We also discuss signalling mechanisms that have been implicated in cancer and consider how similar mechanisms may improve axonal regeneration in the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Barber
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith R Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Medical Research Council - Wellcome Trust Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Shanmugalingam U, Jadavji NM, Smith PD. Role of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in regeneration of the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:902-3. [PMID: 27482209 PMCID: PMC4962578 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafisa M Jadavji
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrice D Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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