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Gomatam CK, Ingale P, Rodriguez G, Munger S, Pomeranets R, Krishna S, Lowe J, Howard ZM, Rafael-Fortney JA. Cell-type specific effects of mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression suggest intercellular communication regulating fibrosis in skeletal muscle disease. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1322729. [PMID: 38737833 PMCID: PMC11082420 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1322729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal striated muscle degenerative disease. DMD is caused by loss of dystrophin protein, which results in sarcolemmal instability and cycles of myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Pathology is exacerbated by overactivation of infiltrating immune cells and fibroblasts, which leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), a type of nuclear steroid hormone receptors, are potential therapeutic targets for DMD. MR antagonists show clinical efficacy on DMD cardiomyopathy and preclinical efficacy on skeletal muscle in DMD models. Methods: We have previously generated myofiber and myeloid MR knockout mouse models to dissect cell-specific functions of MR within dystrophic muscles. Here, we compared skeletal muscle gene expression from both knockouts to further define cell-type specific signaling downstream from MR. Results: Myeloid MR knockout increased proinflammatory and profibrotic signaling, including numerous myofibroblast signature genes. Tenascin C was the most highly upregulated fibrotic gene in myeloid MR-knockout skeletal muscle and is a component of fibrosis in dystrophic skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, lysyl oxidase (Lox), canonically a collagen crosslinker, was increased in both MR knockouts, but did not localize to fibrotic regions of skeletal muscle. Lox localized within myofibers, including only a region of quadriceps muscles. Lysyl oxidase like 1 (Loxl1), another Lox family member, was increased only in myeloid MR knockout muscle and localized specifically to fibrotic regions. Discussion: This study suggests that MR signaling in the dystrophic muscle microenvironment involves communication between contributing cell types and modulates inflammatory and fibrotic pathways in muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jill A. Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Hariani HN, Ghosh AK, Rosen SM, Tso HY, Kessinger C, Zhang C, Jones WK, Sappington RM, Mitchell CH, Stubbs EB, Rao VR, Kaja S. Lysyl oxidase like-1 deficiency in optic nerve head astrocytes elicits reactive astrocytosis and alters functional effects of astrocyte derived exosomes. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109813. [PMID: 38331016 PMCID: PMC10962968 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial progressive ocular pathology that manifests clinically with damage to the optic nerve (ON) and the retina, ultimately leading to blindness. The optic nerve head (ONH) shows the earliest signs of glaucoma pathology, and therefore, is an attractive target for drug discovery. The goal of this study was to elucidate the effects of reactive astrocytosis on the elastin metabolism pathway in primary rat optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHA), the primary glial cell type in the unmyelinated ONH. Following exposure to static equibiaxial mechanical strain, we observed prototypic molecular and biochemical signatures of reactive astrocytosis that were associated with a decrease in lysyl oxidase like 1 (Loxl1) expression and a concomitant decrease in elastin (Eln) gene expression. We subsequently investigated the role of Loxl1 in reactive astrocytosis by generating primary rat ONHA cultures with ∼50% decreased Loxl1 expression. Our results suggest that reduced Loxl1 expression is sufficient to elicit molecular signatures of elastinopathy in ONHA. Astrocyte derived exosomes (ADE) significantly increased the length of primary neurites of primary neurons in vitro. In contrast, ADE from Loxl1-deficient ONHA were deficient of trophic effects on neurite outgrowth in vitro, positing that Loxl1 dysfunction and the ensuing impaired elastin synthesis during reactive astrocytosis in the ONH may contribute to impaired neuron-glia signaling in glaucoma. Our data support a role of dysregulated Loxl1 function in eliciting reactive astrocytosis in glaucoma subtypes associated with increased IOP, even in the absence of genetic polymorphisms in LOXL1 typically associated with exfoliation glaucoma. This suggests the need for a paradigm shift toward considering lysyl oxidase activity and elastin metabolism and signaling as contributors to an altered secretome of the ONH that may lead to the progression of glaucomatous changes. Future research is needed to investigate cargo of exosomes in the context of reactive astrocytosis and identify the pathways leading to the observed transcriptome changes during reactive astrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh N Hariani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Anita K Ghosh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Sasha M Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Radiology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Huen-Yee Tso
- Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cassidy Kessinger
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Chongyu Zhang
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - W Keith Jones
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA; Translational Eye and Vision Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Evan B Stubbs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Vidhya R Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA.
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Bitard J, Grellier EK, Lourdel S, Filipe HP, Hamon A, Fenaille F, Castelli FA, Chu-Van E, Roger JE, Locker M, Perron M. Uveitic glaucoma-like features in Yap conditional knockout mice. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:48. [PMID: 38272861 PMCID: PMC10811226 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive and irreversible degeneration of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells. Despite medical advances aiming at slowing degeneration, around 40% of treated glaucomatous patients will undergo vision loss. It is thus of utmost importance to have a better understanding of the disease and to investigate more deeply its early causes. The transcriptional coactivator YAP, an important regulator of eye homeostasis, has recently drawn attention in the glaucoma research field. Here we show that Yap conditional knockout mice (Yap cKO), in which the deletion of Yap is induced in both Müller glia (i.e. the only retinal YAP-expressing cells) and the non-pigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body, exhibit a breakdown of the aqueous-blood barrier, accompanied by a progressive collapse of the ciliary body. A similar phenotype is observed in human samples that we obtained from patients presenting with uveitis. In addition, aged Yap cKO mice harbor glaucoma-like features, including deregulation of key homeostatic Müller-derived proteins, retinal vascular defects, optic nerve degeneration and retinal ganglion cell death. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of Yap cKO retinas pointed to early-deregulated genes involved in extracellular matrix organization potentially underlying the onset and/or progression of the observed phenotype. Together, our findings reveal the essential role of YAP in preserving the integrity of the ciliary body and retinal ganglion cells, thereby preventing the onset of uveitic glaucoma-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bitard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France.
| | - Elodie-Kim Grellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sophie Lourdel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Helena Prior Filipe
- West Lisbon Hospitals Center, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Annaïg Hamon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Florence Anne Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Emeline Chu-Van
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme E Roger
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Morgane Locker
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France.
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Mueller A, Lam I, Kishor K, Lee RK, Bhattacharya S. Secondary glaucoma: Toward interventions based on molecular underpinnings. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1628. [PMID: 37669762 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of progressive diseases that leads to irreversible blindness. Secondary glaucoma refers to glaucoma caused by a known underlying condition. Pseudoexfoliation and pigment dispersion syndromes are common causes of secondary glaucoma. Their respective deposits may obstruct the trabecular meshwork, leading to aqueous humor outflow resistance, ocular hypertension, and optic neuropathy. There are no disease-specific interventions available for either. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is characterized by fibrillar deposits (pseudoexfoliative material) on anterior segment structures. Over a decade of multiomics analyses taken together with the current knowledge on pseudoexfoliative glaucoma warrant a re-think of mechanistic possibilities. We propose that the presence of nucleation centers (e.g., vitamin D binding protein), crosslinking enzymes (e.g., transglutaminase 2), aberrant extracellular matrix, flawed endocytosis, and abnormal aqueous-blood barrier contribute to the formation of proteolytically resistant pseudoexfoliative material. Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by abnormal iridolenticular contact that disrupts iris pigment epithelium and liberates melanin granules. Iris melanogenesis is aberrant in this condition. Cytotoxic melanogenesis intermediates leak out of melanosomes and cause iris melanocyte and pigment epithelium cell death. Targeting melanogenesis can likely decrease the risk of pigmentary glaucoma. Skin and melanoma research provides insights into potential therapeutics. We propose that specific prostanoid agonists and fenofibrates may reduce melanogenesis by inhibiting cholesterol internalization and de novo synthesis. Additionally, melatonin is a potent melanogenesis suppressor, antioxidant, and hypotensive agent, rendering it a valuable agent for pigmentary glaucoma. In pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, where environmental insults drive pseudoexfoliative material formation, melatonin's antioxidant and hypotensive properties may offer adjunct therapeutic benefits. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mueller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Isabel Lam
- Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, Idaho, USA
| | - Krishna Kishor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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5
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Kandeeban S, Ishwarya S, Nareshkumar RN, Gunalan V, Porkodi P, Shyam Sundar J, Asokan R, Sharada R, Sripriya K, George R, Sripriya S. A Study on the Candidate Gene Association and Interaction with Measures of UV Exposure in Pseudoexfoliation Patients from India. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:1144-1152. [PMID: 37556844 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2246689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental and genetic factors are associated with development of Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS). Here we intended to elucidate the association of candidate genes in relevance to UV exposure in these patients. METHODS This is a case-control study of 309 subjects (N = 219 controls and 90 XFS cases) from India. PCR based direct sequencing was performed for candidate genes (LOXL1, POMP and TMEM136) followed by genotype and haplotype analysis. The promoter methylation status was assessed by Methylation specific PCR based direct sequencing of genomic DNA for all samples. The methylation status was compared with that of primary fibroblasts cultures established from patient's Tenon's tissue samples in subset of these patients. RESULTS SNPs rs3825942, rs41435250, rs8818 (LOXL1) and rs3737528 (POMP) showed significant association with XFS. LOXL1 gene haplotype GAGC (rs1048661- rs3825942- rs41435250-rs8818) was associated with lower risk for XFS with a p value 4.1961 × 10-6 (OR =0; 95%CI, 0.000-0.003). POMP gene haplotypes for intronic SNPs (rs1340815- rs3737528- rs913797) TCC and TTC were associated with increased risk for the disease (OR > 1.0). Significant correlation for SNPs rs3825942 of LOXL1 (ρ= -0.132) and rs3737528 of POMP (ρ = 0.12) was observed with measure of lifetime UV exposure (CUVAF value). Reduced LOXL1 gene expression was observed in cultured tenon fibroblasts from the patients that correlated with differential methylation of the Sp-1 binding sites at -253, -243bp upstream to the transcription start site of LOXL1 promoter region. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a possible interaction for LOXL1 gene haplotype (GAGC) with the measure of ocular UV exposure in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Kandeeban
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tanjavur, India
| | - Sureshkumar Ishwarya
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - R N Nareshkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, R S Mehta Jain, Chennai, India
| | - Vaishaali Gunalan
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - P Porkodi
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - J Shyam Sundar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, R S Mehta Jain, Chennai, India
| | - Rashima Asokan
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - R Sharada
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Sripriya
- Smt. Jadhavbai Nathamal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Smt. Jadhavbai Nathamal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Sarangapani Sripriya
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
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Qin M, Yu-Wai-Man C. Glaucoma: Novel antifibrotic therapeutics for the trabecular meshwork. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 954:175882. [PMID: 37391006 PMCID: PMC10804937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and visual field defects, and currently affects around 1% of the world's population. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the best-known modifiable risk factor and a key therapeutic target in hypertensive glaucoma. The trabecular meshwork (TM) is the main site of aqueous humor outflow resistance and therefore a critical regulator of IOP. Fibrosis, a reparative process characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components and contractile myofibroblasts, can impair TM function and contribute to the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) as well as the failure of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) devices. This paper provides a detailed overview of the current anti-fibrotic therapeutics targeting the TM in glaucoma, along with their anti-fibrotic mechanisms, efficacy as well as the current research progress from pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Qin
- King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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7
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Zalewska A, Antonowicz B, Szulimowska J, Zieniewska-Siemieńczuk I, Leśniewska B, Borys J, Zięba S, Kostecka-Sochoń P, Żendzian-Piotrowska M, Lo Giudice R, Lo Giudice G, Żukowski P, Maciejczyk M. Mitochondrial Redox Balance of Fibroblasts Exposed to Ti-6Al-4V Microplates Subjected to Different Types of Anodizing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12896. [PMID: 37629077 PMCID: PMC10454109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high biocompatibility of titanium and its alloys, the need to remove titanium implants is increasingly being debated due to the potential for adverse effects associated with long-term retention. Therefore, new solutions are being sought to enhance the biocompatibility of titanium implants. One of them is to increase the thickness of the passive layer of the implant made of titanium dioxide. We were the first to evaluate the effect of hard-anodized (type II) Ti-6Al-4V alloy discs on the cytotoxicity, mitochondrial function, and redox balance of fibroblasts mitochondria compared to standard-anodized (type III) and non-anodized discs. The study used fibroblasts obtained from human gingival tissue. The test discs were applied to the bottom of 12-well plates. Cells were cultured for 24 h and 7, 14, and 21 days and mitochondria were isolated. We demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative stress in the mitochondria of fibroblasts of all tested groups, regardless of the presence and type of anodization. Type II anodization prevented changes in complex II activity (vs. control). The lowest degree of citrate synthase inhibition occurred in mitochondria exposed to titanium discs with type II anodization. In the last phase of culture, the presence of type II anodization reduced the degree of cytochrome c oxidase inhibition compared to the other tests groups and the control group, and prevented apoptosis. Throughout the experiment, the release of titanium, aluminium, and vanadium ions from titanium discs with a hard-anodized passive layer was higher than from the other titanium discs, but decreased with time. The obtained results proved the existence of dysfunction and redox imbalance in the mitochondria of fibroblasts exposed to hard-anodized titanium discs, suggesting the need to search for new materials perhaps biodegradable in tissues of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zalewska
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland; (J.S.); (I.Z.-S.); (P.K.-S.)
| | - Bożena Antonowicz
- Dental Surgery Department, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Julita Szulimowska
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland; (J.S.); (I.Z.-S.); (P.K.-S.)
| | - Izabela Zieniewska-Siemieńczuk
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland; (J.S.); (I.Z.-S.); (P.K.-S.)
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, University in Bialystok, 15-328 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jan Borys
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Sara Zięba
- PhD School, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paula Kostecka-Sochoń
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland; (J.S.); (I.Z.-S.); (P.K.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Żendzian-Piotrowska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland; (M.Ż.-P.); (M.M.)
| | - Roberto Lo Giudice
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Evolutive Age G. Barresi, Messina University, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giusseppe Lo Giudice
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Piotr Żukowski
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Croydon University, London CR9 1DX, UK;
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University in Bialystok, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland; (M.Ż.-P.); (M.M.)
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8
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Demirdöğen BC, Demirkaya-Budak S. Influence of clusterin genetic variants on IOP elevation in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in Turkish population. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:117. [PMID: 36959561 PMCID: PMC10035213 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is distinguished by the deposition of fibrillary material within the aqueous humor and, in most cases, causes pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG). The pathophysiologies of PEX and PEG are not completely explained. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3' untranslated region or introns of the clusterin gene (CLU) and the susceptibility to developing PEG or PEX. METHODS Two hundred and forty patients with PEX, 239 patients with PEG, and 240 control subjects were included. Genotyping was carried out using real-time PCR (rs2279590 C/T and rs1532278 C/T) or PCR followed by restriction endonuclease digestion (rs11136000 C/T and rs3087554 T/C). RESULTS The minor alleles or genotypes of CLU SNPs were not significantly associated with PEX or PEG. IOP values of patients with PEX carrying the homozygote polymorphic TT genotype were significantly elevated compared with PEX cases with the CT or CC genotypes for rs2279590, rs11136000 and rs1532278 (P = .009, P = .007, P = .010, respectively). CONCLUSION We present the first evidence that three SNPs in CLU gene (rs2279590, rs11136000 and rs1532278) might induce a rise in IOP in patients with PEX, conferring susceptibility to develop PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Can Demirdöğen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Söğütözü, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Demirkaya-Budak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Söğütözü, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
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Wang Z, Wiggs JL, Aung T, Khawaja AP, Khor CC. The genetic basis for adult onset glaucoma: Recent advances and future directions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101066. [PMID: 35589495 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a diverse group of eye disorders that results in the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, is the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness. Apart from age and ancestry, the major risk factor for glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). In primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the anterior chamber angle is open but there is resistance to aqueous outflow. In primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), crowding of the anterior chamber angle due to anatomical alterations impede aqueous drainage through the angle. In exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma, deposition of white flaky material throughout the anterior chamber directly interfere with aqueous outflow. Observational studies have established that there is a strong hereditable component for glaucoma onset and progression. Indeed, a succession of genome wide association studies (GWAS) that were centered upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have yielded more than a hundred genetic markers associated with glaucoma risk. However, a shortcoming of GWAS studies is the difficulty in identifying the actual effector genes responsible for disease pathogenesis. Building on the foundation laid by GWAS studies, research groups have recently begun to perform whole exome-sequencing to evaluate the contribution of protein-changing, coding sequence genetic variants to glaucoma risk. The adoption of this technology in both large population-based studies as well as family studies are revealing the presence of novel, protein-changing genetic variants that could enrich our understanding of the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This review will cover recent advances in the genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma, which collectively make up the vast majority of all glaucoma cases in the world today. We will discuss how recent advances in research methodology have uncovered new risk genes, and how follow up biological investigations could be undertaken in order to define how the risk encoded by a genetic sequence variant comes into play in patients. We will also hypothesise how data arising from characterising these genetic variants could be utilized to predict glaucoma risk and the manner in which new therapeutic strategies might be informed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxun Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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10
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Greslechner R, Helbig H, Spiegel D. [Secondary open-angle glaucoma: pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma]. Ophthalmologe 2022; 119:425-438. [PMID: 35362756 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-022-01609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary open-angle glaucomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases in which a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms result in an elevation of intraocular pressure. This article is the first part of a review of the more common forms of secondary open-angle glaucomas. The pathogenesis, characteristic clinical findings and treatment of pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma are discussed. An emphasis is placed on the differences in treatment compared to primary open-angle glaucoma and prophylactic treatment approaches are explained where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Greslechner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | - Horst Helbig
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Detlev Spiegel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland.,Augenzentrum München Süd, München, Deutschland
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11
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Eliseeva NV, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Analysis of Associations of Polymorphic Loci of the LOXL1 Gene with the Development of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Women of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Nie N, Gong L, Bao F, An C, Cai H, Yao X, Liu Y, Yang C, Wu B, Zou X. Structural, functional and molecular pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse in patient and Loxl1 deficient mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25886-25902. [PMID: 34923484 PMCID: PMC8751609 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse is a worldwide health problem to elderly women. Understanding its pathogenesis and an ideal animal model are crucial to developing promising treatments. The present study aimed to investigate new clinical significance and detailed mechanism of pelvic organ prolapse by comparing the structural, functional and molecular dysfunctions of pelvic organ prolapse in patient and Loxl1 deficient mice. Our results showed that human vagina tissues from prolapsed site showed disarranged collagen and elastic fibers compared with the non-prolapse tissue. A gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed molecular changes mainly related to inflammatory response and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. While the mice lacking Loxl1 developed stable POP phenotype and disordered ECM structure in histology. Such Loxl1 knockout mice exhibited a significantly urinary dysfunction and decreased mechanical properties of the pelvic floor tissues, implying that POP in human condition might be induced by progressively decreased mechanics of pelvic tissues following ECM catabolism. Similarly, we not only identified significant up-regulated ECM catabolism processes and down-regulated ECM synthesis processes, but also characterized high level of inflammatory response in vagina tissue of the Loxl1 deficient mice. Thus, all these pathological changes in the POP mice model was consistent with those of the clinical elderly patients. These findings provide new insight into remodeling of POP by LOXL1 regulation and be of great importance to develop combination treatments of ECM metabolism and inflammation regulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Nanfang Nie
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Lin Gong
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Bao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Chengrui An
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Hongxia Cai
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Department of Gynaecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Yanshan Liu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Department of Gynaecology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Department of Gynaecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - XiaoHui Zou
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
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13
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Bell KC, Ozaki M, Mori K, Mizoguchi T, Nakano S, Porporato N, Ikeda Y, Chihara E, Inoue K, Manabe S, Hayashi K, Higashide T, Ideta R, Tokumo K, Kiuchi Y, Nakano M, Ueno M, Kinoshita S, Tashiro K, Sotozono C, Inatani M, Sugiyama K, Kubota T, Li Z, Wang Z, Khor CC, Aung T. Association of the CYP39A1 G204E genetic variant with increased risk of glaucoma and blindness in patients with exfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmology 2021; 129:406-413. [PMID: 34763023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Carriers of functionally deficient mutations in the CYP39A1 gene have been recently reported to have a 2-fold increased risk of exfoliation syndrome (XFS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of blindness and related clinical phenotypes of XFS patients carrying the loss-of-function CYP39A1 G204E mutation in comparison to XFS patients without any CYP39A1 mutation. DESIGN Retrospective case study PARTICIPANTS: 35 patients diagnosed with XFS carrying the CYP39A1 G204E mutation and 150 XFS patients without any CYP39A1 mutation, who were randomly selected from the Japanese XFS cohort. METHODS Two-sided Fisher's Exact Test with an α-level <0.05 was used to estimate the significance of the calculated Odds Ratio (OR) for all categorical measures. Comparisons between groups of subjects were performed using linear mixed effect models with group as random effect and taking possible dependence between eyes within a subject into account. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary analysis compared the incidence of blindness (defined as visual acuity [VA]<0.05 decimal), prevalence of exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), history of glaucoma surgery, and indices of glaucoma severity such as visual field mean deviation (MD), intraocular pressure (IOP) and vertical cup-disc ratio (CDR), between CYP39A1 G204E carriers and those without any CYP39A1 mutation. RESULTS The overall risk for blindness was significantly higher in XFS patients carrying the CYP39A1 G204E variant (10/35 [28.6%]) compared to XFS patients without any CYP39A1 mutations (8/150 [5.3%]; OR7.1 [95%CI:2.7-20.2]; p<0.001). A higher proportion of XFS patients with the CYP39A1 G204E mutation (23/35 [65.7%]) had evidence of XFG in at least one eye compared to the comparison group (41/150 [27.3%]; OR5.1 [95%CI:2.4-11.4]; p<0.0001). Significantly higher peak IOP, larger vertical CDR and worse visual field MD were also found in CYP39A1 G204E variant carriers (p<0.001). Additionally, patients with the CYP39A1 G204E mutation (18/35 [51.4%]) required more laser or glaucoma surgical interventions compared to those without any CYP39A1 mutation (32/150 [21.3%], p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with XFS carrying the CYP39A1 G204E mutation had significantly increased risk of blindness, higher occurrence of XFG and more severe glaucoma compared to patients with XFS without any CYP39A1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mineo Ozaki
- Ozaki Eye Hospital, Hyuga, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Satoko Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu-City, Oita, Japan
| | - Natalia Porporato
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yoko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Kana Tokumo
- Hiroshima University Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiuchi
- Hiroshima University Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nakano
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Tashiro
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Inatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Kubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu-City, Oita, Japan
| | - Zheng Li
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Eliseeva NV, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. [Study of the functional significance of polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene associated with glaucoma according to genome-wide studies (in silico analysis)]. Vestn Oftalmol 2021; 137:22-30. [PMID: 34726854 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202113705122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common eye diseases leading to blindness, and whole-genome studies have shown that genetic factors are important in its formation. Purpose - to perform an in silico analysis of the functional significance of polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene associated with glaucoma, using data from wholegenome studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the catalog of genome-wide studies (GWAS) of the National Human Genome Research Institute (https://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/), three polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene (rs2165241, rs4886776, rs893818) associated with glaucoma (pseudoexfoliation glaucoma/syndrome) were chosen for the study. Using modern databases on functional genomics (SIFT, PolyPhen-2, HaploReg, GTExportal), the functional significance of these polymorphic loci was assessed (nonsynonymous substitutions, epigenetic effects, association with gene expression, associations with alternative splicing of gene transcripts). RESULTS The work establishes the important functional significance of the rs2165241, rs4886776 and rs893818 polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene. They demonstrate significant epigenetic effects (affect the affinity to five transcription factors, are located in the region of promoters and enhancers, in the region of hypersensitivity to DNase-1), are associated with the expression and alternative splicing of three genes (LOXL1, LOXL1-AS1, RP11-24D15.1) in cell cultures, organs and tissues pathogenetically significant for development of glaucoma, are strongly linked to the rs1048661 polymorphism, which causes the replacement of the Arg141Leu amino acid in the LOXL1 polypeptide. CONCLUSION Polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene (rs2165241, rs4886776, and rs893818) are of great functional importance (epigenetic, eQTL, and sQTL), which may be the biomedical basis of their associations with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Eliseeva
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - I V Ponomarenko
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - M I Churnosov
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
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15
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Zhang M, Sun S, Wang L, Wang X, Chen T, Chen Z, Jiang Y. Zonular defects in loxl1-deficient zebrafish. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 50:62-73. [PMID: 34585825 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the roles of the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (loxl1) gene in zebrafish eye development and the potency of loxl1 deficiency in mimicking the ocular manifestations of exfoliation syndrome (XFS). METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to generate a frameshift coding deletion in zebrafish loxl1. Expression profiles and ocular manifestations of the wildtype, heterozygous mutant (loxl1+/- ) and homozygous mutant (loxl1-/- ) zebrafish were analysed in a range of developmental stages from zebrafish larvae to dissected adult zebrafish eyes. RESULTS The loxl1 deficiency caused zonular bundling disorders in juvenile zebrafish and accumulation of pearl-like particles adhering to the adult zebrafish zonule. The bundles appeared to lack form and were thinner in both loxl1+/- and loxl1-/- zebrafish compared with the wildtype (p < 0.01 for all Bonferroni post-hoc analyses). The zonule of loxl1-/- zebrafish appeared stretched, ragged and torn, with isolated fibres also detected. The particles in loxl1-/- zebrafish were more numerous (counts: 92.33 ± 10.02/100 μm2 vs. 58.33 ± 5.03/100 μm2 , p = 0.006), but smaller in size (diameter: 0.21 ± 0.03 μm vs. 0.43 ± 0.04 μm, p = 0.002) compared with those in loxl1+/- . Transmission electron microscopy revealed thinning or even loss of elastic lamina in loxl1+/- Bruch's membrane (BM) (thickness of elastic lamina: 92.94 ± 18.19 nm in the wildtype vs 35.65 ± 14.76 nm in loxl1+/- , p = 0.003). The breakage of BM was observed in loxl1-/- . CONCLUSIONS The loxl1-/- zebrafish is a promising animal model of XFS zonular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Zexu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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16
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Yang A, Yan X, Xu H, Fan X, Zhang M, Huang T, Li W, Chen W, Jia J, You H. Selective depletion of hepatic stellate cells-specific LOXL1 alleviates liver fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21918. [PMID: 34569648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100374r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of LOXL1 in fibrosis via mediating ECM crosslinking and stabilization is well established; however, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)-specific LOXL1 in the development of fibrosis remains unknown. We generated HSCs-specific Loxl1-depleted mice (Loxl1Gfap-cre mice) to investigate the HSCs-specific contribution of LOXL1 in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Loxl1fl/fl mice were used as the control. Furthermore, we used RNA sequencing to explore the underlying changes in the transcriptome. Results of the sirius red staining, type I collagen immunolabeling, and hydroxyproline content analysis, coupled with the reduced expression of profibrogenic genes revealed that Loxl1Gfap-cre mice with CCl4 -induced fibrosis exhibited decreased hepatic fibrosis. In addition, Loxl1Gfap-cre mice exhibited reduced macrophage tissue infiltration by CD68-positive cells and decreased expression of inflammatory genes compared with the controls. RNA sequencing identified integrin α8 (ITGA8) as a key modulator of LOXL1-mediated liver fibrosis. Functional analyses showed that siRNA silencing of Itga8 in cultured fibroblasts led to a decline in the LOXL1 expression and inhibition of fibroblast activation. Mechanistic analyses indicated that LOXL1 activated the FAK/PI3K/AKT/HIF1a signaling pathway, and the addition of inhibitors of FAK or PI3K reversed these results via downregulation of LOXL1. Furthermore, HIF1a directly interacted with LOXL1 and upregulated its expression, indicating that LOXL1 can positively self-regulate by forming a positive feedback loop with the FAK/PI3K/AKT/HIF1a pathway. We demonstrated that HSCs-specific Loxl1 deficiency prevented fibrosis, inflammation and that ITGA8/FAK/PI3K/AKT/HIF1a was essential for the function and expression of LOXL1. Knowledge of this approach can provide novel mechanisms and targets to treat fibrosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiting Yang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Clinical Medicine Institute, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuzhen Yan
- National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Liver Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hufeng Xu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Clinical Medicine Institute, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xu Fan
- National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Liver Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Liver Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Clinical Medicine Institute, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weiyu Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Liver Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Clinical Medicine Institute, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Beijing Clinical Medicine Institute, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Liver Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong You
- Beijing Clinical Medicine Institute, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Liver Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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17
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Ayala M, Zetterberg M, Skoog I, Zettergren A. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located in LOXL1 with Exfoliation Glaucoma in Southwestern Sweden. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091384. [PMID: 34573365 PMCID: PMC8468303 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that leads to visual field defects. Genetic mechanisms seem to be involved in glaucoma development. Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) has been described in previous studies as a predictor factor for exfoliation glaucoma. The present article studied the association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LOXL1 gene and the presence of exfoliation glaucoma in Southwestern Sweden. Methods: Case-control study for genetic association. In total, 136 patients and 1011 controls were included in the study. Patients with exfoliation glaucoma were recruited at the Eye Department of Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Skaraborgs Hospital, Sweden. Controls were recruited from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study. Three different SNPs were genotyped: LOXL1_rs3825942, LOXL1_rs2165241 and LOXL1_rs1048661. Results: The distribution of allele frequencies was significantly different between controls and glaucoma patients; for rs3825942 (p = 2 × 10−12), for rs2165241 (p = 3 × 10−16) and for rs1048661 (p = 2 × 10−6). Logistic regression analyses using an additive genetic model, adjusted for sex and age, also showed associations between the studied SNPs and glaucoma (p = 9 × 10−6; p = 2 × 10−14; p = 1 × 10−4). Conclusion: A strong association was found between allele frequencies of three different SNPs (LOXL1_rs3825942, LOXL1_rs2165241, and LOXL1_rs1048661) and the presence of exfoliation glaucoma in a Southwestern Swedish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ayala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Eye Department, Region Västra Götaland, Skaraborg Hospital/Skövde, 54142 Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-500-431-000
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43130 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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18
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Possible Protective Effect of LOXL1 Variant in the Cohort of Chernobyl Catastrophe Clean-Up Workers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081231. [PMID: 34440405 PMCID: PMC8392314 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is an environmental factor known to alter genomes and therefore challenge organisms to adapt. Lithuanian clean-up workers of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster (LCWC) experienced high doses of IR, leading to different consequences. This study aims to characterise a unique protective genomic variation in a relatively healthy LCWC group. This variation influenced their individual reaction to IR and potentially protects against certain diseases such as exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Clinical and IR dosage data were collected using a questionnaire to characterise the cohort of 93 LCWC. Genome-wide genotyping using Illumina beadchip technology was performed. The control group included 466 unrelated, self-reported healthy individuals of Lithuanian descent. Genotypes were filtered out from the microarray dataset using a catalogue of SNPs. The data were used to perform association, linkage disequilibrium, and epistasis analysis. Phenotype data analysis showed the distribution of the most common disease groups among the LCWC. A genomic variant of statistical significance (Fishers' exact test, p = 0.019), rs3825942, was identified in LOXL1 (NM_005576.4:c.458G>A). Linkage disequilibrium and epistasis analysis for this variant identified the genes LHFPL3, GALNT6, PIH1D1, ANKS1B, and METRNL as potentially involved in the etiopathogenesis of exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma, which were not previously associated with the disease. The LOXL1 variant is mostly considered a risk factor in the development of exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. The influence of recent positive selection, the phenomenon of allele-flipping, and the fact that only individuals with the homozygous reference allele have glaucoma in the cohort of the LCWC suggest otherwise. The identification of rs3825942 and other potentially protective genomic variants may be useful for further analysis of the genetic architecture and etiopathogenetic mechanisms of other multifactorial diseases.
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Seese SE, Deml B, Muheisen S, Sorokina E, Semina EV. Genetic disruption of zebrafish mab21l1 reveals a conserved role in eye development and affected pathways. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1056-1073. [PMID: 33570754 PMCID: PMC8349561 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male-abnormal 21 like (MAB21L) genes are important in human ocular development. Homozygous loss of MAB21L1 leads to corneal dystrophy in all affected individuals along with cataracts and buphthalmos in some. The molecular function and downstream pathways of MAB21L factors are largely undefined. RESULTS We generated the first mab21l1 zebrafish mutant carrying a putative loss-of-function allele, c.107delA p.(Lys36Argfs*7). At the final stages of embryonic development, homozygous mab21l1c.107delA fish displayed enlarged anterior chambers and corneal thinning which progressed with age. Additional studies revealed increased cell death in the mutant corneas, transformation of the cornea into a skin-like epithelium, and progressive lens degeneration with development of fibrous masses in the anterior chamber. RNA-seq of wild-type and mutant ocular transcriptomes revealed significant changes in expression of several genes, including irf1a and b, stat1, elf3, krt17, tlr9, and loxa associated with immunity and/or corneal function. Abnormal expression of lysyl oxidases have been previously linked with corneal thinning, fibrosis, and lens defects in mammals, suggesting a role for loxa misexpression in the progressive mab21l1c.107delA eye phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish mab21l1 is essential for normal corneal development, similar to human MAB21L1. The identified molecular changes in mab21l1c.107delA mutants provide the first clues about possible affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- PreventionGenetics, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Analysis of the choroidal vascularity in asymmetric pseudoexfoliative glaucoma using optical coherence tomography-based image binarization. Eye (Lond) 2021; 36:1615-1622. [PMID: 34302135 PMCID: PMC9307780 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse choroidal vascular properties using an image binarization tool in patients with asymmetric pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) and compare them with healthy individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 144 eyes of 96 patients. The eyes were divided into three groups: 48 glaucomatous eyes and 48 non-glaucomatous contralateral eyes with no clinically observable pseudoexfoliation material of patients with asymmetric PXG, and 48 control eyes. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans of the macula and 3.4-mm diameter, 360-degree circle scans of the optic nerve head were binarized using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was calculated as the ratio of the luminal area to the total circumscribed choroidal area. RESULTS The macular CVI (mCVI) was significantly lower in the glaucomatous eyes than in the fellow eyes (p = 0.007) and the control eyes (p = 0.001). The peripapillary CVI (pCVI) in all sectors was significantly lower in the glaucomatous eyes than in the other two groups (all p < 0.05). Non-glaucomatous fellow eyes had lower CVI values in the macula and in the peripapillary region, except for the superior-nasal and nasal sectors, compared to the control eyes (all p < 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, while the cup-to-disc ratio was negatively associated with the pCVI, AL was negatively associated with the mCVI in both eyes of patients with PXG. CONCLUSIONS CVI was decreased in the macula and peripapillary area in glaucomatous eyes. Furthermore, the CVI tended to decrease in non-glaucomatous fellow eyes of PXG patients. This finding may suggest subclinical involvement and require further exploration into the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Talebnejad MR, Azimi A, Khalili MR, Meshksar A. The Role of Trace Elements in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:165-170. [PMID: 34055253 PMCID: PMC8126740 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i2.9079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is an age-related condition, characterized by deposition of whitish flake-shaped materials in the anterior segment of the eye. Although it occurs all over the world, a considerable racial variation exists. According to the high frequency of PXF in Iran and the importance of prevention and early treatment, we evaluated the plasma level of iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium in patients with PXF. Methods In this study, 83 individuals were enrolled; 40 patients with cataract and PXF as the case group and 43 age- and sex-matched individuals with cataract but without PXF as the control group. The serum levels of the mentioned microelements were compared in two groups. Results In the case group, 25 (62.5%) male and 15 (37.5%) female subjects participated. In the control group, the corresponding figures were 22 (51.2%) and 21 (48.8%), respectively. The mean age of the case group was 66.07 ± 9.46 and that for the control group was 66.88 ± 8.04 years. Regarding the case group, the serum levels of iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium were 60.58 ± 21.04, 84.7 ± 14.37, 120.23 ± 14.43, and 2.11 ± 0.23, respectively. These serum levels in the control group were 89.07 ± 26.06, 97.51 ± 17.42, 123.33 ± 19.01, and 2.14 ± 0.16. The serum levels of iron and zinc were significantly lower in the case group than the control group (P< 0.0001); however, such a difference was not observed in terms of copper and magnesium serum levels. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the serum iron and zinc levels were lower in PXF patients. Nutritional deficiency may be a cause of zonular weakness in these patients. Heme is a cofactor for the enzyme which contributes to the biosynthesis of fibrillin, the major protein in zonular fibers. Therefore, iron can play a substantial role in the biosynthesis of the fibrils and also in the zonular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Talebnejad
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Azimi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khalili
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aidin Meshksar
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Li X, He J, Sun J. LOXL1 gene polymorphisms are associated with exfoliation syndrome/exfoliation glaucoma risk: An updated meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250772. [PMID: 33909695 PMCID: PMC8081202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding LOXL1 are risk factors for exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. This meta-analysis comprehensively investigated the association between LOXL1 gene polymorphisms (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) and the risk of exfoliation syndrome/exfoliation glaucoma (XFS)/(XFG). METHODS All eligible case-control studies, published before August 17, 2020, were searched on Medline (Ovid), PubMed, CNKI, EMBASE, and Wanfang databases. RESULTS In total, 5022 cases and 8962 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Significant associations between LOXL1 gene polymorphisms and XFS/XFG risk was observed in the disease types-based subgroups. In addition, in the subgroup analysis of ethnicity, positive associations between LOXL1 gene polymorphisms (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) and XFS/XFG risk were found in Caucasians. Furthermore, rs1048661 and rs3825942 polymorphisms were related to XFS/ XFG risk in Asians; however, no significant association was observed between the LOXL1 gene rs2165241 polymorphism and XFS/XFG risk in Asians. In addition, rs1048661 and rs3825942 correlated with XFS/XFG susceptibility in Africans. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate LOXL1 gene polymorphisms as XFS/XFG risk factors, especially in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Proteomics of pseudoexfoliation materials in the anterior eye segment. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 127:271-290. [PMID: 34340770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is characterized by the production of white extracellular fluffy clumps of microfibrillar material that aggregates in various organs throughout the body but is known to cause disease in the eye. The accumulation of PEX material (PEXM) in the anterior segment ocular structures is believed to cause an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG). The onset of PEXG is often bilateral but asymmetric-one eye often presents with glaucoma prior to the other eye. Proteomics has been used to identify key proteins involved in PEXM formation with the end goal of developing effective treatments for PEX and PEXG which may act through inhibiting the formation of the PEX aggregates. To date, a variety of proteins with various molecular functions have been identified from extracted anterior segment structures and fluids, such as aqueous humor (AH) and blood serum of patients affected by PEX. From past studies, some proteins identified in AH, lens capsule epithelium, iris tissue, and blood serum samples include vitamin D binding protein (GC), apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4), lysyl oxidase like-1 (LOXL1), complement C3, beta-crystalline B1, and B2, and antithrombin-III (SERPINC1). Each of these proteins have been observed in eyes with PEX at varying levels within the different eye structures. In this review, we further examine the anterior segment ocular proteomics of PEXM from past studies to better understand the mechanism of PEX and PEXG development. Both genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated to be involved in the development of PEX and PEXG. This field is at an early stage of investigation identifying how these factors modify proteins both at the expression and functional level to cause changes leading to the pathophysiology of PEX glaucoma.
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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Mayro EL, Ritch R, Pasquale LR. Early-onset Exfoliation Syndrome: A Literature Synthesis. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:e164-e168. [PMID: 33449585 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PRECIS We conducted a literature review of younger patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) in an attempt to identify case similarities and better understand disease etiology. PURPOSE XFS that predisposes to secondary glaucoma is a strongly age-related condition. We performed a literature review of XFS and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in patients aged younger than 40 years to examine potential common characteristics and gain clues to its etiology. METHODS We conducted a broad literature search with appropriate keywords and manually extracted key demographic and ocular features on younger XFS and XFG cases. Articles that did not provide past ocular history on early-onset XFS/XFG were excluded. RESULTS We identified 12 cases of XFS and XFG in patients from 13 to 40 years old (8 females; 11 White; 5 from Iran). All had past ocular history remarkable for intraocular surgery for other glaucoma conditions (7 cases), other ocular diseases (3 cases), or ocular trauma (2 cases). CONCLUSIONS All reported early-onset XFS and XFG cases arise in the setting of events that produced a significant disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. Understanding the metabolic alterations of aqueous humor from such cases could provide clues regarding how exfoliation material forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Mayro
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic basis of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma, is steadily being elucidated. This review summarizes the recent advances on genetic risk factors for PEX syndrome/glaucoma and their potential functional implications in PEX pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS As of today, seven loci associated with the risk of PEX surpassing genome-wide significance have been identified by well-powered genome-wide association studies and sequencing efforts. LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) represents the major genetic effect locus, although the biological role of common risk variants and their reversed effect in different ethnicities remain an unresolved problem. Rare protein-coding variants at LOXL1 and a single noncoding variant downstream of LOXL1 showed no allele effect reversal and suggested potential roles for elastin homeostasis and vitamin A metabolism in PEX pathogenesis. Other PEX-associated genetic variants provided biological insights into additional disease processes and pathways, including ubiquitin-proteasome function, calcium signaling, and lipid biosynthesis. Gene-environment interactions, epigenetic alterations, and integration of multiomics data have further contributed to our knowledge of the complex etiology underlying PEX syndrome and glaucoma. SUMMARY PEX-associated genes are beginning to reveal relevant biological pathways and processes involved in disease development. To understand the functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these loci and to translate them into novel therapeutic approaches are the major challenges for the future.
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Greene AG, Eivers SB, Dervan EWJ, O'Brien CJ, Wallace DM. Lysyl Oxidase Like 1: Biological roles and regulation. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107975. [PMID: 32070696 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) is a gene that encodes for the LOXL1 enzyme. This enzyme is required for elastin biogenesis and collagen cross-linking, polymerising tropoelastin monomers into elastin polymers. Its main role is in elastin homeostasis and matrix remodelling during injury, fibrosis and cancer development. Because of its vast range of biological functions, abnormalities in LOXL1 underlie many disease processes. Decreased LOXL1 expression is observed in disorders of elastin such as Cutis Laxa and increased expression is reported in fibrotic disease such as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. LOXL1 is also downregulated in the lamina cribrosa in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and genetic variants in the LOXL1 gene have been linked with an increased risk of developing pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. However the two major risk alleles are reversed in certain ethnic groups and are present in a large proportion of the normal population, implying complex genetic and environmental regulation is involved in disease pathogenesis. It also appears that the non-coding variants in intron 1 of LOXL1 may be involved in the regulation of LOXL1 expression. Gene alteration may occur via a number of epigenetic and post translational mechanisms such as DNA methylation, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. These may represent future therapeutic targets for disease. Environmental factors such as hypoxia, oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation exposure alter LOXL1 expression, and it is likely a combination of these genetic and environmental factors that influence disease development and progression. In this review, we discuss LOXL1 properties, biological roles and regulation in detail with a focus on pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Greene
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward W J Dervan
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Deborah M Wallace
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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