1
|
Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kurysheva NI, Evdokimova OA, Nikitina AD. Eye damage in COVID-19. Part 2: posterior segment complications, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, vaccination and risk factors. RUSSIAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-1-157-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Posterior eye segment involvement in COVID-19 has varied manifestations: vascular, inflammatory, and neuronal. All of them are triggered by SARS-CoV-2 virus but they cannot be viewed as exclusively specific to COVID-19. According to the literature, the mean age of the patients varies from 17 to 75 with the median of 50 years. The median duration between the appearance of ophthalmic symptoms and the detection of COVID-19 was 12 days. The disease affects both men and women equally. Direct exposure to the virus, immune-mediated tissue damage, activation of the coagulation system, the prothrombotic state caused by a viral infection, concomitant diseases and medications used in the treatment contribute to the development of eye pathologies. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible relations of posterior eye segment pathologies, orbit and neuro-ophthalmic disorders with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the possible exacerbation of chronic forms of inflammatory eye diseases and autoimmune disorders due to anti-COVID-19 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. I. Kurysheva
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education — A.I. Burnazyan Medical Biophysical Center;
Ophthalmological Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
| | - O. A. Evdokimova
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education — A.I. Burnazyan Medical Biophysical Center; Ophthalmological Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
| | - A. D. Nikitina
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education — A.I. Burnazyan Medical Biophysical Center; Ophthalmological Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Starace V, Battista M, Brambati M, Cavalleri M, Bertuzzi F, Amato A, Lattanzio R, Bandello F, Cicinelli MV. The role of inflammation and neurodegeneration in diabetic macular edema. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211055963. [PMID: 34901746 PMCID: PMC8652911 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211055963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema (DME) is complex. Persistently high blood glucose activates multiple cellular pathways and induces inflammation, oxidation stress, and vascular dysfunction. Retinal ganglion cells, macroglial and microglial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelium cells are involved. Neurodegeneration, characterized by dysfunction or apoptotic loss of retinal neurons, occurs early and independently from the vascular alterations. Despite the increasing knowledge on the pathways involved in DME, only limited therapeutic strategies are available. Besides antiangiogenic drugs and intravitreal corticosteroids, alternative therapeutic options tackling inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration have been considered, but none of them has been currently approved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Starace
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battista
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Brambati
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Cavalleri
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Lattanzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, ItalySchool of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, ItalySchool of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The review presents the data on characteristic features of the new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of its transmission through the eye surface and lacrimal fluid, analyzes the information on eye damage caused by COVID-19, and provides the results of a systematic meta-analysis on the subject. The author describes the system for organizing ophthalmological care in the settings of unfavorable epidemiological situation associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, and considers the preventive measures of infection transmission between patients and medical personnel. The article also gives recommendations for sterilizing medical equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical-Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education of the A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia.,Ophthalmological Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kallab M, Schuetzenberger K, Hommer N, Schäfer BJ, Schmidl D, Bergmeister H, Zeitlinger M, Tan A, Jansook P, Loftsson T, Stefansson E, Garhöfer G. Bio-Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Topically Administered γ-Cyclodextrin Based Eye Drops in Rabbits. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050480. [PMID: 34070168 PMCID: PMC8158513 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ocular pharmacokinetics, bio-distribution and local tolerability of γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) based irbesartan 1.5% eye drops and candesartan 0.15% eye drops after single and multiple topical administration in rabbit eyes. In this randomized, controlled study, a total number of 59 New Zealand White albino rabbits were consecutively assigned to two study groups. Group 1 (n = 31) received irbesartan 1.5% and group 2 (n = 28) candesartan 0.15% eye drops. In both groups, single dose and multiple administration pharmacokinetic studies were performed. Rabbits were euthanized at five predefined time points after single-dose administration, whereas multiple-dose animals were dosed for 5 days twice-daily and then euthanized 1 h after the last dose administration. Drug concentration was measured by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the retinal tissue, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, corneal tissue and in venous blood samples. Pharmacokinetic parameters including maximal drug concentration (Cmax), time of maximal drug concentration (Tmax), half-life and AUC were calculated. To assess local tolerability, six additional rabbits received 1.5% irbesartan eye drops twice daily in one eye for 28 days. Tolerability was assessed using a modified Draize test and corneal sensibility by Cochet Bonnet esthesiometry. Both γCD based eye drops were rapidly absorbed and distributed in the anterior and posterior ocular tissues. Within 0.5 h after single administration, the Cmax of irbesartan and candesartan in retinal tissue was 251 ± 142 ng/g and 63 ± 39 ng/g, respectively. In the vitreous humor, a Cmax of 14 ± 16 ng/g for irbesartan was reached 0.5 h after instillation while Cmax was below 2 ng/g for candesartan. For multiple dosing, the observed Cmean in retinal tissue was 338 ± 124 ng/g for irbesartan and 36 ± 10 ng/g for candesartan, whereas mean vitreous humor concentrations were 13 ± 5 ng/g and <2 ng/g, respectively. The highest plasma concentrations of both irbesartan (Cmax 5.64 ± 4.08 ng/mL) and candesartan (Cmax 4.32 ± 1.04 ng/mL) were reached 0.5 h (Tmax) after single administration. Local tolerability was favorable with no remarkable differences between the treated and the control eyes. These results indicate that irbesartan and candesartan in γCD based nanoparticle eye drops can be delivered to the retinal tissue of the rabbit’s eye in pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Moreover, safety and tolerability profiles appear to be favorable in the rabbit animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kallab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (B.J.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ocular and Dermal Effects of Thiomers, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Hommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Bhavapriya Jasmin Schäfer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (B.J.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ocular and Dermal Effects of Thiomers, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Helga Bergmeister
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Aimin Tan
- Nucro-Technics, Toronto, ON M1H 2W4, Canada;
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Einar Stefansson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (N.H.); (D.S.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40400-29810
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and colonization of ocular tissues and secretions: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:1206-1211. [PMID: 32424327 PMCID: PMC7232062 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has been described to potentially be complicated by ocular involvement. However, scant information is available regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and ocular structures tropism. We conducted a systematic review of articles referenced in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) from December 20, 2019 to April 6, 2020, providing information on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, and tears. We excluded ongoing clinical studies as for unobtainable conclusive results. Of 2422 articles, 11 met the inclusion criteria for analysis and were included in the study. None of the studies were multinational. Among the 11 selected papers there were three original articles, one review, four letters, two editorials, and one correspondence letter. Globally, 252 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were included in our review. The prevalence of ocular conjunctivitis complicating the course of COVID-19 was demonstrated to be as high as 32% in one study only. Globally, three patients had conjunctivitis with a positive tear-PCR, 8 patients had positive tear-PCR in the absence of conjunctivitis, and 14 had conjunctivitis with negative tear-PCR. The majority of the available data regarding SARS-CoV-2 colonization of ocular and periocular tissues and secretions have to be considered controversial. However, it cannot be excluded that SARS-CoV-2 could both infect the eye and the surrounding structures. SARS-CoV-2 may use ocular structure as an additional transmission route, as demonstrated by the COVID-19 patients' conjunctival secretion and tears positivity to reverse transcriptase-PCR SARS-CoV-2-RNA assay.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilkinson-Berka JL, Behar-Cohen F. Angiotensin II and aldosterone: Co-conspirators in ocular physiology and disease. Exp Eye Res 2020; 194:108005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|