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Rathore S, Verma A, Ratna R, Marwa N, Ghiya Y, Honavar SG, Tiwari A, Das S, Varshney A. Retinoblastoma: A review of the molecular basis of tumor development and its clinical correlation in shaping future targeted treatment strategies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2662-2676. [PMID: 37417104 PMCID: PMC10491038 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3172_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that affects children and is the most prevalent intraocular tumor worldwide. Despite tremendous breakthroughs in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate progression of retinoblastoma, the development of targeted therapeutics for retinoblastoma has lagged. Our review highlights the current developments in the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic landscapes of retinoblastoma. We also discuss their clinical relevance and potential implications for future therapeutic development, with the aim to create a frontline multimodal therapy for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rathore
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ria Ratna
- Ocular Genetics Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Marwa
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya Ghiya
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh G Honavar
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, Centre for Sight, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sima Das
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Yan X, Jia H, Zhao J. LncRNA MEG3 attenuates the malignancy of retinoblastoma cells through inactivating PI3K /Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109340. [PMID: 36476400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common neoplasm found in the eye of children. There are increasing interests to develop targeted gene therapy for this disease. This study was performed to investigate the impact of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 on the biological features of RB cells. Vector overexpressing MEG3 was constructed and introduced into two RB cell lines. Transfected RB cells were assessed for proliferation, apoptosis, migration ability, expression levels of important genes in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Xenograft mouse models were constructed to determine the tumorigenicity of RB cells overexpressing MEG3. MEG3 mRNA level was significantly lower in RB cells than in non-cancer cells (p < 0.01). Overexpressing MEG3 resulted in significant reduction in cell proliferation (p < 0.05), migration (p < 0.01) and significant increase in apoptosis (p < 0.01). After overexpressing MEG3, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR levels were significantly downregulated (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in the xenograft model, RB cells overexpressing MEG3 generated significantly smaller tumors as compared to RB cells that did not overexpress MEG3 (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that MEG3 increases apoptosis and reduces tumorigenicity of RB cells through inactivating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Therefore, MEG3 could be further investigated as a potential new therapeutic agent and target for RB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, China.
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, China
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Xu N, Cui Y, Shi H, Guo G, Sun F, Jian T, Rao H. UBE2T/STAT3 Signaling Promotes the Proliferation and Tumorigenesis in Retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:20. [PMID: 35980647 PMCID: PMC9404369 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.9.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to investigate the expression and function of Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2T (UBE2T), a human E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, in human retinoblastoma. Methods The expression of UBE2T in normal retina and retinoblastoma was analyzed using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and its expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 29 retinoblastoma sections and 5 normal retinas. Then CCK-8, flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing analysis, and in vivo assays were performed to explore the exact role of UBE2T in retinoblastoma. Results We found that retinoblastoma showed higher UBE2T expression than normal retina in GEO datasets and tissues. The immunoreactive score of UBE2T ≥4 was associated with group E in IIRC, T2-T4b in pTNM staging, poorly differentiated retinoblastoma, and high-risk histopathological factors. Knockdown of UBE2T reduced the cell viability, increased the apoptosis cells and G0/G1 cells, and inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that UBE2T knockdown induced down-regulation of phosphorylation of STAT3 and its downstream genes in vitro and in vivo. Rescue assays confirmed that STAT3 signaling pathway was involved in the effect of reduced cell viability, elevated apoptosis cells, and G0/G1 cells mediated by UBE2T knockdown. Conclusions Our data indicate that UBE2T significantly participates in the proliferation of retinoblastoma via the STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting the potential of UBE2T as a therapeutic target for retinoblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guodong Guo
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fengyuan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianming Jian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiying Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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