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Galletti JG, Scholand KK, Trujillo-Vargas CM, Haap W, Santos-Ferreira T, Ullmer C, Yu Z, de Paiva CS. Effects of Cathepsin S Inhibition in the Age-Related Dry Eye Phenotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:7. [PMID: 37540176 PMCID: PMC10414132 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aged C57BL/6J (B6) mice have increased levels of cathepsin S, and aged cathepsin S (Ctss-/-) knockout mice are resistant to age-related dry eye. This study investigated the effects of cathepsin S inhibition on age-related dry eye disease. Methods Female B6 mice aged 15.5 to 17 months were randomized to receive a medicated diet formulated by mixing the RO5461111 cathepsin S inhibitor or a standard diet for at least 12 weeks. Cornea mechanosensitivity was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Ocular draining lymph nodes and lacrimal glands (LGs) were excised and prepared for histology or assayed by flow cytometry to quantify infiltrating immune cells. The inflammatory foci (>50 cells) were counted under a 10× microscope lens and quantified using the focus score. Goblet cell density was investigated in periodic acid-Schiff stained sections. Ctss-/- mice were compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Results Aged mice subjected to cathepsin S inhibition or Ctss-/- mice showed improved conjunctival goblet cell density and cornea mechanosensitivity. There was no change in total LG focus score in the diet or Ctss-/- mice, but there was a lower frequency of CD4+IFN-γ+ cell infiltration in the LGs. Furthermore, aged Ctss-/- LGs had an increase in T central memory, higher numbers of CD19+B220-, and fewer CD19+B220+ cells than wild-type LGs. Conclusions Our results indicate that therapies aimed at decreasing cathepsin S can ameliorate age-related dry eye disease with a highly beneficial impact on the ocular surface. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of cathepsin S during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias G. Galletti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kaitlin K. Scholand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Claudia M. Trujillo-Vargas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Santos-Ferreira
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
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He GD, Liu XC, Hou XH, Feng YQ. The effect of trimethylamine N-oxide on the metabolism of visceral white adipose tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Adipocyte 2022; 11:420-433. [PMID: 35975941 PMCID: PMC9387326 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong links have been reported among trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT), and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the effects of TMAO on vWAT in hypertension remained incompletely explored. The impact of a chronic 22-week-long treatment with 1 g/L TMAO on vWAT, and its transcriptional and metabolic changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were evaluated by serum cytokine measurements, histological analysis, fatty acid determinations, and co-expression network analyses. TMAO increased the serum interleukin-6 levels and insulin secretion in SHRs. The adipocyte size was diminished in the SHR 1 g/L TMAO group. In addition, one kind of monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-15-tetracosenoate) and four kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, docosatetraenoate, docosapentaenoate n-3, and docosapentaenoate n-6) were elevated by TMAO treatment. Three co-expression modules significantly related to TMAO treatment were identified and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that phagosome, lysosome, fatty acid metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and metabolic pathways were the most significantly altered biological pathways. This study shed new light on the metabolic roles of TMAO on the vWAT of SHRs. TMAO regulated the metabolic status of vWAT, including reduced lipogenesis and an improved specific fatty acid composition. The mechanisms underlying these effects likely involve phagosome and lysosome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong He
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Hua Hou
- Research Department of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying-Qing Feng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Wang X, Yu D, Wang H, Lei Z, Zhai Y, Sun M, Chen S, Yin P. Rab3 and synaptotagmin proteins in the regulation of vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Life Sci 2022; 309:120995. [PMID: 36167148 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release involves complex regulatory mechanisms, including a series of protein-protein interactions. Three proteins, synaptobrevin (VAMP), synaptosomal-associated protein of 25kDa (SNAP-25) and syntaxin, constitute the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) core complex that plays key roles in controlling vesicle fusion and exocytosis. Many other proteins participate in the regulation of the processes via direct and/or indirect interaction with the SNARE complex. Although much effort has been made, the regulatory mechanism for exocytosis is still not completely clear. Accumulated evidence indicates that the small GTPase Rab3 and synaptotagmin proteins play important regulatory roles during vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. This review outlines our present understanding of the two regulatory proteins, with the focus on the interaction of Rab3 with synaptotagmin in the regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Dianmei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhixiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Minlu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Panfeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Yu Z, Li J, Govindarajan G, Hamm-Alvarez S, Alam J, Li DQ, de Paiva CS. Cathepsin S is a novel target for age-related dry eye. Exp Eye Res 2022; 214:108895. [PMID: 34910926 PMCID: PMC8908478 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (Ctss) is a protease that is proinflammatory on epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Ctss in age-related dry eye disease. Ctss-/- mice [in a C57BL/6 (B6) background] of different ages were compared to B6 mice. Ctss activity in tears and lacrimal gland (LG) lysates was measured. The corneal barrier function was investigated in naïve mice or after topical administration of Ctss eye drops 5X/day for two days. Eyes were collected, and conjunctival goblet cell density was measured in PAS-stained sections. Immunoreactivity of the tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, was investigated in primary human cultured corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) without or with Ctss, with or without a Ctss inhibitor. A significant increase in Ctss activity was observed in the tears and LG lysates in aged B6 compared to young mice. This was accompanied by higher Ctss transcripts and protein expression in LG and spleen. Compared to B6, 12 and 24-month-old Ctss-/- mice did not display age-related corneal barrier disruption and goblet cell loss. Treatment of HCEC with Ctss for 48 h disrupted occludin and ZO-1 immunoreactivity compared to control cells. This was prevented by the Ctss inhibitor LY3000328 or Ctss-heat inactivation. Topical reconstitution of Ctss in Ctss-/- mice for two days disrupted corneal barrier function. Aging on the ocular surface is accompanied by increased expression and activity of the protease Ctss. Our results suggest that cathepsin S modulation might be a novel target for age-related dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jinmiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Sarah Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jehan Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - De-Quan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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