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Contribution of Aging, Obesity, and Microbiota on Tumor Immunotherapy Efficacy and Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143586. [PMID: 31340438 PMCID: PMC6678743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has entered the forefront of cancer treatment, but major challenges still exist, such as the limited proportion of patients that respond to treatment and treatment-related toxicity. Therefore, biomarkers to predict which patients will benefit from therapy without major side effects are of the utmost importance. Moreover, novel therapeutic targets to increase the proportion of responding patients on a given immunotherapy or to alleviate immunotherapy-induced toxicity could be a valuable adjunct to immunotherapy treatment. Host factors such as age, obesity, and the composition of the gut microbiome have considerable effects on immune responses and, hence, could have a large impact on the outcome of immunotherapies. Moreover, since these host factors differ considerably between preclinical mouse models and human cancer patients, it might be possible that these host factors account, in part, for the observed discrepancies in outcomes between mice experiments and clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the latest data on the influence of aging, obesity, and the gut microbiome on the anti-tumor immune response and immunotherapy and propose avenues to increase our knowledge on this topic in order to improve patient selection for cancer immunotherapy treatment.
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Jahangir A, Chandra D, Quispe-Tintaya W, Singh M, Selvanesan BC, Gravekamp C. Immunotherapy with Listeria reduces metastatic breast cancer in young and old mice through different mechanisms. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1342025. [PMID: 28932647 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1342025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is one of the most promising and benign therapies against metastatic cancer. However, most cancer patients are old and elderly react less efficient to cancer vaccines than young adults, due to T cell unresponsiveness. Here we present data of cancer vaccination in young and old mice with metastatic breast cancer (4T1 model). We tested adaptive and innate immune responses to foreign antigens (Listeria-derived) and self-antigens (tumor-associated antigens (TAA)) and their contribution to elimination of metastases at young and old age. Three different protocols were tested with Listeria: a semi- and exclusive-therapeutic protocol both one-week apart, and an exclusive therapeutic protocol frequently administered. Adaptive and innate immune responses were measured by ELISPOT in correlation with efficacy in the 4T1 model. We found that Listeria induced immunogenic tumor cell death, resulting in CD8 T cell responses to multiple TAA expressed by the 4T1 tumors. Only exclusive therapeutic frequent immunizations were able to overcome immune suppression and to activate TAA- and Listeria-specific CD8 T cells, in correlation with a strong reduction in metastases at both ages. However, MHC class Ia antibodies showed inhibition of CD8 T cell responses to TAA at young but not at old age, and CD8 T cell depletions in vivo demonstrated that the T cells contributed to reduction in metastases at young age only. These results indicate that CD8 T cells activated by Listeria has an antitumor effect at young but not at old age, and that metastases at old age have been eliminated through different mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthee Jahangir
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wilber Quispe-Tintaya
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Manisha Singh
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
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Provinciali M, Barucca A, Orlando F, Pierpaoli E. Booster immunizations with DNA plasmids encoding HER-2/neu prevent spontaneous mammary cancer in HER-2/neu transgenic mice over life span. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3078. [PMID: 28596550 PMCID: PMC5465096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are less effective at old than at young age because of immunosenescence. Besides, in preliminary observations we showed that the immunization with HER-2/neu DNA plasmid in transgenic young mice (standard immunization, SI) delays but not abrogate spontaneous mammary tumours progressively appearing during aging. In this study we evaluated whether booster immunizations (BI) of HER-2/neu transgenic mice with HER-2/neu DNA plasmids every 6 (ECD6), 3 (ECD3), or 1.5 (ECD1.5) months after SI induce a protective immunity that could be maintained over life span. The long term BI significantly improved the effect of SI increasing the number of tumour free mice at 110 weeks of age from 13% (SI) to 58% (BI). Both the number and the volume of tumour masses were reduced in BI than in SI groups. The protective effect of BI was associated with increased antibody production with isotype switching to IgG2a, augmented CD4 T cells, and increased in vivo cytotoxicity of HER-2/neu specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, mainly in ECD1.5 and ECD3 groups. The transfer of sera from ECD1.5 mice to untreated HER-2/neu mice highly protected against tumour development than sera from SI mice. We conclude that BI induce a protective immunity effective over life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Barucca
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Orlando
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Pierpaoli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
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Chougnet CA, Thacker RI, Shehata HM, Hennies CM, Lehn MA, Lages CS, Janssen EM. Loss of Phagocytic and Antigen Cross-Presenting Capacity in Aging Dendritic Cells Is Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:2624-32. [PMID: 26246142 PMCID: PMC4561185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired functionality of dendritic cells (DCs) significantly contributes to decreased adaptive immune responses in aged hosts. The expression of MHC-peptide on the DC surface is the critical first step in T cell priming, but few studies have addressed the effect of aging on Ag acquisition, processing, and presentation by DCs. In this study, we show that aged murine DCs were less efficient in the cross-presentation of cell-associated Ag and subsequently in the cross-priming of CD8(+) T cells than were their young counterparts. The decreased cross-presentation was associated with a reduction in the frequency of CD8α DCs and merocytic (CD8α(-)CD11b(-))DCs that could endocytose cell-associated Ag, as well as the number and the size of the endocytosed particles in the DC that did internalize cell-associated materials. Mechanistically, phagocytic capacity has been associated with mitochondrial activity and membrane potential (Δψm). Aged DCs exhibited profound signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, illustrated by lower Δψm, reduced ATP turnover and coupling efficiency, decreased baseline oxidative phosphorylation, and greater proton leak and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mimicking the aged metabolic phenotype in young DCs by pharmacologic manipulation indicated that the reductions in Δψm and ATP impeded the phagocytic capacity whereas ROS interfered with a later step in the cross-presentation process. Conversely, in vitro scavenging of ROS partially restored cross-presentation by aged DCs. Taken together, these data suggest that improvement of aged DC functionality might be feasible in the elderly by targeting metabolic dysfunction or its downstream sequelae, thereby opening new avenues for enhancing vaccine efficiency in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Robert I Thacker
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Hesham M Shehata
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Cassandra M Hennies
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Celine S Lages
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Cornwall SMJ, Wikstrom M, Musk AW, Alvarez J, Nowak AK, Nelson DJ. Human mesothelioma induces defects in dendritic cell numbers and antigen-processing function which predict survival outcomes. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1082028. [PMID: 27057464 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1082028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an almost invariably fatal tumor with chemotherapy extending survival by a few months. One immunotherapeutic strategy is to target dendritic cells (DCs), key antigen-presenting cells involved in antigen presentation, to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. However, DC-targeting will only be effective if DCs are fit-for-purpose, and the functional status of DCs in mesothelioma patients was not clear. We found that mesothelioma patients have significantly decreased numbers of circulating myeloid (m)DC1 cells, mDC2 cells and plasmacytoid (p)DCs relative to healthy age and gender-matched controls. Blood monocytes from patients could not differentiate into immature monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), indicated by a significantly reduced ability to process antigen and reduced expression of costimulatory (CD40, CD80 and CD86) and MHC (HLA-DR) molecules, relative to controls. Activation of mesothelioma-derived MoDCs with LPS+/-IFNγ generated partially mature MoDCs, evident by limited upregulation of the maturation marker, CD83, and the costimulatory markers. Attempts to rescue mesothelioma-derived DC function using CD40Ligand(L) also failed, indicated by maintenance of antigen-processing capacity and limited upregulation of CD40, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR. These data suggest that mesothelioma patients have significant numerical and functional DC defects and that their reduced capacity to process antigen and reduced expression of costimulatory molecules could induce anergized/tolerized T cells. Nonetheless, survival analyses revealed that individuals with mesothelioma and higher than median levels of mDC1s and/or whose MoDCs matured in response to LPS, IFNγ or CD40L lived longer, implying their selection for DC-targeting therapy could be promising especially if combined with another treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M J Cornwall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital , Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - John Alvarez
- The Mount Hospital , 150 Mounts Bay Rd , Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Koh YW, Hwang HS, Park CS, Yoon DH, Suh C, Huh J. Prognostic effect of Ki-67 expression in rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is limited to non-germinal center B-cell-like subtype in late-elderly patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2630-6. [PMID: 25573205 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1004169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of age and cell of origin on the prognostic significance of Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) on overall survival (OS) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a cohort of 697 patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP). Multivariate analysis revealed no prognostic significance of high Ki-67 LI (≥ 85%) for OS. However, on subgroup analysis, high Ki-67 LI was significantly associated with poor OS in late-elderly patients (aged ≥ 70 years) (p = 0.021) and non-germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) subtype (p = 0.015). In particular, high Ki-67 LI was associated with a poor prognosis in late-elderly patients with non-GCB subtype. No correlation was observed in young adults (aged < 60 years) or early-elderly (aged 60-70 years) patients or GCB subtype. The present study shows that high Ki-67 LI is a risk factor for poor OS in the late-elderly age group and non-GCB subtype in patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wha Koh
- a Department of Pathology , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Korea
| | - Hee Sang Hwang
- b Department of Pathology , Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- b Department of Pathology , Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- c Department of Oncology , Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Cheolwon Suh
- c Department of Oncology , Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jooryung Huh
- b Department of Pathology , Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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“Aging and the Immune System”: Summary of a Satellite Meeting of the 15th International Congress of Immunology held in Milan, Italy, August 2013. Exp Gerontol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(14)00113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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