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Villagra C, Frías-Lasserre D. Epigenetic Molecular Mechanisms in Insects. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:615-642. [PMID: 32514997 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the largest animal group on Earth both in biomass and diversity. Their outstanding success has inspired genetics and developmental research, allowing the discovery of dynamic process explaining extreme phenotypic plasticity and canalization. Epigenetic molecular mechanisms (EMMs) are vital for several housekeeping functions in multicellular organisms, regulating developmental, ontogenetic trajectories and environmental adaptations. In Insecta, EMMs are involved in the development of extreme phenotypic divergences such as polyphenisms and eusocial castes. Here, we review the history of this research field and how the main EMMs found in insects help to understand their biological processes and diversity. EMMs in insects confer them rapid response capacity allowing insect either to change with plastic divergence or to keep constant when facing different stressors or stimuli. EMMs function both at intra as well as transgenerational scales, playing important roles in insect ecology and evolution. We discuss on how EMMs pervasive influences in Insecta require not only the control of gene expression but also the dynamic interplay of EMMs with further regulatory levels, including genetic, physiological, behavioral, and environmental among others, as was earlier proposed by the Probabilistic Epigenesis model and Developmental System Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Villagra
- Instituto de Entomología, Univ Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile.
| | - D Frías-Lasserre
- Instituto de Entomología, Univ Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Halim MA, Tan FHP, Azlan A, Rasyid II, Rosli N, Shamsuddin S, Azzam G. Ageing, Drosophila melanogaster and Epigenetics. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 27:7-19. [PMID: 32684802 PMCID: PMC7337951 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a phenomenon where the accumulation of all the stresses that alter the functions of living organisms, halter them from maintaining their physiological balance and eventually lead to death. The emergence of epigenetic tremendously contributed to the knowledge of ageing. Epigenetic changes in cells or tissues like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, modification of histone proteins, transcriptional modification and also the involvement of non-coding DNA has been documented to be associated with ageing. In order to study ageing, scientists have taken advantage of several potential organisms to aid them in their study. Drosophila melanogaster has been an essential model in establishing current understanding of the mechanism of ageing as they possess several advantages over other competitors like having homologues to more than 75% of human disease genes, having 50% of Drosophila genes are homologues to human genes and most importantly they are genetically amenable. Here, we would like to summarise the extant knowledge about ageing and epigenetic process and the role of Drosophila as an ideal model to study epigenetics in association with ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardani Abdul Halim
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Florence Hui Ping Tan
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Azali Azlan
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ian Ilham Rasyid
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurlina Rosli
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ghows Azzam
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Targeting Mitochondrial Defects to Increase Longevity in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:89-110. [PMID: 30919333 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetic homeostasis is a vital process maintaining cellular health and has primary importance in neuronal cells due to their high energy demand markedly at synapses. Mitochondria, the metabolic hubs of the cells, are the organelles responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP by using nutrients and oxygen. Defects in mitochondrial homeostasis result in energy deprivation and can lead to disrupted neuronal functions. Mitochondrial defects adversely contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial defects not only include reduced ATP levels but also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cellular damage. Here, we detail the mechanisms that lead to neuronal pathologies involving mitochondrial defects. Furthermore, we discuss how to target these mitochondrial defects in order to have beneficial effects as novel and complementary therapeutic avenues in neurodegenerative diseases. The critical evaluation of these strategies and their potential outcome can pave the way for finding novel therapies for neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Li X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Cheng J, Liu D, Yan Y, Wang H. Transcriptomic analysis of the life-extending effect exerted by black rice anthocyanin extract in D. melanogaster through regulation of aging pathways. Exp Gerontol 2019; 119:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Moody L, Xu GB, Chen H, Pan YX. Epigenetic Regulation of Metabolism and Inflammation by Calorie Restriction. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:520-536. [PMID: 30915465 PMCID: PMC6520046 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition is known to affect different cellular processes such as stem cell function, cell senescence, inflammation, and metabolism. Despite the differences in the implementation of CR, the reduction of calories produces a widespread beneficial effect in noncommunicable chronic diseases, which can be explained by improvements in immuno-metabolic adaptation. Cellular adaptation that occurs in response to dietary patterns can be explained by alterations in epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA. In this review, we define these modifications and systematically summarize the current evidence related to CR and the epigenome. We then explain the significance of genome-wide epigenetic modifications in the context of disease development. Although substantial evidence exists for the widespread effect of CR on longevity, there is no consensus regarding the epigenetic regulations of the underlying cellular mechanisms that lead to improved health. We provide compelling evidence that CR produces long-lasting epigenetic effects that mediate expression of genes related to immuno-metabolic processes. Epigenetic reprogramming of the underlying chronic low-grade inflammation by CR can lead to immuno-metabolic adaptations that enhance quality of life, extend lifespan, and delay chronic disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanying Bianca Xu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Hong Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Address correspondence to Y-XP (e-mail: )
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6
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Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Diabetes Type 2 Progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1417528. [PMID: 29854726 PMCID: PMC5941822 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1417528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a very versatile and potent model in the past few years for studies in metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes types 1 and 2. Drosophila insulin signaling, despite having seven insulin-like peptides with partially redundant functions, is very similar to the human insulin pathway and has served to study many different aspects of diabetes and the diabetic state. Yet, very few studies have addressed the chronic nature of diabetes, key for understanding the full-blown disease, which most studies normally explore. One of the advantages of having Drosophila mutant viable combinations at different levels of the insulin pathway, with significantly reduced insulin pathway signaling, is that the abnormal metabolic state can be studied from the onset of the life cycle and followed throughout. In this review, we look at the chronic nature of impaired insulin signaling. We also compare these results to the results gleaned from vertebrate model studies.
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Liao LH, Wu WY, Berenbaum MR. Impacts of Dietary Phytochemicals in the Presence and Absence of Pesticides on Longevity of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera). INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8010022. [PMID: 28216580 PMCID: PMC5371950 DOI: 10.3390/insects8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Because certain flavonols and phenolic acids are found in pollen and nectar of most angiosperms, they are routinely ingested by Apis mellifera, the western honey bee. The flavonol quercetin and the phenolic acid p-coumaric acid are known to upregulate detoxification enzymes in adult bees; their presence or absence in the diet may thus affect the toxicity of ingested pesticides. We conducted a series of longevity assays with one-day-old adult workers to test if dietary phytochemicals enhance longevity and pesticide tolerance. One-day-old bees were maintained on sugar syrup with or without casein (a phytochemical-free protein source) in the presence or absence of quercetin and p-coumaric acid as well as in the presence or absence of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin. Dietary quercetin (hazard ratio, HR = 0.82), p-coumaric acid (HR = 0.91) and casein (HR = 0.74) were associated with extended lifespan and the two pyrethroid insecticides, 4 ppm bifenthrin (HR = 9.17) and 0.5 ppm β-cyfluthrin (HR = 1.34), reduced lifespan. Dietary quercetin enhanced tolerance of both pyrethroids; p-coumaric acid had a similar effect trend, although of reduced magnitude. Casein in the diet appears to eliminate the life-prolonging effect of p-coumaric acid in the absence of quercetin. Collectively, these assays demonstrate that dietary phytochemicals influence honey bee longevity and pesticide stress; substituting sugar syrups for honey or yeast/soy flour patties may thus have hitherto unrecognized impacts on adult bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hsiu Liao
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
| | - Wen-Yen Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
| | - May R Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
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Haustead DJ, Stevenson A, Saxena V, Marriage F, Firth M, Silla R, Martin L, Adcroft KF, Rea S, Day PJ, Melton P, Wood FM, Fear MW. Transcriptome analysis of human ageing in male skin shows mid-life period of variability and central role of NF-κB. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26846. [PMID: 27229172 PMCID: PMC4882522 DOI: 10.1038/srep26846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is well-known to be a significant factor in both disease pathology and response to treatment, yet the molecular changes that occur with age in humans remain ill-defined. Here, using transcriptome profiling of healthy human male skin, we demonstrate that there is a period of significantly elevated, transcriptome-wide expression changes occurring predominantly in middle age. Both pre and post this period, the transcriptome appears to undergo much smaller, linear changes with increasing age. Functional analysis of the transient changes in middle age suggest a period of heightened metabolic activity and cellular damage associated with NF-kappa-B and TNF signaling pathways. Through meta-analysis we also show the presence of global, tissue independent linear transcriptome changes with age which appear to be regulated by NF-kappa-B. These results suggest that aging in human skin is associated with a critical mid-life period with widespread transcriptome changes, both preceded and proceeded by a relatively steady rate of linear change in the transcriptome. The data provides insight into molecular changes associated with normal aging and will help to better understand the increasingly important pathological changes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Haustead
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Fiona Marriage
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Martin Firth
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robyn Silla
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Lisa Martin
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Katharine F. Adcroft
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Suzanne Rea
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Philip J. Day
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Phillip Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA , Australia 6009
| | - Fiona M. Wood
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Mark W. Fear
- The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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