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Oranchuk DJ, Bodkin SG, Boncella KL, Harris-Love MO. Exploring the associations between skeletal muscle echogenicity and physical function in aging adults: A systematic review with meta-analyses. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:820-840. [PMID: 38754733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment and quantification of skeletal muscle within the aging population is vital for diagnosis, treatment, and injury/disease prevention. The clinical availability of assessing muscle quality through diagnostic ultrasound presents an opportunity to be utilized as a screening tool for function-limiting diseases. However, relationships between muscle echogenicity and clinical functional assessments require authoritative analysis. Thus, we aimed to (a) synthesize the literature to assess the relationships between skeletal muscle echogenicity and physical function in older adults (≥60 years), (b) perform pooled analyses of relationships between skeletal muscle echogenicity and physical function, and (c) perform sub-analyses to determine between-muscle relationships. METHODS CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to identify articles relating skeletal muscle echogenicity to physical function in older adults. Risk-of-bias assessments were conducted along with funnel plot examination. Meta-analyses with and without sub-analyses for individual muscles were performed utilizing Fisher's Z transformation for the most common measures of physical function. Fisher's Z was back-transformed to Pearson's r for interpretation. RESULTS Fifty-one articles (n = 5095, female = ∼2759, male = ∼2301, 72.5 ± 5.8 years, mean ± SD (1 study did not provide sex descriptors)) were extracted for review, with previously unpublished data obtained from the authors of 13 studies. The rectus femoris (n = 34) and isometric knee extension strength (n = 22) were the most accessed muscle and physical qualities, respectively. The relationship between quadriceps echogenicity and knee extensor strength was moderate (n = 2924, r = -0.36 (95% confidence interval: -0.38 to -0.32), p < 0.001), with all other meta-analyses (grip strength, walking speed, sit-to-stand, timed up-and-go) resulting in slightly weaker correlations (r: -0.34 to -0.23, all p < 0.001). Sub-analyses determined minimal differences in predictive ability between muscle groups, although combining muscles (e.g., rectus femoris + vastus lateralis) often resulted in stronger correlations with maximal strength. CONCLUSION While correlations are modest, the affordable, portable, and noninvasive ultrasonic assessment of muscle quality is a consistent predictor of physical function in older adults. Minimal between-muscle differences suggest that echogenicity estimates of muscle quality are systemic. Therefore, practitioners may be able to scan a single muscle to estimate full-body skeletal muscle quality/composition, while researchers should consider combining multiple muscles to strengthen the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Stephan G Bodkin
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Katie L Boncella
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael O Harris-Love
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Yuan H, Kim M. Meta-Analysis on the Association between Echo Intensity, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function in Older Individuals. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2023; 27:329-337. [PMID: 37743684 PMCID: PMC10772333 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.23.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of ultrasonographic echo intensity (EI) to evaluate skeletal muscle quality and its effects on strength, explosive power, and physical function (PF) in older individuals remains unclear. This meta-analysis evaluated the associations among EI, muscle strength (MS), and PF in older individuals. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SPORT Discus, and CINAHL databases through October 2022 to identify primary studies examining the association between EI and MS/PF. Effect sizes were computed using a random-effects model and presented using forest plots. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and I2 statistics were used to measure heterogeneity. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 24 patients. EI demonstrated a negative association with maximal strength (r=-0.351; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.411 to -0.288; p<0.001) and explosive power (r=-0.342; 95% CI, -0.517 to -0.139; p=0.001) in older individuals. Handgrip strength also showed a significant negative correlation with EI (r=-0.361; 95% CI, -0.463 to -0.249; p<0.001). However, we observed only a small and non-significant negative association between EI and gait speed (r=-0.003; 95% CI, -0.083 to -0.077; p=0.943), and a weak non-significant correlation with the chair stand test (r=0.072; 95% CI, -0.045 to 0.187; p=0.227). CONCLUSION Increased EI was associated with lower strength and power but not with gait speed or chair test performance in older individuals. Further large-sample studies with long-term follow-up are needed to improve frailty prediction and risk assessment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- Sports Medicine Lab., Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Maengkyu Kim
- Sports Medicine Lab., Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Sports Science Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Kalu ME, Bello-Haas VD, Griffin M, Boamah S, Harris J, Zaide M, Rayner D, Khattab N, Abrahim S. A Scoping Review of Personal, Financial, and Environmental Determinants of Mobility Among Older Adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 104:2147-2168. [PMID: 37119957 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize available evidence of factors comprising the personal, financial, and environmental mobility determinants and their association with older adults' self-reported and performance-based mobility outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, AgeLine, Sociological Abstract, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases search for articles published from January 2000 to December 2021. STUDY SECTION Using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, multiple reviewers independently screened 27,293 retrieved citations from databases, of which 422 articles underwent full-text screening, and 300 articles were extracted. DATA EXTRACTION The 300 articles' information, including study design, sample characteristics including sample size, mean age and sex, factors within each determinant, and their associations with mobility outcomes, were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS Because of the heterogeneity of the reported associations, we followed Barnett et al's study protocol and reported associations between factors and mobility outcomes by analyses rather than by article to account for multiple associations generated in 1 article. Qualitative data were synthesized using content analysis. A total of 300 articles were included with 269 quantitative, 22 qualitative, and 9 mixed-method articles representing personal (n=80), and financial (n=1), environmental (n=98), more than 1 factor (n=121). The 278 quantitative and mixed-method articles reported 1270 analyses; 596 (46.9%) were positively and 220 (17.3%) were negatively associated with mobility outcomes among older adults. Personal (65.2%), financial (64.6%), and environmental factors (62.9%) were associated with mobility outcomes, mainly in the expected direction with few exceptions in environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS Gaps exist in understanding the effect of some environmental factors (eg, number and type of street connections) and the role of gender on older adults' walking outcomes. We have provided a comprehensive list of factors with each determinant, allowing the creation of core outcome set for a specific context, population, or other forms of mobility, for example, driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Kalu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Vanina Dal Bello-Haas
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Meridith Griffin
- Department of Health, Aging & Society, Faculty of Social Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sheila Boamah
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Harris
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mashal Zaide
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Daniel Rayner
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nura Khattab
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Salma Abrahim
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Kitagawa T, Nakamura M, Fukumoto Y. Usefulness of muscle echo intensity for evaluating functional performance in the older population: A scoping review. Exp Gerontol 2023; 182:112301. [PMID: 37776985 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Muscle echo intensity, as measured by ultrasonography, could be used as a new marker of functional performance in older populations. This scoping review aimed to present evidence on the utility of muscle echo intensity as determined by ultrasonography for assessing functional performance in older adults. The eligibility criterion included observational studies that investigated the associations between muscle echo intensity and functional performance in older adults. Terms, such as "echo intensity" and "older adults", were searched for in databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, in April 2021. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted the data; 46 papers, of which almost one-third were Japanese, were subsequently identified for inclusion. The representative functional performances included in this review were muscle strength, gait speed, sit-to-stand test results, and timed up-and-go test results. Poor to moderate associations were found between muscle echo intensity and functional performance; however, heterogeneities were observed in the characteristics of study participants. Moreover, the accurate effect size and causal inferences between muscle echo intensity and functional performance remained unclear. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine these causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitagawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki 842-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan.
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Akima H, Yamamori K, Taniguchi K, Fujimiya M, Katayose M, Yoshiko A, Tanaka N. Effect of subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle thicknesses on rectus femoris and vastus intermedius ultrasound echo intensities: a cadaver study. J Ultrasound 2023; 26:635-642. [PMID: 35947295 PMCID: PMC10469120 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) thickness and rectus femoris (RF) muscle thickness on RF and vastus intermedius (VI) echo intensity using human cadavers. METHODS The echo intensity of the RF and VI was measured in 11 legs of seven cadavers under three conditions: intact condition (Model 1), SCAT removed (Model 2), and SCAT and RF removed (Model 3). RESULTS RF echo intensity in Model 1 (69.2 ± 20.3 a.u.) was significantly lower than that in Model 2 (83.4 ± 15.9 a.u.) (P = 0.003). VI echo intensity in Models 1 to 3 showed similar results to RF echo intensity (P = 0.003 to 0.001). Regarding the relationship between VI echo intensity and VI muscle thickness, the regression lines shifted upward in a parallel fashion in the order Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the variation in RF echo intensity was explained by RF muscle thickness (P = 0.036) and SCAT thickness (P = 0.001), while the variation in VI echo intensity was explained by RF muscle thickness (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION These results suggest that SCAT thickness and RF muscle thickness induce lower RF echo intensity, while RF muscle thickness induces lower VI echo intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Yamamori
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keigo Taniguchi
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mineko Fujimiya
- School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
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Akazawa N, Kishi M, Hino T, Tsuji R, Tamura K, Hioka A, Moriyama H. Increase in muscle mass of the quadriceps is related to decrease in intramuscular adipose tissue in convalescent stroke patients: A longitudinal study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Paris MT, Bell KE, Avrutin E, Rosati K, Mourtzakis M. Influence of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Thickness on Rectus Femoris Echo Intensity in Younger and Older Males and Females. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2022; 41:2355-2364. [PMID: 34921442 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultrasound measurements of muscle echo intensity are commonly used surrogates of muscle composition (eg, intramuscular adipose tissue). However, given that soundwaves are increasingly attenuated with tissue depth, the interpretation of echo intensity may be confounded by adipose and skeletal muscle thickness. Our objectives are to compare the associations between adipose or muscle tissue thickness and rectus femoris echo intensity in younger and older males and females. METHODS Participants included in this analysis were derived from 3 previously published cohorts of younger (<45 years) and older (≥60 years) males and females. Ultrasound images of the rectus femoris were evaluated for muscle thickness, echo intensity, and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. RESULTS Older adults (n: 49 males, 19 females) had a higher body mass index (P = .001) compared with younger adults (n: 37 males, 49 females). Muscle thickness was negatively associated with echo intensity in older males (r = -0.59) and females (r = -0.53), whereas no associations were observed in younger males (r = 0.00) or females (r = -0.11). Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness displayed no associations with echo intensity in any group. CONCLUSIONS Despite the known influence of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness on beam attenuation, we observed no association with muscle echo intensity, indicating that adipose tissue correction may be required to better understand muscle echo intensity across differences in adiposity. The negative associations between muscle thickness and echo intensity in older, but not younger adults, suggests these associations may be related to the co-occurrence of skeletal muscle atrophy and intramuscular adipose tissue infiltration with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Paris
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten E Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Egor Avrutin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Rosati
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Mourtzakis
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Akima H, Maeda H, Suwa M, Imoto T, Tanaka N. Skeletal muscle and abdominal circumference explain intramuscular fat, independent of exercise frequency, in middle-aged Japanese men. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267557. [PMID: 35613126 PMCID: PMC9132269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) can be characterized using physical and functional characteristics, muscle size, and/or adipose tissue in four different exercise frequency groups of middle-aged Japanese men. One thousand twenty-eight middle-aged men (age, 47.5 ± 8.1 years; height, 170.5 ± 5.8 cm; body mass, 67.0 ± 9.3 kg; body mass index, 21.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2) were allocated to four groups on the basis of their weekly exercise frequency: Group 1, no exercise, n = 334; Group 2, once a week, n = 271; Group 3, a few days a week, n = 269; and Group 4, every day, n = 154. Their body composition, blood pressure, and handgrip strength were assessed. A single-slice computerized tomography image at the level of the umbilicus was acquired and the CSAs of IntraMAT, muscle tissue, and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (SCAT and VAT) were calculated. The %IntraMAT significantly correlated with physical characteristics, such as age, BMI, abdominal circumference, and muscle tissue CSA. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed, with the %IntraMAT as the dependent variable. Muscle tissue CSA and abdominal circumference were the common independent variables across groups to explain the variability of the %IntraMAT. It was also extracted %body fat and age for Group 2, age, handgrip strength, and BMI for Group 3, and smoking category for Group 4. These results suggested that muscle tissue size and abdominal circumference would be the strong predictors to explain %IntraMAT of the trunk muscle across four groups, and that age, %body fat, BMI, and SCAT, handgrip strength and smoking category were also good predictors for each group with different exercise frequency in middle-aged Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masataka Suwa
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Iwakura, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imoto
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Iwakura, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Girts RM, Harmon KK, Pagan JI, Alberto A, Hernandez MG, Stock MS. The Influence of Ultrasound Image Depth and Gain on Skeletal Muscle Echo Intensity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:839-846. [PMID: 35436421 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Echo intensity may associate with indicators of skeletal muscle quality, but investigators often use different methodological approaches that may alter echo intensity when acquiring B-mode ultrasound images. We examined the influence of image depth and gain settings on the interpretation of echo intensity. Thirty-six college-aged males and females participated. Ultrasound images of the vastus lateralis were captured in the sagittal plane. Images were captured at depths of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0cm and gain settings of 50 and 60 dB in random order. For both gain settings, echo intensity values were similar between 4.0 and 6.0cm. At a gain of 50dB, 7.0cm demonstrated greater values than all other depths. At a gain of 60dB, 7.0cm displayed greater values compared to all other depths, but 3.0cm displayed lower echo intensity values than other depths. Echo intensity was substantially higher when using a gain of 60dB compared to 50dB (mean difference ≥ 21.7 arbitrary units, d ≥ 3.47). When planning investigations in new research areas, researchers should carefully consider their study-specific image depth. Echo intensity values are stable between depths of 4.0 and 6.0cm, suggesting that changing image depth may not be problematic. Image gain must be kept constant. Novelty Bullets • Optimal approaches for B-mode ultrasound image acquisition of skeletal muscles remain unclear. • Echo intensity is similar between depths of 4.0 and 6.0cm, regardless of image gain. • Investigators should seek to utilize a constant depth setting, but small deviations may be acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Girts
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Jason I Pagan
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Ariel Alberto
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Manuel G Hernandez
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Matt S Stock
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
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Acute Blood Pressure Response to High- and Moderate-Speed Resistance Exercise in Older Adults With Hypertension. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 30:689-696. [PMID: 34856535 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An increase in blood pressure (BP) occurs during resistance exercise; attention to this response may be necessary in older individuals with hypertension. We compared the BP responses following high- (HSRE) and moderate-speed resistance exercise (MSRE) (4 × 8 repetitions at 60% one-repetition maximum) and control protocol in 15 older adults with hypertension. HSRE and MSRE increased systolic BP (SBP) by the end of each set compared with preexercise and control protocol. Immediately after the fourth set, a higher SBP was observed in MSRE than HSRE (147 ± 14 vs. 141 ± 12 mmHg; p = .01). Taking an exploratory analysis of the individual response, we observed that MSRE resulted in greater mean changes and number of SBP exposures to values ≥150 mmHg (22-fold) than HSRE (10-fold). Diastolic BP increased (p < .05) with exercise, but only MSRE increased compared with the control condition (p < .05). HSRE may be an alternative for individuals in which SBP peak should be avoided.
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Yamaguchi K, Nakagawa K, Yoshimi K, Ariya C, Nakane A, Furuya J, Tohara H. Age-related changes in swallowing muscle intramuscular adipose tissue deposition and related factors. Exp Gerontol 2021; 153:111505. [PMID: 34343633 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate age-related changes in the intramuscular adipose tissue (IAT) of the tongue and geniohyoid muscle (GHM) and associated factors. DESIGN Exploratory cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This study included 89 participants recruited from a health survey, which included 38 younger adults (age range, 20-63 years) and 51 older adults (age range, 65-87 years). MEASUREMENTS Age, body mass index, body fat, lean body mass, skeletal muscle mass index, trunk muscle mass index, tongue pressure, jaw opening force, and oral diadochokinesis were assessed. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) of the tongue and GHM were measured using ultrasonography. IAT was assessed according to EI values. The factors related to the IAT of each muscle were examined using multiple regression analysis. We also investigated the correlation of IAT with factors related to oral function and systemic and morphological factors. RESULTS Neither the EI of the tongue nor that of the GHM had a significant correlation with factors related to oral function and systemic factors. In the multiple regression analysis, significant explanatory variables for EI of the tongue and GHM were age (β = 0.14, P = 0.019; tongue and β = 0.13, P = 0.017; GHM) and the CSA of each muscle (β = -0.01, P = 0.042; tongue and β = -0.04, P = 0.003; GHM). EI was positively associated with age and negatively associated with muscle CSA. CONCLUSION Age-related changes in the IAT show the same trend for both the tongue and GHM, unlike age-related changes in muscle mass. The IATs of the tongue and GHM were not significantly correlated with oral function and systemic factors. Therefore, EI may not be a useful index for the functional evaluation of the tongue and GHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Kazuharu Nakagawa
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kanako Yoshimi
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Chantaramanee Ariya
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Phitsanulok-Nakhon Sawan Road, Tha Pho, Mueang Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Ayako Nakane
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Junichi Furuya
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Haruka Tohara
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Obst SJ, Florance K, Barber L. Regional Variation in Muscle Echogenicity Is Related to Muscle Thickness in Young Children. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2467-2476. [PMID: 33941414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative ultrasound of muscle echogenicity may be influenced by the size of the muscle and, so, corrections may be required when comparing echogenicity between populations with different muscle size. This study examined the relationship between regional muscle echogenicity and geometry in young, typically developing children (n = 49, mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 70.8 ± 30.0 mo). Three-dimensional ultrasound was used to measure mean echo intensity (EI) and echo variation (EV), together with muscle thickness, cross-sectional area (CSA) and width, over the entire muscle length for the medial gastrocnemius (MG), rectus femoris (RF) and tibialis anterior muscles. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the strength of the relationship between echogenicity and geometry using all images taken over the entire muscle length. There were moderate-strong correlations (r = 0.67-0.90) between EI and EV and thickness for each muscle, with the strongest correlations evident for the MG and RF. EI and EV were moderately correlated with muscle CSA and weakly correlated with muscle width. Normalisation of echogenicity to muscle thickness may help delineate between regions of contractile and non-contractile tissue and provide a useful measure of muscle echogenicity when comparing muscles of different cross-sectional dimensions. We recommend that researchers consider controlling for muscle size-dependent effects on echogenicity, by normalising EI and EV to muscle thickness, or including the latter as a covariate when comparing between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Obst
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kaysie Florance
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee Barber
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Chair sit-to-stand performance is associated with diagnostic features of sarcopenia in older men and women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 96:104463. [PMID: 34218157 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standing from a chair is a fundamental activity of daily living, and it can be applied to assess the physical function, especially in older individuals. AIM The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of mechanical and temporal parameters during chair stand based on the relationship with skeletal muscle and physical functional parameters in older men and women. METHODS Eighty older men and women participated in this study. We measured four parameters of chair stand performance: ground reaction force (GRF), rate of force development (RFD), and chair rise time (CRT) were calculated from the foot-floor force data; sit-to-stand (STS) was also assessed by measuring the time needed to complete 10 chair stand repetitions. The muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity, as indexes of muscle size and quality, respectively, were measured using axial B-mode ultrasound images from quadriceps femoris. The gait speed and handgrip strength were measured as physical functional parameters. RESULTS Partial correlation was used to determine the association of chair stand performance with MT, echo intensity, and physical parameters while considering the height, body mass, and age. GRF, RFD, and STS were significantly correlated with MT (r = 0.35, 0.26, and -0.49), gait speed (r = 0.32, 0.31, and -0.67), and handgrip strength (r = 0.57, 0.59, and -0.49). As the result of regression analysis, MT, gait speed, and handgrip strength were estimated by GRF and STS. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chair stand performance is useful as it reflects the muscle size and physical functions in older individuals.
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Akima H, Yoshiko A, Radaelli R, Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Tomita A, Maeda H, Neske R, Teodoro J, Maeda K, Tanaka N, Pinto R. Comparison of muscle quality and functional capacity between Japanese and Brazilian older individuals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243589. [PMID: 33326469 PMCID: PMC7743983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality is well-known to decrease with aging and is a risk factor for metabolic abnormalities. However, there is a lack of information on race-associated differences in muscle quality and other neuromuscular features related to functional performance. This study aimed to compare muscle quality, function, and morphological characteristics in Japanese and Brazilian older individuals. Eighty-four participants aged 65–87 years were enrolled in the study (42 Japanese: 23 men, 19 women, mean age 70.4 years; 42 Brazilians: 23 men, 19 women, mean age 70.8 years). Echo intensity (EI) and muscle thickness (MT) of the quadriceps femoris were measured using B-mode ultrasonography. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with EI as a dependent variable revealed that MT was a significant variable for Japanese participants (R2 = 0.424, P = 0.001), while MT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) thickness were significant variables for Brazilian participants (R2 = 0.490, P = 0.001). A second stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed after excluding MT and SCAT thickness from the independent variables. Sex and age for Japanese participants (R2 = 0.381, P = 0.001) and lean body mass and body mass index for Brazilian participants (R2 = 0.385, P = 0.001) were identified as significant independent variables. The present results suggest that MT is closely correlated with muscle quality in Japanese and Brazilian older individuals. Increases in muscle size may induce decreases in intramuscular adipose tissue and/or connective tissues, which are beneficial for reducing the risks of metabolic impairments in Japanese and Brazilian older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akito Yoshiko
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Madoka Ogawa
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Tomita
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rodrigo Neske
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Teodoro
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kazuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ronei Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Machado CLF, Pinto RS, Brusco CM, Cadore EL, Radaelli R. COVID-19 pandemic is an urgent time for older people to practice resistance exercise at home. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111101. [PMID: 33049354 PMCID: PMC7547324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social distancing measures have been used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic; nevertheless, it causes unintended greater time at home and consequently a reduction in general physical activity and an increase in sedentary time, which is harmful to older people. A decrease in daily physical activities and an increase in sedentary time culminates in an impactful skeletal muscle disuse period and reduction in neuromuscular abilities related to functional capacity. Home-based resistance training is a strategy to mitigate physical inactivity and improve or retain muscle function and functional performance. Therefore, it is an urgent time to encourage older people to perform resistance exercises at home to avoid a harmful functional decline and promote physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Muller Brusco
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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