1
|
Liu S, Park T, Krüger DM, Pena-Centeno T, Burkhardt S, Schutz AL, Huang YN, Rosewood T, Chaudhuri S, Cho M, Risacher SL, Wan Y, Shaw LM, Sananbenesi F, Brodsky AS, Lin H, Krunic A, Blusztajn JK, Saykin AJ, Delalle I, Fischer A, Nho K. Plasma miRNAs across the Alzheimer's disease continuum: Relationship to central biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39291737 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in gene expression regulation and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. METHODS We investigated the association between baseline plasma miRNAs and central AD biomarkers from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; N = 803): amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (A/T/N). Differentially expressed miRNAs and their targets were identified, followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Machine learning approaches were applied to investigate the role of miRNAs as blood biomarkers. RESULTS We identified nine, two, and eight miRNAs significantly associated with A/T/N positivity, respectively. We identified 271 genes targeted by amyloid-related miRNAs with estrogen signaling receptor-mediated signaling among the enriched pathways. Additionally, 220 genes targeted by neurodegeneration-related miRNAs showed enrichment in pathways including the insulin growth factor 1 pathway. The classification performance of demographic information for A/T/N positivity was increased up to 9% with the inclusion of miRNAs. DISCUSSION Plasma miRNAs were associated with central A/T/N biomarkers, highlighting their potential as blood biomarkers. HIGHLIGHTS We performed association analysis of microRNAs (miRNAs) with amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (A/T/N) biomarker positivity. We identified dysregulated miRNAs for A/T/N biomarker positivity. We identified Alzheimer's disease biomarker-specific/common pathways related to miRNAs. miRNAs improved the classification for A/T/N positivity by up to 9%. Our study highlights the potential of miRNAs as blood biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Liu
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamina Park
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dennis M Krüger
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Bioinformatics Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tonatiuh Pena-Centeno
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Bioinformatics Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Burkhardt
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schutz
- Research Group for Genome Dynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yen-Ning Huang
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thea Rosewood
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Soumilee Chaudhuri
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - MinYoung Cho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yang Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Farahnaz Sananbenesi
- Research Group for Genome Dynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander S Brodsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Krunic
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Puranik N, Song M. Insights into the Role of microRNAs as Clinical Tools for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and as Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9936. [PMID: 39337429 PMCID: PMC11431957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a diverse group of neurological disorders characterized by alterations in the structure and function of the central nervous system. Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by impaired memory and cognitive abilities, is the most prevalent type of senile dementia. Loss of synapses, intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and extracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plaques are the hallmarks of AD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that bind to the 3' and 5' untranslated regions of target genes to cause post-transcriptional gene silencing. The brain expresses over 70% of all experimentally detected miRNAs, and these miRNAs are crucial for synaptic function and particular signals during memory formation. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs play a role in AD pathogenesis and we provide an overview of the role of miRNAs in synapse formation, Aβ synthesis, tau protein accumulation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-associated AD pathogenesis. We further summarize and discuss the role of miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD detection and differentiation between early- and late-stage AD, based on recent research. In conclusion, altered expression of miRNAs in the brain and peripheral circulation demonstrates their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Puranik
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bivona G, Sammataro S, Ghersi G. Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Novel Molecules to Treat the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7893. [PMID: 39063135 PMCID: PMC11277093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia and affects million people worldwide, with a high social burden and considerable economic costs. AD diagnosis benefits from a well-established panel of laboratory tests that allow ruling-in patients, along with FDG and amyloid PET imaging tools. The main laboratory tests used to identify AD patients are Aβ40, Aβ42, the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, phosphorylated Tau 181 (pTau181) and total Tau (tTau). Although they are measured preferentially in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), some evidence about the possibility for blood-based determination to enter clinical practice is growing up. Unfortunately, CSF biomarkers for AD and, even more, the blood-based ones, present a few flaws, and twenty years of research in this field did not overcome these pitfalls. The tale even worsens when the issue of treating AD is addressed due to the lack of effective strategies despite the many decades of attempts by pharmaceutic industries and scientists. Amyloid-based drugs failed to stop the disease, and no neuroinflammation-based drugs have been demonstrated to work so far. Hence, only symptomatic therapy is available, with no disease-modifying treatment on hand. Such a desolate situation fully justifies the active search for novel biomarkers to be used as reliable tests for AD diagnosis and molecular targets for treating patients. Recently, a novel group of molecules has been identified to be used for AD diagnosis and follow-up, the nuclei acid-based biomarkers. Nucleic acid-based biomarkers are a composite group of extracellular molecules consisting of DNA and RNA alone or in combination with other molecules, including proteins. This review article reports the main findings from the studies carried out on these biomarkers during AD, and highlights their advantages and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Selene Sammataro
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pereira JD, Teixeira LCR, Mamede I, Alves MT, Caramelli P, Luizon MR, Veloso AA, Gomes KB. miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid associated with Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and pathway analysis using a data mining and machine learning approach. J Neurochem 2024; 168:977-994. [PMID: 38390627 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type and accounts for 60%-70% of the reported cases of dementia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in gene expression regulation. Although the diagnosis of AD is primarily clinical, several miRNAs have been associated with AD and considered as potential markers for diagnosis and progression of AD. We sought to match AD-related miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found in the GeoDataSets, evaluated by machine learning, with miRNAs listed in a systematic review, and a pathway analysis. Using machine learning approaches, we identified most differentially expressed miRNAs in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which were validated by the systematic review, using the acronym PECO-Population (P): Patients with AD, Exposure (E): expression of miRNAs, Comparison (C): Healthy individuals, and Objective (O): miRNAs differentially expressed in CSF. Additionally, pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify the main pathways involving at least four miRNAs selected. Four miRNAs were identified for differentiating between patients with and without AD in machine learning combined to systematic review, and followed the pathways analysis: miRNA-30a-3p, miRNA-193a-5p, miRNA-143-3p, miRNA-145-5p. The pathways epidermal growth factor, MAPK, TGF-beta and ATM-dependent DNA damage response, were regulated by these miRNAs, but only the MAPK pathway presented higher relevance after a randomic pathway analysis. These findings have the potential to assist in the development of diagnostic tests for AD using miRNAs as biomarkers, as well as provide understanding of the relationship between different pathophysiological mechanisms of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Diniz Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Izabela Mamede
- Intituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Caramelli
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rizzatti Luizon
- Intituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Alonso Veloso
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han SW, Pyun JM, Bice PJ, Bennett DA, Saykin AJ, Kim SY, Park YH, Nho K. miR-129-5p as a biomarker for pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:5. [PMID: 38195609 PMCID: PMC10775662 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's dementia (AD) pathogenesis involves complex mechanisms, including microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation. Integrative network and machine learning analysis of miRNA can provide insights into AD pathology and prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS We performed co-expression network analysis to identify network modules associated with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition using brain tissue miRNA profiles from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP) (N = 702) as a discovery dataset. We performed association analysis of hub miRNAs with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition. After selecting target genes of the hub miRNAs, we performed association analysis of the hub miRNAs with their target genes and then performed pathway-based enrichment analysis. For replication, we performed a consensus miRNA co-expression network analysis using the ROS/MAP dataset and an independent dataset (N = 16) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Furthermore, we performed a machine learning approach to assess the performance of hub miRNAs for AD classification. RESULTS Network analysis identified a glucose metabolism pathway-enriched module (M3) as significantly associated with AD and cognition. Five hub miRNAs (miR-129-5p, miR-433, miR-1260, miR-200a, and miR-221) of M3 had significant associations with AD clinical and/or pathologic traits, with miR129-5p by far the strongest across all phenotypes. Gene-set enrichment analysis of target genes associated with their corresponding hub miRNAs identified significantly enriched biological pathways including ErbB, AMPK, MAPK, and mTOR signaling pathways. Consensus network analysis identified two AD-associated consensus network modules and two hub miRNAs (miR-129-5p and miR-221). Machine learning analysis showed that the AD classification performance (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.807) of age, sex, and APOE ε4 carrier status was significantly improved by 6.3% with inclusion of five AD-associated hub miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Integrative network and machine learning analysis identified miRNA signatures, especially miR-129-5p, as associated with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition, enhancing our understanding of AD pathogenesis and leading to better performance of AD classification as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Han
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 77 Sakju-ro, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Paula J Bice
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Harrison St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdelmaksoud NM, Sallam AAM, Abulsoud AI, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel Mageed SS, Al-Noshokaty TM, Elrebehy MA, Elshaer SS, Mahmoud NA, Fathi D, Rizk NI, Elballal MS, Mohammed OA, Abdel-Reheim MA, Zaki MB, Saber S, Doghish AS. Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer's disease. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155007. [PMID: 38061270 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted, advancing neurodegenerative illness that is responsible for most cases of neurological impairment and dementia in the aged population. As the disease progresses, affected individuals may experience cognitive decline, linguistic problems, affective instability, and behavioral changes. The intricate nature of AD reflects the altered molecular mechanisms participating in the affected human brain. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miR) are essential for the intricate control of gene expression in neurobiology. miRNAs exert their influence by modulating the transcriptome of brain cells, which typically exhibit substantial genetic activity, encompassing gene transcription and mRNA production. Presently, comprehensive studies are being conducted on AD to identify miRNA-based signatures that are indicative of the disease pathophysiology. These findings can contribute to the advancement of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disorder and can inform the development of therapeutic interventions based on miRNA and related RNA molecules. Therefore, this comprehensive review provides a detailed holistic analysis of the latest advances discussing the emerging role of miRNAs in the progression of AD and their possible application as potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic interventions in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Al-Aliaa M Sallam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Tohada M Al-Noshokaty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Naira Ali Mahmoud
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nehal I Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni, Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han SW, Pyun JM, Bice PJ, Bennett DA, Saykin AJ, Kim S, Park YH, Nho K. miR-129-5p as a biomarker for pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3501125. [PMID: 37961387 PMCID: PMC10635399 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3501125/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's dementia (AD) pathogenesis involves complex mechanisms, including microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation. Integrative network and machine learning analysis of miRNA can provide insights into AD pathology and prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. Methods We performed co-expression network analysis to identify network modules associated with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition using brain tissue miRNA profiles from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP) (N = 702) as a discovery dataset. We performed association analysis of hub miRNAs with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition. After selecting target genes of the hub miRNAs, we performed association analysis of the hub miRNAs with their target genes and then performed pathway-based enrichment analysis. For replication, we performed a consensus miRNA co-expression network analysis using the ROS/MAP dataset and an independent dataset (N = 16) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Furthermore, we performed a machine learning approach to assess the performance of hub miRNAs for AD classification. Results Network analysis identified a glucose metabolism pathway-enriched module (M3) as significantly associated with AD and cognition. Five hub miRNAs (miR-129-5p, miR-433, miR-1260, miR-200a, and miR-221) of M3 had significant associations with AD clinical and/or pathologic traits, with miR129-5p by far the strongest across all phenotypes. Gene-set enrichment analysis of target genes associated with their corresponding hub miRNAs identified significantly enriched biological pathways including ErbB, AMPK, MAPK, and mTOR signaling pathways. Consensus network analysis identified two AD-associated consensus network modules, and two hub miRNAs (miR-129-5p and miR-221). Machine learning analysis showed that the AD classification performance (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.807) of age, sex, and apoE ε4 carrier status was significantly improved by 6.3% with inclusion of five AD-associated hub miRNAs. Conclusions Integrative network and machine learning analysis identified miRNA signatures, especially miR-129-5p, as associated with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition, enhancing our understanding of AD pathogenesis and leading to better performance of AD classification as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - SangYun Kim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Young Ho Park
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kunze R, Fischer S, Marti HH, Preissner KT. Brain alarm by self-extracellular nucleic acids: from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:64. [PMID: 37550658 PMCID: PMC10405513 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, as well as the neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease are accompanied or even powered by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), defined as endogenous molecules released from stressed or damaged tissue. Besides protein-related DAMPs or "alarmins", numerous nucleic acid DAMPs exist in body fluids, such as cell-free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as well as different species of extracellular RNA, collectively termed as self-extracellular nucleic acids (SENAs). Among these, microRNA, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and extracellular ribosomal RNA constitute the majority of RNA-based DAMPs. Upon tissue injury, necrosis or apoptosis, such SENAs are released from neuronal, immune and other cells predominantly in association with extracellular vesicles and may be translocated to target cells where they can induce intracellular regulatory pathways in gene transcription and translation. The majority of SENA-induced signaling reactions in the brain appear to be related to neuroinflammatory processes, often causally associated with the onset or progression of the respective disease. In this review, the impact of the diverse types of SENAs on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Based on the accumulating knowledge in this field, several specific antagonistic approaches are presented that could serve as therapeutic interventions to lower the pathological outcome of the indicated brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hugo H. Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Kerckhoff-Heart-Research-Institute, Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Noor Eddin A, Hamsho K, Adi G, Al-Rimawi M, Alfuwais M, Abdul Rab S, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs as potential biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1210191. [PMID: 37476007 PMCID: PMC10354256 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1210191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia worldwide, but its early detection and diagnosis remain a challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate mRNA expression. Recent evidence suggests miRNAs play an important role in the five major hallmarks of AD pathophysiology: amyloidogenesis, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal death. Compared to traditional biomarkers of AD, miRNAs display a greater degree of stability in cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, aberrant changes in miRNA expression can be measured over time to monitor and guide patient treatment. Specific miRNA profiles and combinations may also be used to distinguish AD subjects from normal controls and other causes of dementia. Because of these properties, miRNAs are now being considered as promising and potential biomarkers of AD. This review comprehensively summarizes the diagnostic potential and regulatory roles miRNAs play in AD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Minz R, Sharma PK, Negi A, Kesari KK. MicroRNAs-Based Theranostics against Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1833. [PMID: 37514018 PMCID: PMC10385075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Various clinical reports indicate prolonged exposure to general anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity (in vitro and in vivo). Behavior changes (memory and cognition) are compilations commonly cited with general anesthetics. The ability of miRNAs to modulate gene expression, thereby selectively altering cellular functions, remains one of the emerging techniques in the recent decade. Importantly, engineered miRNAs (which are of the two categories, i.e., agomir and antagomir) to an extent found to mitigate neurotoxicity. Utilizing pre-designed synthetic miRNA oligos would be an ideal analeptic approach for intervention based on indicative parameters. This review demonstrates engineered miRNA's potential as prophylactics and/or therapeutics minimizing the general anesthetics-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we share our thoughts regarding the current challenges and feasibility of using miRNAs as therapeutic agents to counteract the adverse neurological effects. Moreover, we discuss the scientific status and updates on the novel neuro-miRNAs related to therapy against neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta (Aβ) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseleena Minz
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi 853205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi 853205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang J, Chen J, Wang Y, Zhou S. The role of
MiRNA
‐433 in malignant tumors of digestive tract as tumor suppressor. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2022; 5:e1694. [PMID: 35976177 PMCID: PMC9458491 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non‐coding RNAs with a length of approximate 22 nuclei acids that can be expressed both as an oncogene and tumor suppressor gene in human cancers. MiRNAs can participate in the post‐ transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and regulate the several cancer‐related processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, etc. Recent findings Expression of miRNA‐433 has been reported to vary in different tumors and affected by various factors. We have summarized the different previous studies and found that miRNA‐433 can significantly inhibit the growth of the cancer cells not only in malignant tumors of the digestive tract, but also in lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, renal carcinoma, glioma, retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Conclusion When the expression of miRNA‐433 was up‐regulated, the proliferation, metastasis and invasion abilities of the malignant tumor cells were significantly inhibited. At the same time, the potential mechanisms through which miRNA‐433 can suppress the growth and metastasis of the cancer cells were found to be basically the same, and involved modulation of the specific signaling pathways or target genes in the malignant tumors. Overall, it can be concluded that miRNA‐433 can serve as potential and valuable therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- General Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- General Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- General Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- General Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giri B, Seamon M, Banerjee A, Chauhan S, Purohit S, Morgan J, Baban B, Wakade C. Emerging urinary alpha-synuclein and miRNA biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1687-1696. [PMID: 33881722 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases after Alzheimer's disease (AD), afflicting adults above the age of sixty irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, and social status. PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions, displaying resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural imbalance. Non-motor symptoms, including rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder, constipation, and loss of sense of smell, typically occur many years before the appearance of the PD motor symptoms that lead to a diagnosis. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to the motor symptoms seen in PD, is associated with the deposition of aggregated, misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn, SNCA) proteins forming Lewy Bodies. Additionally, dysregulation of miRNA (a short form of mRNA) may contribute to the developing pathophysiology in PD and other diseases such as cancer. Overexpression of α-Syn and miRNA in human samples has been found in PD, AD, and dementia. Therefore, evaluating these molecules in urine, present either in the free form or in association with extracellular vesicles of biological fluids, may lead to early biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Collection of urine is non-invasive and thus beneficial, particularly in geriatric populations, for biomarker analysis. Considering the expression and function of α-Syn and miRNA, we predict that they can be used as early biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banabihari Giri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Marissa Seamon
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Brain Peds Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sneha Chauhan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sharad Purohit
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John Morgan
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chandramohan Wakade
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Potential Role of miRNA-Regulated Autophagy in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147789. [PMID: 35887134 PMCID: PMC9317523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) shows a higher incidence during the aging process, mainly revealing the characteristics of a significant decrease in cognition, uncontrolled emotion, and reduced learning and memory capacity, even leading to death. In the prevention and treatment of AD, some pharmacological therapy has been applied in clinical practice. Unfortunately, there are still limited effective treatments for AD due to the absence of clear and defined targets. Currently, it is recognized that the leading causes of AD include amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) deposition, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neurofibrillary tangles, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. With in-depth mechanistic exploration, it has been found that these causes are highly correlated with the dysfunctional status of autophagy. Numerous experimental results have also confirmed that the development and progression of AD is accompanied by an abnormal functional status of autophagy; therefore, regulating the functional status of autophagy has become one of the important strategies for alleviating or arresting the progression of AD. With the increasing attention given to microRNAs (miRNAs), more and more studies have found that a series of miRNAs are involved in the development and progression of AD through the indirect regulation of autophagy. Therefore, regulating autophagy through targeting these miRNAs may be an essential breakthrough for the prevention and treatment of AD. This article summarizes the regulation of miRNAs in autophagy, with the aim of providing a new theoretical reference point for the prevention and treatment of AD through the indirect regulation of miRNA-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Meng T, Chen Y, Wang P, Yang L, Li C. Circ-HUWE1 Knockdown Alleviates Amyloid-β-Induced Neuronal Injury in SK-N-SH Cells via miR-433-3p Release-Mediated FGF7 Downregulation. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:913-924. [PMID: 35670955 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by Amyloid-β accumulation-induced neuronal injury. Emerging evidence shows that circular RNA (circRNA) is involved in AD development. The aim of this study was to illustrate the role of circ-HUWE1 in Amyloid-β accumulation-induced neuronal injury. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) or western blot was conducted for the expression analysis of circ-HUWE1, miR-433-3p, and fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7). In functional assays, cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay, and cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry assay, the protein levels of apoptosis-related markers, and caspase1 or caspase3 activity. The release of pro-inflammatory factors was monitored by ELISA. The predicted binding relationship between miR-433-3p and circ-HUWE1 or FGF7 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. We discovered that circ-HUWE1 absence alleviated Amyloid-β-induced cell viability degradation, cell apoptosis, and inflammatory responses in SK-N-SH cells. MiR-433-3p was a target of circ-HUWE1, and miR-433-3p inhibition reversed the effects of circ-HUWE1 knockdown. In addition, FGF7 was a downstream target of miR-433-3p whose function could be abolished by FGF7 reintroduction. Circ-HUWE1 positively regulated FGF7 expression via competitively targeting miR-433-3p. Moreover, circ-HUWE1 knockdown activated the WNT signaling pathway in Amyloid-β-treated SK-N-SH cells by targeting the miR-433-3p/FGF7 axis. In conclusion, circ-HUWE1 knockdown alleviates Amyloid-β-induced neuronal injury in SK-N-SH cells via miR-433-3p release-mediated FGF7 depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Meng
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yalan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chenggang Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Fengdu, Fengdu County, 33 Lutang Street, Sanhe Street, HospitalChongqing, 408200, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu S, Fan M, Zheng Q, Hao S, Yang L, Xia Q, Qi C, Ge J. MicroRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: Potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112681. [PMID: 35177290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with cognitive decline as the primary clinical feature. According to epidemiological statistics, 50 million people worldwide are currently affected by Alzheimer's disease. Although new drugs such as aducanumab have been approved for use in the treatment of AD, none of them have reversed the progression of AD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecule RNAs that exert their biological functions by regulating the expression of intracellular proteins, and differential abundance and varieties are found between the central and peripheral tissues of AD patients and healthy controls. This article will summarise the changes of miRNAs in the AD process, and the potential role of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in AD will be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Min Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Shengwei Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Longjun Yang
- Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Congcong Qi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinfang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen HH, Eteleeb A, Wang C, Fernandez MV, Budde JP, Bergmann K, Norton J, Wang F, Ebl C, Morris JC, Perrin RJ, Bateman RJ, McDade E, Xiong C, Goate A, Farlow M, Chhatwal J, Schofield PR, Chui H, Harari O, Cruchaga C, Ibanez L. Circular RNA detection identifies circPSEN1 alterations in brain specific to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:29. [PMID: 35246267 PMCID: PMC8895634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) is caused by pathogenic mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which usually lead to an early age at onset (< 65). Circular RNAs are a family of non-coding RNAs highly expressed in the nervous system and especially in synapses. We aimed to investigate differences in brain gene expression of linear and circular transcripts from the three ADAD genes in controls, sporadic AD, and ADAD. METHODS We obtained and sequenced RNA from brain cortex using standard protocols. Linear counts were obtained using the TOPMed pipeline; circular counts, using python package DCC. After stringent quality control (QC), we obtained the counts for PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP genes. Only circPSEN1 passed QC. We used DESeq2 to compare the counts across groups, correcting for biological and technical variables. Finally, we performed in-silico functional analyses using the Circular RNA interactome website and DIANA mirPath software. RESULTS Our results show significant differences in gene counts of circPSEN1 in ADAD individuals, when compared to sporadic AD and controls (ADAD = 21, AD = 253, Controls = 23-ADADvsCO: log2FC = 0.794, p = 1.63 × 10-04, ADADvsAD: log2FC = 0.602, p = 8.22 × 10-04). The high gene counts are contributed by two circPSEN1 species (hsa_circ_0008521 and hsa_circ_0003848). No significant differences were observed in linear PSEN1 gene expression between cases and controls, indicating that this finding is specific to the circular forms. In addition, the high circPSEN1 levels do not seem to be specific to PSEN1 mutation carriers; the counts are also elevated in APP and PSEN2 mutation carriers. In-silico functional analyses suggest that circPSEN1 is involved in several pathways such as axon guidance (p = 3.39 × 10-07), hippo signaling pathway (p = 7.38 × 10-07), lysine degradation (p = 2.48 × 10-05) or Wnt signaling pathway (p = 5.58 × 10-04) among other KEGG pathways. Additionally, circPSEN1 counts were able to discriminate ADAD from sporadic AD and controls with an AUC above 0.70. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show the differential expression of circPSEN1 is increased in ADAD. Given the biological function previously ascribed to circular RNAs and the results of our in-silico analyses, we hypothesize that this finding might be related to neuroinflammatory events that lead or that are caused by the accumulation of amyloid-beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Han Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Abdallah Eteleeb
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Ciyang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Maria Victoria Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - John P. Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Curtis Ebl
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helena Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Huang Q, Wang S, Liao Z, Jin H, Huang S, Hong X, Liu Y, Pang J, Shen Q, Wang Q, Li C, Ji L. The Food Additive β-Caryophyllene Exerts Its Neuroprotective Effects Through the JAK2-STAT3-BACE1 Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:814432. [PMID: 35296033 PMCID: PMC8919047 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.814432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), its diagnosis and treatment remain challenging, and no effective therapies are currently available. Amyloid β (Aβ) extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are the histological characteristics of AD that have been directly linked to neuropathological events such as synaptic and neuronal cell loss. In this study, we explored whether the “JAK2-STAT3-BACE1” pathway is involved in neuroprotection conferred by the food flavouring agent β-caryophyllene (BCP). PC-12 cells with overexpressed amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) were utilised to construct an AD model in vitro, which was then split into four groups, namely control, empty vector, APP overexpression, and BCP (5, 10, and 20 μM). CCK-8 was used to evaluate cell viability, immunofluorescence was utilised to examine synaptic morphology, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to examine gene and protein expression levels. The relative expression levels of JAK2, STAT3, and BACE1 mRNA in the transfected PC-12 cells were found to be significantly upregulated. The cell morphology altered dramatically 72 h after transfection, becoming rounder, with a decrease in cell number. BCP exhibited the potential to dramatically increase PC-12 cell viability while protecting cell morphology. BCP inhibited APP, JAK2, STAT3, BACE1 mRNA and BACE1 protein overexpression, as well as JAK2 and STAT3 hyperphosphorylation. Molecular docking simulated the docking of BCP with JAK2, STAT3, BACE1, CB2. And JAK2 was found to be the most stable protein. In conclusion, inhibition of the “JAK2-STAT3-BACE1” signalling pathway may be one of the mechanisms through which BCP protects neurons and antagonises Aβ’s neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sichen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqian Liao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haichao Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Shen,
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linping, China
- Qingcheng Wang,
| | - Changyu Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Changyu Li,
| | - Liting Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Liting Ji,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abuelezz NZ, Nasr FE, AbdulKader MA, Bassiouny AR, Zaky A. MicroRNAs as Potential Orchestrators of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathologies: Insights on Current Status and Future Possibilities. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743573. [PMID: 34712129 PMCID: PMC8546247 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deleterious neurodegenerative disease, strongly affecting the cognitive functions and memory of seniors worldwide. Around 58% of the affected patients live in low and middle-income countries, with estimates of increasing deaths caused by AD in the coming decade. AD is a multifactor pathology. Mitochondrial function declines in AD brain and is currently emerging as a hallmark of this disease. It has been considered as one of the intracellular processes severely compromised in AD. Many mitochondrial parameters decline already during aging; mitochondrial efficiency for energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, to reach an extensive functional failure, concomitant with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions. Besides its impact on cognitive functions, AD is characterized by loss of synapses, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, accompanied by drastic sleep disorders, sensory function alterations and pain sensitization. Unfortunately, till date, effective management of AD-related disorders and early, non-invasive AD diagnostic markers are yet to be found. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding nucleic acids that regulate key signaling pathway(s) in various disease conditions. About 70% of experimentally detectable miRNAs are expressed in the brain where they regulate neurite outgrowth, dendritic spine morphology, and synaptic plasticity. Increasing studies suggest that miRNAs are intimately involved in synaptic function and specific signals during memory formation. This has been the pivotal key for considering miRNAs crucial molecules to be studied in AD. MicroRNAs dysfunctions are increasingly acknowledged as a pivotal contributor in AD via deregulating genes involved in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, miRNAs have been proved to control pain sensitization processes and regulate circadian clock system that affects the sleep process. Interestingly, the differential expression of miRNA panels implies their emerging potential as diagnostic AD biomarkers. In this review, we will present an updated analysis of miRNAs role in regulating signaling processes that are involved in AD-related pathologies. We will discuss the current challenges against wider use of miRNAs and the future promising capabilities of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic means for better management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Z Abuelezz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza Eid Nasr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad R Bassiouny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Samadian M, Gholipour M, Hajiesmaeili M, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Eminent Role of microRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:641080. [PMID: 33790780 PMCID: PMC8005705 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.641080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irrevocable neurodegenerative condition characterized by the presence of senile plaques comprising amassed β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles mainly comprising extremely phosphorylated Tau proteins. Recent studies have emphasized the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of AD. A number of miRNAs, namely, miR-200a-3p, miR-195, miR-338-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-132, miR-384, miR-339-5p, miR-135b, miR-425-5p, and miR-339-5p, have been shown to participate in the development of AD through interacting with BACE1. Other miRNAs might affect the inflammatory responses in the course of AD. Aberrant expression of several miRNAs in the plasma samples of AD subjects has been shown to have the aptitude for differentiation of AD subjects from healthy subjects. Finally, a number of AD-modifying agents affect miRNA profile in cell cultures or animal models. We have performed a comprehensive search and summarized the obtained data about the function of miRNAs in AD in the current review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samadian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang M, Han W, Xu Y, Li D, Xue Q. Serum miR-128 Serves as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:269-275. [PMID: 33542630 PMCID: PMC7853421 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s290925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered to participate in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), they are still difficult to apply in clinical work. Thus, the identification of novel miRNAs and clarification of their clinical significance are importing for improving the diagnosis and treatment of AD. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of miR-128 and its diagnostic value in patients with AD. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, 117 AD patients and 106 controls were enrolled, and the demographic data, biochemical parameters and serum miR-128 levels were collected. These data were then used to build a logistic regression model, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-128. The relationships between miR-128 and inflammatory factors (IL-1β/TNF-α) were also analyzed from clinical serum data. RESULTS Our study found that miR-128 was significantly upregulated in the serum samples of AD patients compared with controls, and that this upregulation was negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (r = -0.687, P< 0.01). ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of miR-128 was 0.831. Logistic regression analyses showed that glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, MMSE scores and serum miR-128 levels were statistically significant (P< 0.01), and the ROC curve of the combined detection of these variables was 0.906. The serum miR-128 levels in AD patients were positively correlated with the serum IL-1β (r=0.798, P<0.01) and serum TNF-α levels (r=0.733, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Serum miR-128 is a candidate diagnostic biomarker in AD patients who achieved good diagnostic performance when used alone or in combination with other factors and may have the potential to be a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Changzhou Dean Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu213000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215006, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|