1
|
Talha KM, Greene SJ, Butler J, Khan MS. Frailty and Its Implications in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Impact on Prognosis and Treatment. Heart Fail Clin 2024; 20:387-398. [PMID: 39216924 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Frailty affects half of all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and carries a ∼2-fold increased risk of mortality. The relationship between frailty and HFrEF is bidirectional, with one condition exacerbating the other. Paradoxical to their higher clinical risk, frail patients with HFrEF are more often under-treated due to concerns over medication-related adverse clinical events. However, current evidence suggests consistent safety of HF medical therapies among older frail patients with HFrEF. A multidisciplinary effort is necessary for the appropriate management of these high-risk patients which focuses on the optimization of known beneficial therapies with a goal-directed effort toward improving quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja M Talha
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street Suite 501, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Talha KM, Greene SJ, Butler J, Khan MS. Frailty and Its Implications in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Impact on Prognosis and Treatment. Cardiol Clin 2023; 41:525-536. [PMID: 37743075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Frailty affects half of all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and carries a ∼2-fold increased risk of mortality. The relationship between frailty and HFrEF is bidirectional, with one condition exacerbating the other. Paradoxical to their higher clinical risk, frail patients with HFrEF are more often under-treated due to concerns over medication-related adverse clinical events. However, current evidence suggests consistent safety of HF medical therapies among older frail patients with HFrEF. A multidisciplinary effort is necessary for the appropriate management of these high-risk patients which focuses on the optimization of known beneficial therapies with a goal-directed effort toward improving quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja M Talha
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street Suite 501, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Talha KM, Pandey A, Fudim M, Butler J, Anker SD, Khan MS. Frailty and heart failure: State-of-the-art review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1959-1972. [PMID: 37586848 PMCID: PMC10570089 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At least half of all patients with heart failure (HF) are affected by frailty, a syndrome that limits an individual ability to recover from acute stressors. While frailty affects up to 90% of patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction, it is also seen in ~30-60% of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, with ~26% higher prevalence in women compared with men. The relationship between frailty and HF is bidirectional, with both conditions exacerbating the other. Frailty is further complicated by a higher prevalence of sarcopenia (by ~20%) in HF patients compared with patients without HF, which negatively affects outcomes. Several frailty assessment methods have been employed historically including the Fried frailty phenotype and Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale to classify HF patients based on the severity of frailty; however, a validated HF-specific frailty assessment tool does not currently exist. Frailty in HF is associated with a poor prognosis with a 1.5-fold to 2-fold higher risk of all-cause death and hospitalizations compared to non-frail patients. Frailty is also highly prevalent in patients with worsening HF, affecting >50% of patients hospitalized for HF. Such patients with multiple readmissions for decompensated HF have markedly poor outcomes compared to younger, non-frail cohorts, and it is hypothesized that it may be due to major physical and functional limitations that limit recovery from an acute episode of worsening HF, a care aspect that has not been addressed in HF guidelines. Frail patients are thought to confer less benefit from therapeutic interventions due to an increased risk of perceived harm, resulting in lower adherence to HF interventions, which may worsen outcomes. Multiple studies report that <40% of frail patients are on guideline-directed medical therapy for HF, of which most are on suboptimal doses of these medications. There is a lack of evidence generated from randomized trials in this incredibly vulnerable population, and most current practice is governed by post hoc analyses of trials, observational registry-based data and providers' clinical judgement. The current body of evidence suggests that the treatment effect of most guideline-based interventions, including medications, cardiac rehabilitation and device therapy, is consistent across all age groups and frailty subgroups and, in some cases, may be amplified in the older, more frail population. In this review, we discuss the characteristics, assessment tools, impact on prognosis and impact on therapeutic interventions of frailty in patients with HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja M. Talha
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Marat Fudim
- Division of CardiologyDuke University Hospital, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNCUSA
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
- Baylor Scott and White Research InstituteDallasTXUSA
| | - Stefan D. Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center CharitéInstitute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlinGermany
- Institute of Heart DiseasesWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Division of CardiologyDuke University Hospital, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakayama M, Konishi M, Sugano T, Okamura M, Gohbara M, Iwata K, Nakayama N, Akiyama E, Komura N, Nitta M, Kawaura N, Ishigami T, Hibi K, Ishikawa T, Nakamura T, Tamura K, Kimura K. Association between sarcopenia and exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension without left heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2023; 387:131115. [PMID: 37302419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has recently been described as a complex clinical syndrome affecting multiple organ systems, including the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle, each of which plays an important role in exercise capacity. However, the relationship between exercise capacity and skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with PH has not been fully elucidated. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the exercise capacity and measures of skeletal muscle of 107 patients with PH without left heart disease (mean age 63 ± 15 years, 32.7% males, n = 30/6/66/5 in the clinical classification Group 1/3/4/5). RESULTS Sarcopenia, low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, low grip strength, and slow gait speed, determined by international criteria, were found in 15 (14.0%), 16 (15.0%), 62 (57.9%), and 41 (38.3%) patients, respectively. The mean 6-min walk distance of all patients was 436 ± 134 m and was independently associated with sarcopenia (standardised β = -0.292, p < 0.001). All patients with sarcopenia showed reduced exercise capacity defined as 6-min walk distance < 440 m. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that each of the components of sarcopenia was associated with reduced exercise capacity (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of appendicular skeletal muscle mass index: 0.39 [0.24-0.63] per 1 kg/m2, p = 0.006, grip strength: 0.83 [0.74-0.94] per 1 kg, p = 0.003, and gait speed: 0.31 [0.18-0.51] per 0.1 m/s, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia and its components are associated with reduced exercise capacity in patients with PH. A multifaceted evaluation may be important in the management of reduced exercise capacity in patients with PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakayama
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Konishi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Teruyasu Sugano
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Okamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Berlin Institute of Health Center forRegenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masaomi Gohbara
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Iwata
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakayama
- Department of Cardiology, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eiichi Akiyama
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naohiro Komura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Manabu Nitta
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Center for Novel and Exploratory Clinical Trials (Y-NEXT), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kawaura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hibi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Wang L, Gu S, Han Y, Li L, Jia Z, Gao N, Liu Y, Lin S, Hou Y, Wang X, Mao J. Effect of optimized new Shengmai powder on exercise tolerance in rats with heart failure by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome signaling pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1168341. [PMID: 37288261 PMCID: PMC10242132 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1168341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Decreased exercise tolerance is a common symptom in patients with heart failure, which is closely related to protein degradation and apoptosis regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome signaling (UPS) pathway. In this study, the effect of Chinese medicine, optimized new Shengmai powder, on exercise tolerance in rats with heart failure was investigated via the UPS pathway. Methods The heart failure model was prepared by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery in rats, in which the sham-operated group was only threaded and not ligated. Rats (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 45%) were randomly divided into the following groups: model group, YHXSMS group, Benazepril group, and proteasome inhibitor Oprozomib group, and they were administered the corresponding drugs by gavage for 4 weeks. The cardiac function of rats was evaluated by performing an echocardiography examination and a hemodynamic test and the exercise tolerance was done by conducting an exhaustive swimming test. The mechanism was revealed by TUNEL detection, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence analysis, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR. Results The study showed that there was a decrease in cardiac function and exercise tolerance of rats in the model group and also destruction of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers, a proliferation of collagen tissue, and an increment of apoptosis. Our study suggested that optimized new Shengmai powder could exert antiapoptotic effects on myocardial and skeletal muscle cells and improve myocardial contractility and exercise tolerance by inhibiting the overactivation of the UPS pathway, downregulating MAFbx, and Murf-1 overexpression, inhibiting the activation of the JNK signaling pathway, upregulating bcl-2 expression, and decreasing bax and caspase-3 levels. Conclusions The study showed that the optimized new Shengmai powder could improve cardiac function and exercise tolerance in rats with heart failure through the UPS pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoke Gu
- Department of Geratology, Shijiazhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, He Bei, China
| | - Yixiao Han
- Department of Cardiology, ShenZhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shen Zhen, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jia
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhu Hou
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prokopidis K, Isanejad M, Akpan A, Stefil M, Tajik B, Giannos P, Venturelli M, Sankaranarayanan R. Exercise and nutritional interventions on sarcopenia and frailty in heart failure: a narrative review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:2787-2799. [PMID: 35840310 PMCID: PMC9715780 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe the present evidence for exercise and nutritional interventions as potential contributors in the treatment of sarcopenia and frailty (i.e. muscle mass and physical function decline) and the risk of cardiorenal metabolic comorbidity in people with heart failure (HF). Evidence primarily from cross-sectional studies suggests that the prevalence of sarcopenia in people with HF is 37% for men and 33% for women, which contributes to cardiac cachexia, frailty, lower quality of life, and increased mortality rate. We explored the impact of resistance and aerobic exercise, and nutrition on measures of sarcopenia and frailty, and quality of life following the assessment of 35 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The majority of clinical trials have focused on resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise to counteract the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength in people with HF, while promising effects have also been shown via utilization of vitamin D and iron supplementation by reducing tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), c-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Experimental studies combining the concomitant effect of exercise and nutrition on measures of sarcopenia and frailty in people with HF are scarce. There is a pressing need for further research and well-designed clinical trials incorporating the anabolic and anti-catabolic effects of concurrent exercise and nutrition strategies in people with HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Masoud Isanejad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Asangaedem Akpan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maria Stefil
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Behnam Tajik
- Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,National Institute for Health Research Northwest Coast CRN, Liverpool, UK
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rajiv Sankaranarayanan
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aida K, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, Nozaki K, Ichikawa T, Nakamura T, Yamashita M, Uchida S, Maekawa E, Reed JL, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Matsunaga A, Ako J. Optimal cutoff values for physical function tests in elderly patients with heart failure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6920. [PMID: 35484373 PMCID: PMC9051131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) of 300 and 400 m are important targets of functional capacity. The present study was performed to determine cutoff values of physical function associated with 6MWD < 300 m and < 400 m in elderly patients with heart failure (HF). 6MWD, handgrip strength, quadriceps isometric strength (QIS), one-leg standing time (OLST), and 5-times sit-to-stand (5STS) before hospital discharge were evaluated in 1001 patients > 65 years (median age, 75: interquartile range, 71-80, 607 men) with HF. 6MWD < 300 and < 400 m were seen in 323 patients (32.3%) and 658 patients (65.7%), respectively. Handgrip strength, QIS, OLST, and 5STS were associated with 6MWD < 300 and < 400 m, respectively (P < 0.001). The cutoff values of handgrip strength, QIS, OLST, and 5STS were 18.9 kg, 35.0% body mass (BM), 9.1 s, and 9.5 s for 6MWD < 300 m, and 21.9 kg, 40.0% BM, 12.0 s, and 8.8 s for < 400 m, respectively. The cutoff values of physical function could be used to set cardiac rehabilitation goals and limiting determinants of reduced functional capacity in a clinical setting in elderly patients with HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Aida
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kamiya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Hamazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kohei Nozaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamashita
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shota Uchida
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Emi Maekawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Jennifer L Reed
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Matsunaga
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|