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Jiang Q, Ma Z, Sun J, Li Y. Association of dietary inflammatory indices with sarcopenia and all-cause mortality in COPD patients. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1395170. [PMID: 38846543 PMCID: PMC11153795 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1395170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia frequently occurs as a comorbidity in individuals with COPD. However, research on the impact of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASM) on survival in COPD patients is scarce. Moreover, there is a lack of research on the association between dietary pro-inflammatory capacity and sarcopenia in COPD. Methods We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) covering the years 1999 to 2006 and 2011 to 2018. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and sarcopenia prevalence among adults diagnosed with COPD in the United States. Furthermore, we sought to explore the relationship between sarcopenia, ASMI, and all-cause mortality. The study included a total of 1,429 eligible adult participants, divided into four groups based on quartiles of DII, with adjustments for sample weights. Methodologically, we used multivariable logistic regression analyses and to examine the association between DII and sarcopenia. Additionally, we used restricted cubic spline (RCS) tests to evaluate potential non-linear relationships. To assess the effect of sarcopenia on overall all-cause mortality, we used Kaplan-Meier models and Cox proportional hazards models. Moreover, we used RCS analyses to investigate potential non-linear relationships between ASMI and all-cause mortality. Subgroup analyses were conducted to confirm the reliability of our study findings. Results In our COPD participant cohort, individuals with higher DII scores were more likely to be female, unmarried, have lower educational attainment, and show lower ASMI. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we found a positive association between the highest quartile of DII levels and sarcopenia incidence [Odds Ratio (OR) 2.37; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.26-4.48; p = 0.01]. However, analysis of RCS curves did not show a non-linear relationship between DII and sarcopenia. Throughout the entire follow-up period, a total of 367 deaths occurred among all COPD patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a significantly higher all-cause mortality rate among individuals with concurrent sarcopenia (p < 0.0001). Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed a 44% higher risk of all-cause mortality among COPD patients with sarcopenia compared to those without sarcopenia [Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.44; 95% CI 1.05-1.99; p < 0.05]. Additionally, our final RCS analyses revealed a significant non-linear association between ASMI levels and all-cause mortality among COPD patients, with a turning point identified at 8.32 kg/m2. Participants with ASMI levels above this inflection point had a 42% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with ASMI levels below it (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.48-0.7). Conclusion We observed a significant association between concurrent sarcopenia and an increased risk of all-cause mortality in COPD patients within the United States. Moreover, ASMI demonstrated a non-linear association with all-cause mortality, with a critical threshold identified at 8.32 kg/m2. Our findings also revealed an association between DII and the presence of sarcopenia. Consequently, further investigations are warranted to explore the feasibility of dietary DII adjustments as a means to mitigate muscle wasting and enhance the prognosis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Zheru Ma
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Orthopedic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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2
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Raleigh SM, Orchard KJA. Sarcopenia as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:561. [PMID: 38790190 PMCID: PMC11121242 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the age-associated loss of muscle mass and increased fragility with age, is increasing worldwide. The condition often precedes the development of Alzheimer's disease, thereby decreasing the levels of mobility and physical activity in those affected. Indeed, the loss of muscle mass has, in some studies, been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. However, a detailed understanding of the interplay between both conditions is not available and needs to be thoroughly addressed. In the following review, we focus on several genes, specifically APOE, BDNF, ACE, FTO, and FNDC5, that have been associated with both conditions. We also discuss the epigenetic regulation of each of these genes along with non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that may have a role in the development of both the sarcopenic and Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. Finally, we assert that the application of systems biology will unravel the relationship between sarcopenia and Alzheimer's disease and believe that the prevention of muscle loss in older age will reduce the incidence of debilitating cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M. Raleigh
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Kayleigh J. A. Orchard
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
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3
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Falsetti I, Palmini G, Donati S, Aurilia C, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML. Irisin and Its Role in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. Biomedicines 2024; 12:928. [PMID: 38672282 PMCID: PMC11048342 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Menopause, an extremely delicate phase in a woman's life, is characterized by a drop in estrogen levels. This decrease has been associated with the onset of several diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which often coexist in the same person, leading to an increased risk of fractures, morbidity, and mortality. To date, there are no approved pharmacological treatments for sarcopenia, while not all of those approved for postmenopausal osteoporosis are beneficial to muscles. In recent years, research has focused on the field of myokines, cytokines, or peptides secreted by skeletal muscle fibers following exercise. Among these, irisin has attracted great interest as it possesses myogenic properties but at the same time exerts anabolic effects on bone and could therefore represent the link between muscle and bone. Therefore, irisin could represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of osteoporosis and also serve as a new biomarker of sarcopenia, thus facilitating diagnosis and pharmacological intervention. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated summary of what we know about the role of irisin in postmenopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falsetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca Sulle Malattie dell’Osso (F.I.R.M.O Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy;
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Cinzia Aurilia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca Sulle Malattie dell’Osso (F.I.R.M.O Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy;
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Han L, Li P, He Q, Yang C, Jiang M, Wang Y, Cao Y, Han X, Liu X, Wu W. Revisiting Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction and Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Emerging Significance of Myokines. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1125. [PMID: 38270119 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction (SMD) is the most significant extrapulmonary complication and an independent prognostic indicator in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Myokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, myostatin, irisin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, play important roles in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, protein synthesis and breakdown balance, and regeneration of skeletal muscles in COPD. As the main component of pulmonary rehabilitation, exercise can improve muscle strength, muscle endurance, and exercise capacity in patients with COPD, as well as improve the prognosis of SMD and COPD by regulating the expression levels of myokines. The mechanisms by which exercise regulates myokine levels are related to microRNAs. IGF-1 expression is upregulated by decreasing the expression of miR-1 or miR-29b. Myostatin downregulation and irisin upregulation are associated with increased miR-27a expression and decreased miR-696 expression, respectively. These findings suggest that myokines are potential targets for the prevention and treatment of SMD in COPD. A comprehensive analysis of the role and regulatory mechanisms of myokines can facilitate the development of new exercise-based therapeutic approaches for patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Han
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglan He
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Jiang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Nelson A, Petersen A. Highlighting the idea of exerkines in the management of cancer patients with cachexia: novel insights and a critical review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:889. [PMID: 37730552 PMCID: PMC10512651 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exerkines are all peptides, metabolites, and nucleic acids released into the bloodstream during and after physical exercise. Exerkines liberated from skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (batokines), and neurons (neurokines) may benefit health and wellbeing. Cancer-related cachexia is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by weight loss with specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue loss. Many studies have sought to provide exercise strategies for managing cachexia, focusing on musculoskeletal tissue changes. Therefore, understanding the responses of musculoskeletal and other tissue exerkines to acute and chronic exercise may provide novel insight and recommendations for physical training to counteract cancer-related cachexia. METHODS For the purpose of conducting this study review, we made efforts to gather relevant studies and thoroughly discuss them to create a comprehensive overview. To achieve this, we conducted searches using appropriate keywords in various databases. Studies that were deemed irrelevant to the current research, not available in English, or lacking full-text access were excluded. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge the limited amount of research conducted in this specific field. RESULTS In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the findings, we prioritized human studies in order to obtain results that closely align with the scope of the present study. However, in instances where human studies were limited or additional analysis was required to draw more robust conclusions, we also incorporated animal studies. Finally, 295 studies, discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Our understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms related to the significance of investigating exerkines in cancer cachexia is currently quite basic. Nonetheless, this demonstrated that resistance and aerobic exercise can contribute to the reduction and control of the disease in individuals with cancer cachexia, as well as in survivors, by inducing changes in exerkines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - André Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Pierucci F, Chirco A, Meacci E. Irisin Is Target of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10548. [PMID: 37445724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone-like myokine produced in abundance by skeletal muscle (SkM) in response to exercise. This myokine, identical in humans and mice, is involved in many signaling pathways related to metabolic processes. Despite much evidence on the regulators of irisin and the relevance of sphingolipids for SkM cell biology, the contribution of these latter bioactive lipids to the modulation of the myokine in SkM is missing. In particular, we have examined the potential involvement in irisin formation/release of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an interesting bioactive molecule able to act as an intracellular lipid mediator as well as a ligand of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (S1PR). We demonstrate the existence of distinct intracellular pools of S1P able to affect the expression of the irisin precursor FNDC. In addition, we establish the crucial role of the S1P/S1PR axis in irisin formation/release as well as the autocrine/paracrine effects of irisin on myoblast proliferation and myogenic differentiation. Altogether, these findings provide the first evidence for a functional crosstalk between the S1P/S1PR axis and irisin signaling, which may open new windows for potential therapeutic treatment of SkM dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pierucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Antony Chirco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Meacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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Bordoni B, Escher A, Compalati E, Mapelli L, Toccafondi A. The Importance of the Diaphragm in Neuromotor Function in the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:837-848. [PMID: 37197600 PMCID: PMC10184771 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s404190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a constant and chronic narrowing of the respiratory airways, with numerous associated symptoms, not always related to the pathological adaptation of the lungs. Statistical projections show that COPD could become the third leading cause of death globally by 2030, with a significant increase in deaths by 2060. Skeletal muscle dysfunction, including the diaphragm, is one of the causes linked to the increase in mortality and hospitalization. Little emphasis is given by the scientific literature to the importance of the diaphragm towards functional neuromotor pathological expressions. The article reviews the adaptation of the skeletal muscles, with greater attention to the adaptations of the diaphragm, thereby highlighting the non-physiological variations that the main respiratory muscle undergoes and the neuromotor impairment found in COPD. The text could be an important reflection from a clinical and rehabilitation point of view, to direct greater attention to the function and adaptation of the diaphragm muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Hospitalization and Care with Scientific Address, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS S Maria Nascente, Milano, Italy
| | - Allan Escher
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elena Compalati
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Hospitalization and Care with Scientific Address, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS S Maria Nascente, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Mapelli
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Hospitalization and Care with Scientific Address, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS S Maria Nascente, Milano, Italy
| | - Anastasia Toccafondi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Hospitalization and Care with Scientific Address, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS S Maria Nascente, Milano, Italy
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8
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He J, Li H, Yao J, Wang Y. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with COPD through different musculature measurements: An updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1137371. [PMID: 36875833 PMCID: PMC9978530 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients vary widely in terms of the prevalence of sarcopenia, which is partially attributed to differences in diagnostic criteria and disease severity. There are several different musculature measurements that are used to quantify sarcopenia. This study included published literature for meta-analysis to assess the sarcopenia prevalence in COPD patients and correlate the disease with the clinical characteristics of such patients. Methods A comprehensive review of the English and Chinese literature on sarcopenia prevalence in COPD patients was conducted using electronic databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, and Wanfang. Two researchers analyzed the studies for Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The software Stata 11.0 was employed for the analysis of the acquired data. The standard mean differences method was utilized for the estimation and quantification of the effect size. Furthermore, a fixed- or random-effects model was employed for conducting a combined analysis. Results In total, 56 studies were included as per the specific inclusion criteria. The resulting data of the assessed COPD patients in this research indicated a 27% prevalence of sarcopenia. Further analysis of subgroups was executed per disease severity, ethnicity, diagnostic criteria, gender, and age. Per these findings, increased disease severity elevated the prevalence of sarcopenia. The Latin American and Caucasian populations indicated an increased prevalence of sarcopenia. In addition, the prevalence of sarcopenia was related to diagnostic criteria and definition. Male COPD patients had a higher prevalence of sarcopenia than female COPD patients. COPD patients with an average age greater than 65 had a slightly higher prevalence of sarcopenia. COPD patients with comorbid sarcopenia had poorer pulmonary function, activity tolerance, and clinical symptoms than patients with COPD alone. Conclusion Sarcopenia prevalence is high (27%) in COPD patients. In addition, these patients had worse pulmonary function and activity tolerance compared to patients without sarcopenia. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=367422, identifier CRD42022367422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hezhi Li
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Suzuki K, Hekmatikar AHA, Jalalian S, Abbasi S, Ahmadi E, Kazemi A, Ruhee RT, Khoramipour K. The Potential of Exerkines in Women's COVID-19: A New Idea for a Better and More Accurate Understanding of the Mechanisms behind Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315645. [PMID: 36497720 PMCID: PMC9737724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of physical exercise are well-known, but there are still many questions regarding COVID-19. Chow et al.'s 2022 study, titled Exerkines and Disease, showed that a special focus on exerkines can help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of physical exercise and disease. Exerkines are a group of promising molecules that may underlie the beneficial effects of physical exercise in diseases. The idea of exerkines is to understand the effects of physical exercise on diseases better. Exerkines have a high potential for the treatment of diseases and, considering that, there is still no study of the importance of exerkines on the most dangerous disease in the world in recent years, COVID-19. This raises the fundamental question of whether exerkines have the potential to manage COVID-19. Most of the studies focused on the general changes in physical exercise in patients with COVID-19, both during the illness and after discharge from the hospital, and did not investigate the basic differences. A unique look at the management of COVID-19 by exerkines, especially in obese and overweight women who experience high severity of COVID-19 and whose recovery period is long after discharge from the hospital, can help to understand the basic mechanisms. In this review, we explore the potential of exerkines in COVID-19 by practicing physical exercise to provide compelling practice recommendations with new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 10600, Iran
| | - Shadi Jalalian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 10600, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Abbasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 10600, Iran
| | - Elmira Ahmadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 10600, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Kazemi
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | | | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran
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