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Khan MA, Khan A. Role of NKT Cells during Viral Infection and the Development of NKT Cell-Based Nanovaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090949. [PMID: 34579186 PMCID: PMC8473043 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a small population of T cells, are capable of influencing a wide range of the immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. In the present review, the antiviral role of the NKT cells and the strategies of viruses to evade the functioning of NKT cell have been illustrated. The nanoparticle-based formulations have superior immunoadjuvant potential by facilitating the efficient antigen processing and presentation that favorably elicits the antigen-specific immune response. Finally, the immunoadjuvant potential of the NKT cell ligand was explored in the development of antiviral vaccines. The use of an NKT cell-activating nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery system was supported in order to avoid the NKT cell anergy. The results from the animal and preclinical studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-incorporated NKT cell ligands may have potential implications as an immunoadjuvant in the formulation of an effective antiviral vaccine that is capable of eliciting the antigen-specific activation of the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
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2
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Brutkiewicz RR, Yunes-Medina L, Liu J. Immune evasion of the CD1d/NKT cell axis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:87-92. [PMID: 29734045 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many reviews on the CD1d/NKT cell axis focus on the ability of CD1d-restricted NKT cells to serve as effector cells in a variety of disorders, be they infectious diseases, cancer or autoimmunity. In contrast, here, we discuss the ways that viruses, bacteria and tumor cells can evade the CD1d/NKT cell axis. As a result, these disease states have a better chance to establish a foothold and potentially cause problems for the subsequent adaptive immune response, as the host tries to rid itself of infections or tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, United States.
| | - Laura Yunes-Medina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, United States
| | - Jianyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, United States
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3
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Gervay-Hague J. Taming the Reactivity of Glycosyl Iodides To Achieve Stereoselective Glycosidation. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:35-47. [PMID: 26524481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although glycosyl iodides have been known for more than 100 years, it was not until the 21st century that their full potential began to be harnessed for complex glycoconjugate synthesis. Mechanistic studies in the late 1990s probed glycosyl iodide formation by NMR spectroscopy and revealed important reactivity features embedded in protecting-group stereoelectronics. Differentially protected sugars having an anomeric acetate were reacted with trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI) to generate the glycosyl iodides. In the absence of C-2 participation, generation of the glycosyl iodide proceeded by inversion of the starting anomeric acetate stereochemistry. Once formed, the glycosyl iodide readily underwent in situ anomerization, and in the presence of excess iodide, equilibrium concentrations of α- and β-iodides were established. Reactivity profiles depended upon the identity of the sugar and the protecting groups adorning it. Consistent with the modern idea of disarmed versus armed sugars, ester protecting groups diminished the reactivity of glycosyl iodides and ether protecting groups enhanced the reactivity. Thus, acetylated sugars were slower to form the iodide and anomerize than their benzylated analogues, and these disarmed glycosyl iodides could be isolated and purified, whereas armed ether-protected iodides could only be generated and reacted in situ. All other things being equal, the β-iodide was orders of magnitude more reactive than the thermodynamically more stable α-iodide, consistent with the idea of in situ anomerization introduced by Lemieux in the mid-20th century. Glycosyl iodides are far more reactive than the corresponding bromides, and with the increased reactivity comes increased stereocontrol, particularly when forming α-linked linear and branched oligosaccharides. Reactions with per-O-silylated glycosyl iodides are especially useful for the synthesis of α-linked glycoconjugates. Silyl ether protecting groups make the glycosyl iodide so reactive that even highly functionalized aglycon acceptors add. Following the coupling event, the TMS ethers are readily removed by methanolysis, and since all of the byproducts are volatile, multiple reactions can be performed in a single reaction vessel without isolation of intermediates. In this fashion, per-O-TMS monosaccharides can be converted to biologically relevant α-linked glycolipids in one pot. The stereochemical outcome of these reactions can also be switched to β-glycoside formation by addition of silver to chelate the iodide, thus favoring SN2 displacement of the α-iodide. While iodides derived from benzyl and silyl ether-protected oligosaccharides are susceptible to interglycosidic bond cleavage when treated with TMSI, the introduction of a single acetate protecting group prevents this unwanted side reaction. Partial acetylation of armed glycosyl iodides also attenuates HI elimination side reactions. Conversely, fully acetylated glycosyl iodides are deactivated and require metal catalysis in order for glycosidation to occur. Recent findings indicate that I2 activation of per-O-acetylated mono-, di-, and trisaccharides promotes glycosidation of cyclic ethers to give β-linked iodoalkyl glycoconjugates in one step. Products of these reactions have been converted into multivalent carbohydrate displays. With these synthetic pathways elucidated, chemical reactivity can be exquisitely controlled by the judicious selection of protecting groups to achieve high stereocontrol in step-economical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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5
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Chung BK, Priatel JJ, Tan R. CD1d Expression and Invariant NKT Cell Responses in Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2015; 6:312. [PMID: 26161082 PMCID: PMC4479820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a highly conserved subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that express a canonical, semi-invariant T cell receptor and surface markers shared with the natural killer cell lineage. iNKT cells recognize exogenous and endogenous glycolipid antigens restricted by non-polymorphic CD1d molecules, and are highly responsive to the prototypical agonist, α-galactosylceramide. Upon activation, iNKT cells rapidly coordinate signaling between innate and adaptive immune cells through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to the maturation of antigen-presenting cells, and expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Because of their potent immunoregulatory properties, iNKT cells have been extensively studied and are known to play a pivotal role in mediating immune responses against microbial pathogens including viruses. Here, we review evidence that herpesviruses manipulate CD1d expression to escape iNKT cell surveillance and establish lifelong latency in humans. Collectively, published findings suggest that iNKT cells play critical roles in anti-herpesvirus immune responses and could be harnessed therapeutically to limit viral infection and viral-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. Chung
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John J. Priatel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rusung Tan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Jordan S, Ruzsics Z, Mitrović M, Baranek T, Arapović J, Krmpotić A, Vivier E, Dalod M, Jonjić S, Dölken L, Koszinowski UH. Natural killer cells are required for extramedullary hematopoiesis following murine cytomegalovirus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:535-545. [PMID: 23684305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune response against a variety of pathogens can lead to activation of blood formation at ectopic sites, a process termed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). The underlying mechanisms of EMH have been enigmatic. Investigating splenic EMH in mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), we find that, while cells of the adaptive immune system were dispensable for EMH, natural killer (NK) cells were essential. EMH required recognition of infected cells via activating NK cell receptors Ly49H or NKG2D, and correspondingly, viral interference with NK cell recognition abolished EMH. Surprisingly, development of EMH was not induced by NK cell-derived cytokines but was dependent on perforin-mediated cytotoxicity in order to control virus spread. Spreading virus reduced the numbers of F4/80(+) macrophages that were crucial for inflammatory EMH. Hence, whereas MCMV suppresses inflammation-induced EMH, NK cells confine virus spread, thereby protecting extramedullary hematopoietic niches and facilitating EMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jordan
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maja Mitrović
- Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Thomas Baranek
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, UNIV UM2, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, UMR1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7282, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jurica Arapović
- Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, UNIV UM2, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, UMR1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7282, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, UNIV UM2, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, UMR1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7282, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lars Dölken
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
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7
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Jaime-Pérez JC, Colunga-Pedraza JE, Monreal-Robles R, Colunga-Pedraza PR, Méndez-Ramírez N, Salazar-Riojas R, Gómez-Almaguer D. Acute maternal cytomegalovirus infection is associated with significantly decreased numbers of CD34+ cells in umbilical cord blood. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 49:166-9. [PMID: 22818857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND There is little information regarding the serologic status of umbilical cord blood (UCB) donors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent agent transmitted by blood products and studies have reported that CMV can inhibit myelopoiesis, however, its effects on the cellular content of UCB have not been documented. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated, retrospectively, the prevalence of serological evidence of infection in 857 women donating their UCB at a public university hospital and studied the influence of acute CMV exposure on UCB content of CD34+ cells. The biological characteristics of UCB from serology positive-donors were compared with those of women with negative tests. RESULTS We found that 51 of 857 (6%) UCB units were positive for infectious disease markers; anti-CMV IgM was the most prevalent marker, 43 of 51 (86%) of cases with infectious markers. UCB collected from anti-CMV IgM-positive donors more frequently met rejection criteria for use as a transplanation product. The CD34+ cell count was the most often affected, 2.48×10(6) in anti-CMV IgM-positive donors compared to 1.48×10(6) in unaffecetd donors( p=0.006). The probability of a UCB meeting a CD34+ cell content≥2×10(6) was significantly lower in units from IgM anti-CMV+ women compared to unaffecetd donors [Odds ratio (OR)=0.428 (95% CI 0.182-0.632; p=0.015]; the total nucleated cell count (TNC) was lower but not statistically significant [p=0.068]. CONCLUSION UCB donated by anti-CMV IgM-positive women has a high probability of not meeting the criteria required for cryopreservation for future use as a transplantation product, because of the low number of CD34+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Jaime-Pérez
- Hematology Department, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
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8
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Abstract
In the present study, surface CD1d, which is involved in immune cell interactions, was assessed for effects on hematopoiesis. Mouse BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) express CD1d. The numbers and cycling status of HPCs in the BM and spleen of different strains of cd1d(-/-) mice were enhanced significantly, suggesting that CD1d is a negative regulator of HPCs. In support of this, CD1d was required for the SCF and Flt3 ligand synergistic enhancement of CSF induction of HPC colony formation and for HPC response to myelosuppressive chemokines. Colony formation by immature subsets of HPCs was greatly enhanced when normal, but not cd1d(-/-), BM cells were pretreated with CD1d Abs in vitro. These effects required the full CD1d cytoplasmic tail. In contrast, long-term, but not short-term, repopulating HSC engraftment was impaired significantly, an effect that was minimally influenced by the presence of a truncated CD1d cytoplasmic tail. Pretreatment of normal BM cells with CD1d Abs greatly enhanced their engraftment of HSCs. The results of the present study implicate CD1d in a previously unrecognized regulatory role of normal and stressed hematopoiesis.
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9
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Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Primary immunodeficiency associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1250:14-24. [PMID: 22276638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD1 is a family of atypical MHC class I molecules that present various endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells. While little is known about the function of CD1a-, CD1b-, and CD1c-restricted lipid-reactive T cells due to their absence in mice, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells have been extensively studied since their description almost 20 years ago. NKT cells, effector memory cells that share characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, are among the earliest responders in immune reactions and have broad effects on the activation of other immune cell lineages, including NK cells, T cells, and B cells. Accordingly, studies in mice have revealed critical roles of NKT cells in infectious, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. The recent description of primary immunodeficiencies associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells has provided a unique opportunity to study the biological role of lipid antigen presentation in human disease. Intriguingly, these studies revealed that defects in lipid immunity are associated with susceptibility to selected infectious and malignant diseases but not with broad immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeissig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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10
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Cho S, Jun Y. Human CD1d molecules are resistant to human cytomegalovirus US2- and US11-mediated degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:616-22. [PMID: 21925141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells may play a crucial role in controlling viral infection by bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells are activated by lipids presented by CD1d molecules, which are structurally homologous to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can avoid T cell recognition by down-regulating MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation, it remains unknown whether it can also interfere with CD1d-mediated lipid presentation. Here, we show that CD1d is resistant to rapid degradation induced by the HCMV gene products US2 and US11, which cause dislocation of MHC-I molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol for destruction by proteasomes. The resistance of CD1d to US11 is mainly due to the short cytosolic tail of CD1d; a hybrid CD1d protein, whose cytosolic tail was replaced with that of HLA-A2.1, was efficiently degraded by US11. Finally, we found that HCMV infection did not significantly influence the cell surface expression of CD1d. Thus, these results suggest that antigen presentation by CD1d is largely unaffected by the multiple immune-modulating functions of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunglim Cho
- Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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11
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Baldridge MT, King KY, Goodell MA. Inflammatory signals regulate hematopoietic stem cells. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:57-65. [PMID: 21233016 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the progenitors of all blood and immune cells, yet their role in immunity is not well understood. Most studies have focused on the ability of committed lymphoid and myeloid precursors to replenish immune cells during infection. Recent studies, however, have indicated that HSCs also proliferate in response to systemic infection and replenish effector immune cells. Inflammatory signaling molecules including interferons, tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptors are essential to the HSC response. Observing the biology of HSCs through the lens of infection and inflammation has led to the discovery of an array of immune-mediators that serve crucial roles in HSC regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Pulanic D, Lozier JN, Pavletic SZ. Thrombocytopenia and hemostatic disorders in chronic graft versus host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 44:393-403. [PMID: 19684626 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is a major and frequent late complication in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients. Although thrombocytopenia in cGVHD patients is among the most consistent and strongest predictors of poor survival across many cGVHD studies, such correlation is still neither clearly explained nor well understood. Low platelet counts in the setting of cGVHD are associated with an increase in complications and treatment-related mortality, but usually not with higher relapse rate or engraftment failure rate. Bleeding might be occasionally increased along with, paradoxically, thrombosis. Hemostatic disorders in the context of cGVHD are significant complications with multifactorial etiology, including tissue injury with releasing microparticles, cytokine release, macrophage/monocyte clearance, CMV infection, production of transforming growth factor-beta, and low levels of thrombopoietin. Future clinical trials with agents that stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis or influence underlying impaired hemostasis mechanisms should investigate whether such interventions may improve outcomes in patients with cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pulanic
- Graft-versus-Host and Autoimmunity Unit, Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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De Santo C, Salio M, Masri SH, Lee LYH, Dong T, Speak AO, Porubsky S, Booth S, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Gröne HJ, Platt FM, Zambon M, Cerundolo V. Invariant NKT cells reduce the immunosuppressive activity of influenza A virus-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2008. [PMID: 19033672 DOI: 10.1172/jci36264.tumor] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus (IAV) presents a substantial threat to public health worldwide, with young, elderly, and immunodeficient individuals being particularly susceptible. Inflammatory responses play an important role in the fatal outcome of IAV infection, but the mechanism remains unclear. We demonstrate here that the absence of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in mice during IAV infection resulted in the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which suppressed IAV-specific immune responses through the expression of both arginase and NOS, resulting in high IAV titer and increased mortality. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells abolished the suppressive activity of MDSCs, restored IAV-specific immune responses, reduced IAV titer, and increased survival rate. The crosstalk between iNKT and MDSCs was CD1d- and CD40-dependent. Furthermore, IAV infection and exposure to TLR agonists relieved the suppressive activity of MDSCs. Finally, we extended these results to humans by demonstrating the presence of myeloid cells with suppressive activity in the PBLs of individuals infected with IAV and showed that their suppressive activity is substantially reduced by iNKT cell activation. These findings identify what we believe to be a novel immunomodulatory role of iNKT cells, which we suggest could be harnessed to abolish the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs during IAV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/immunology
- Arginase/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/enzymology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/enzymology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/enzymology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/pathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Santo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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De Santo C, Salio M, Masri SH, Lee LYH, Dong T, Speak AO, Porubsky S, Booth S, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Gröne HJ, Platt FM, Zambon M, Cerundolo V. Invariant NKT cells reduce the immunosuppressive activity of influenza A virus-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:4036-48. [PMID: 19033672 DOI: 10.1172/jci36264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus (IAV) presents a substantial threat to public health worldwide, with young, elderly, and immunodeficient individuals being particularly susceptible. Inflammatory responses play an important role in the fatal outcome of IAV infection, but the mechanism remains unclear. We demonstrate here that the absence of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in mice during IAV infection resulted in the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which suppressed IAV-specific immune responses through the expression of both arginase and NOS, resulting in high IAV titer and increased mortality. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells abolished the suppressive activity of MDSCs, restored IAV-specific immune responses, reduced IAV titer, and increased survival rate. The crosstalk between iNKT and MDSCs was CD1d- and CD40-dependent. Furthermore, IAV infection and exposure to TLR agonists relieved the suppressive activity of MDSCs. Finally, we extended these results to humans by demonstrating the presence of myeloid cells with suppressive activity in the PBLs of individuals infected with IAV and showed that their suppressive activity is substantially reduced by iNKT cell activation. These findings identify what we believe to be a novel immunomodulatory role of iNKT cells, which we suggest could be harnessed to abolish the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Santo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Peripheral blood progenitor cell product contains Th1-biased noninvariant CD1d-reactive natural killer T cells: implications for posttransplant survival. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:464-72. [PMID: 18261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone marrow (BM) Th1 populations can contribute to graft-vs-leukemia responses. Granulocyte/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) have become widely accepted alternatives to BM transplantation. T cells coexpressing natural killer cell proteins (NKT) include a CD1d-reactive subset that influences immunity by rapidly producing large amounts of Th1 and/or Th2 cytokines dependent upon microenvironment and disease. There are two types of CD1d-reactive NKT. iNKT express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor-alpha. Other noninvariant CD1d-reactive NKT from BM and liver produce large amounts of interleukin-4 or interferon-gamma, respectively, and within the intestine can be biased in either direction. Recent data suggests that NKT might contribute to clinical benefits of PBPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address these issues, we phenotypically and functionally studied PBPC NKT. RESULTS Similarly to BM, NKT-like cells were common in allogeneic and autologous PBPC, there were relatively few classical iNKT, but high CD1d-reactivity concentrated in NKT fractions. Significantly, PBPC CD1d-reactive cells were relatively Th1-biased and their presence was associated with better prognosis. Granulocyte CSF treatment of BM to yield PBPC in vivo as well as in vitro Th2-polarizes conventional T cells and iNKT. However, granulocyte CSF treatment of BM in vitro produced Th1-biased NKT, providing a mechanism for opposite polarization of NKT from BM vs PBPC. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest distinct Th1 CD1d-reactive NKT cells could stimulate anti-tumor responses from those previously described, which can suppress graft-vs-host disease.
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Singh P, Yao Y, Weliver A, Broxmeyer HE, Hong SC, Chang CH. Vaccinia virus infection modulates the hematopoietic cell compartments in the bone marrow. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1009-16. [PMID: 18258722 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in bone marrow (BM) is essential to generate all mature blood cell types, including those involved in the immune response. Although vaccinia virus (VV) is known to induce a strong immune response, the effect of VV infection on hematopoiesis remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that in vivo VV infection results in the expansion of c-Kit(hi)Sca-1+Lin- (KSL) hematopoietic stem cells. The in vivo expansion of the KSL population requires MyD88 that is a critical adaptor for Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling. Moreover, in BM of VV-infected mice, common myeloid progenitors (CMP) was decreased because of the rapid differentiation of CMP to more mature cells. However, the CMP compartment was not affected by VV infection in the absence of MyD88. The common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cell population was increased regardless of MyD88 status, suggesting the independent regulation of CMP and CLP compartments by VV infection. VV infection also enhanced the potential of progenitors that preferentially induce the programming of dendritic cell (DC) development toward plasmacytoid DC. Therefore, the host immune response is gearing toward antiviral responses as early as at the precursor level upon VV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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