Ly6C(+) monocytes are extrahepatic precursors of hepatic stellate cells in the injured liver of mice

CXCL12-CXCR4 Axis Is Required for Contact-Mediated Human B Lymphoid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Differentiation but Not T Lymphoid Generation

We investigated the involvement of CXCL12-CXCR4 interactions in human lymphohematopoiesis by coculture with telomerized human stromal cells. CXCR4 expression was low in CD34⁺CD38^-CD45RA^-CD10^-CD7^-CD19^- immature hematopoietic stem/precursor cells (HSPCs) but higher in CD34⁺CD38^-CD45RA⁺CD10⁺CD7^+/-CD19^- early lymphoid precursors and even higher in CD34⁺CD38⁺CD45RA⁺CD10⁺CD7^-CD19⁺ pro-B cells. Inhibition of the effect of stromal cell-produced CXCL12 by an anti-CXCR4-blocking Ab suppressed the generation of CD45RA⁺CD10^-CD7⁺CD19^- early T lymphoid precursors (ETPs) and CD45RA⁺CD10⁺CD7^-CD19^+/- B lymphoid precursors on stromal cells, but it did not affect the generation of ETPs in conditioned medium of stromal cell cultures. Replating assays showed that contact with stromal cells was critical for HSPC-derived CD45RA⁺CD10⁺CD7^-CD19^- B lineage-biased precursors to differentiate into CD19⁺ pro-B cells, which was suppressed by the anti-CXCR4 Ab. Conversely, HSPC-derived ETPs possessed T and B lymphoid and monocytic differentiation potential; stromal cell contact was not required for their growth but rather promoted B lymphoid differentiation. The anti-CXCR4 Ab did not affect the growth of ETPs in conditioned medium, but it suppressed their B lymphoid differentiation on stromal cells. CD14^-CD11c^-HLA-DR⁺CD123^highCD303⁺ plasmacytoid dendritic cells developed from HSPCs and ETPs exclusively in contact with stromal cells, which was suppressed by the anti-CXCR4 Ab. These data indicate that CXCL12 plays an essential role in stromal cell contact-mediated B lymphoid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation from immature hematopoietic and early T lymphoid precursors with a multilineage differentiation potential, but it does not participate in contact-independent generation of early T lymphoid precursors.

Monocytes infiltrate the pancreas via the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway and differentiate into stellate cells

Recent studies have shown that monocytes possess pluripotent plasticity. We previously reported that monocytes could differentiate into hepatic stellate cells. Although stellate cells are also present in the pancreas, their origin remains unclear. An accumulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)⁺CD45^– cells was observed in the pancreases and livers of chimeric mice, which were transplanted with a single hematopoietic stem cell isolated from EGFP-transgenic mice and treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Because the vast majority of EGFP⁺CD45^– cells in the pancreas expressed stellate cell-associated antigens such as vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, procollagen-I, and α-smooth muscle actin, they were characterized as pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs). EGFP⁺ PaSCs were also observed in CCl₄-treated mice adoptively transferred with monocytes but not with other cell lineages isolated from EGFP-transgenic mice. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) increased in the pancreas of CCl₄-treated mice and their respective receptors, C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), were expressed on Ly6C^high monocytes isolated from EGFP-transgenic mice. We examined the effect of an AT1R antagonist, irbesartan, which is also a CCR2 antagonist, on the migration of monocytes into the pancreas. Monocytes migrated toward MCP-1 but not Ang II in vitro. Irbesartan inhibited not only their in vitro chemotaxis but also in vivo migration of adoptively transferred monocytes from peripheral blood into the pancreas. Irbesartan treatment significantly reduced the numbers of EGFP⁺F4/80⁺CCR2⁺ monocytic cells and EGFP⁺ PaSCs in the pancreas of CCl₄-treated chimeric mice receiving EGFP⁺ bone marrow cells. A specific CCR2 antagonist RS504393 inhibited the occurrence of EGFP⁺ PaSCs in injured mice. We propose that CCR2⁺ monocytes migrate into the pancreas possibly via the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway and give rise to PaSCs.