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Sandoval C, Calle Y, Godoy K, Farías J. An Updated Overview of the Role of CYP450 during Xenobiotic Metabolization in Regulating the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076031. [PMID: 37047003 PMCID: PMC10094375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with several acute and chronic disorders, including hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia, the most prevalent acute leukemia in adults. Xenobiotics are usually harmless compounds that may be detrimental, such as pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, cosmetics, and even food additives. The storage of xenobiotics can serve as a defense mechanism or a means of bioaccumulation, leading to adverse effects. During the absorption, metabolism, and cellular excretion of xenobiotics, three steps may be distinguished: (i) inflow by transporter enzymes, (ii) phases I and II, and (iii) phase III. Phase I enzymes, such as those in the cytochrome P450 superfamily, catalyze the conversion of xenobiotics into more polar compounds, contributing to an elevated acute myeloid leukemia risk. Furthermore, genetic polymorphism influences the variability and susceptibility of related myeloid neoplasms, infant leukemias associated with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements, and a subset of de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Recent research has shown a sustained interest in determining the regulators of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, member 1 (CYP2E1) expression and activity as an emerging field that requires further investigation in acute myeloid leukemia evolution. Therefore, this review suggests that CYP2E1 and its mutations can be a therapeutic or diagnostic target in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Sandoval
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras 753, Osorno 5310431, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Yolanda Calle
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Karina Godoy
- Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jorge Farías
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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2
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Singh AK, Chen Q, Nguyen C, Meerzaman D, Singer DS. Cohesin regulates alternative splicing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3876. [PMID: 36857449 PMCID: PMC9977177 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin, a trimeric complex that establishes sister chromatid cohesion, has additional roles in chromatin organization and transcription. We report that among those roles is the regulation of alternative splicing through direct interactions and in situ colocalization with splicing factors. Degradation of cohesin results in marked changes in splicing, independent of its effects on transcription. Introduction of a single cohesin point mutation in embryonic stem cells alters splicing patterns, demonstrating causality. In primary human acute myeloid leukemia, mutations in cohesin are highly correlated with distinct patterns of alternative splicing. Cohesin also directly interacts with BRD4, another splicing regulator, to generate a pattern of splicing that is distinct from either factor alone, documenting their functional interaction. These findings identify a role for cohesin in regulating alternative splicing in both normal and leukemic cells and provide insights into the role of cohesin mutations in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Singh
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Branch, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qingrong Chen
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Branch, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Branch, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Branch, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dinah S. Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Branch, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Han C, Gao X, Li Y, Zhang J, Yang E, Zhang L, Yu L. Characteristics of Cohesin Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:579881. [PMID: 33928020 PMCID: PMC8076553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.579881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of gene mutation is a major contributor to the initiation and propagation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accumulating evidence suggests that genes encoding cohesin subunits have a high prevalence of mutations in AML, especially in the t(8;21) subtype. Therefore, it is important to understand how cohesin mutations contribute to leukemogenesis. However, the fundamental understanding of cohesin mutation in clonal expansion and myeloid transformation in hematopoietic cells remains ambiguous. Previous studies briefly introduced the cohesin mutation in AML; however, an in-depth summary of mutations in AML was not provided, and the correlation between cohesin and AML1-ETO in t (8;21) AML was also not analyzed. By summarizing the major findings regarding the cohesin mutation in AML, this review aims to define the characteristics of the cohesin complex mutation, identify its relationships with co-occurring gene mutations, assess its roles in clonal evolution, and discuss its potential for the prognosis of AML. In particular, we focus on the function of cohesin mutations in RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Han
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Erna Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Abstract
Mouse models of human myeloid malignancies support the detailed and focused investigation of selected driver mutations and represent powerful tools in the study of these diseases. Carefully developed murine models can closely recapitulate human myeloid malignancies in vivo, enabling the interrogation of a number of aspects of these diseases including their preclinical course, interactions with the microenvironment, effects of pharmacological agents, and the role of non-cell-autonomous factors, as well as the synergy between co-occurring mutations. Importantly, advances in gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have opened new avenues for the development and study of genetically modified mice and also enable the direct modification of mouse and human hematopoietic cells. In this review we provide a concise overview of some of the important mouse models that have advanced our understanding of myeloid leukemogenesis with an emphasis on models relevant to clonal hematopoiesis, myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Basheer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Vassiliou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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5
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Kucinski I, Wilson NK, Hannah R, Kinston SJ, Cauchy P, Lenaerts A, Grosschedl R, Göttgens B. Interactions between lineage-associated transcription factors govern haematopoietic progenitor states. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104983. [PMID: 33103827 PMCID: PMC7737608 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104983|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular profiling provide descriptive datasets of complex differentiation landscapes including the haematopoietic system, but the molecular mechanisms defining progenitor states and lineage choice remain ill-defined. Here, we employed a cellular model of murine multipotent haematopoietic progenitors (Hoxb8-FL) to knock out 39 transcription factors (TFs) followed by RNA-Seq analysis, to functionally define a regulatory network of 16,992 regulator/target gene links. Focussed analysis of the subnetworks regulated by the B-lymphoid TF Ebf1 and T-lymphoid TF Gata3 revealed a surprising role in common activation of an early myeloid programme. Moreover, Gata3-mediated repression of Pax5 emerges as a mechanism to prevent precocious B-lymphoid differentiation, while Hox-mediated activation of Meis1 suppresses myeloid differentiation. To aid interpretation of large transcriptomics datasets, we also report a new method that visualises likely transitions that a progenitor will undergo following regulatory network perturbations. Taken together, this study reveals how molecular network wiring helps to establish a multipotent progenitor state, with experimental approaches and analysis tools applicable to dissecting a broad range of both normal and perturbed cellular differentiation landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwo Kucinski
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah J Kinston
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Aurelie Lenaerts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular BiologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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6
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Kucinski I, Wilson NK, Hannah R, Kinston SJ, Cauchy P, Lenaerts A, Grosschedl R, Göttgens B. Interactions between lineage-associated transcription factors govern haematopoietic progenitor states. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104983. [PMID: 33103827 PMCID: PMC7737608 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular profiling provide descriptive datasets of complex differentiation landscapes including the haematopoietic system, but the molecular mechanisms defining progenitor states and lineage choice remain ill-defined. Here, we employed a cellular model of murine multipotent haematopoietic progenitors (Hoxb8-FL) to knock out 39 transcription factors (TFs) followed by RNA-Seq analysis, to functionally define a regulatory network of 16,992 regulator/target gene links. Focussed analysis of the subnetworks regulated by the B-lymphoid TF Ebf1 and T-lymphoid TF Gata3 revealed a surprising role in common activation of an early myeloid programme. Moreover, Gata3-mediated repression of Pax5 emerges as a mechanism to prevent precocious B-lymphoid differentiation, while Hox-mediated activation of Meis1 suppresses myeloid differentiation. To aid interpretation of large transcriptomics datasets, we also report a new method that visualises likely transitions that a progenitor will undergo following regulatory network perturbations. Taken together, this study reveals how molecular network wiring helps to establish a multipotent progenitor state, with experimental approaches and analysis tools applicable to dissecting a broad range of both normal and perturbed cellular differentiation landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwo Kucinski
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah J Kinston
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Aurelie Lenaerts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular BiologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyMax Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteDepartment of HaematologyJeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Kumar P, Cheng H, Paudyal S, Nakamura LV, Zhang N, Li JT, Sasidharan R, Jeong M, Pati D. Haploinsufficiency of cohesin protease, Separase, promotes regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1624-1636. [PMID: 32997844 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin recently emerged as a new regulator of hematopoiesis and leukemia. In addition to cohesin, whether proteins that regulate cohesin's function have any direct role in hematopoiesis and hematologic diseases have not been fully examined. Separase, encoded by the ESPL1 gene, is an important regulator of cohesin's function. Canonically, protease activity of Separase resolves sister chromatid cohesion by cleaving cohesin subunit-Rad21 at the onset of anaphase. Using a Separase haploinsufficient mouse model, we have uncovered a novel role of Separase in hematopoiesis. We report that partial disruption of Separase distinctly alters the functional characteristics of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Although analyses of peripheral blood and bone marrow of Espl1+/Hyp mice broadly displayed unperturbed hematopoietic parameters during normal hematopoiesis, further probing of the composition of early hematopoietic cells in Espl1+/Hyp bone marrow revealed a mild reduction in the frequencies of the Lin- Sca1+ Kit- (LSK) or LSK CD48+ CD150- multipotent hematopoietic progenitors population without a significant change in either long-term or short-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) subsets at steady state. Surprisingly, however, we found that Separase haploinsufficiency promotes regeneration activity of HSCs in serial in vivo repopulation assays. In vitro colony formation assays also revealed an enhanced serial replating capacity of hematopoietic progenitors isolated from Espl1+/Hyp mice. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that Separase haploinsufficiency in HSCs (SP-KSL) leads to enrichment of gene signatures that are upregulated in HSCs compared to committed progenitors and mature cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a key role of Separase in promoting hematopoietic regeneration of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samridhdi Paudyal
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lanelle V Nakamura
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica T Li
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mira Jeong
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Sun Y, Miao N, Sun T. Detect accessible chromatin using ATAC-sequencing, from principle to applications. Hereditas 2019; 156:29. [PMID: 31427911 PMCID: PMC6696680 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chromatin accessibility is crucial for gene expression regulation in specific cells and in multiple biological processes. Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is an effective way to reveal chromatin accessibility at a genome-wide level. Through ATAC-seq, produced reads from a small number of cells reflect accessible regions that correspond to nucleosome positioning and transcription factor binding sites, due to probing hyperactive Tn5 transposase to DNA sequence. Conclusion In this review, we summarize both principle and features of ATAC-seq, highlight its applications in basic and clinical research. ATAC-seq has generated comprehensive chromatin accessible maps, and is becoming a powerful tool to understand dynamic gene expression regulation in stem cells, early embryos and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disturbance of the delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can lead to both leukaemia and bone marrow failure. The regulation of this balance in HSC biology has been intensely investigated in several model systems, and lately the importance of epigenetic modifications as well as the organization and architecture of chromatin has become increasingly recognized. In this review, we will focus on the role of the chromatin organizing protein complex cohesin in regulation of normal and malignant haematopoiesis. RECENT FINDINGS Several functional studies in both mouse and human systems have implicated cohesin as a critical regulator of self-renewal and differentiation in HSCs. Together with the discovery of recurrent mutations of cohesin genes in myeloid malignancies, this points towards a direct role of perturbed cohesin function in leukemogenesis. SUMMARY The work reviewed here provides new insights about the role of the cohesin complex and chromatin architecture in normal and malignant HSCs, and indicates how cohesin may be specifically targeted for therapeutic benefit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Galeev
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Bettini LR, Graziola F, Fazio G, Grazioli P, Scagliotti V, Pasquini M, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Larizza L, Selicorni A, Gaston-Massuet C, Massa V. Rings and Bricks: Expression of Cohesin Components is Dynamic during Development and Adult Life. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E438. [PMID: 29389897 PMCID: PMC5855660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesin complex components exert fundamental roles in animal cells, both canonical in cell cycle and non-canonical in gene expression regulation. Germline mutations in genes coding for cohesins result in developmental disorders named cohesinopaties, of which Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is the best-known entity. However, a basic description of mammalian expression pattern of cohesins in a physiologic condition is still needed. Hence, we report a detailed analysis of expression in murine and human tissues of cohesin genes defective in CdLS. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods in fetal and adult tissues, cohesin genes were found to be ubiquitously and differentially expressed in human tissues. In particular, abundant expression was observed in hematopoietic and central nervous system organs. Findings of the present study indicate tissues which should be particularly sensitive to mutations, germline and/or somatic, in cohesin genes. Hence, this expression analysis in physiological conditions may represent a first core reference for cohesinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rachele Bettini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
- Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Federica Graziola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Paolo Grazioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Mariavittoria Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20154 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Valentina Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Lopez CK, Malinge S, Gaudry M, Bernard OA, Mercher T. Pediatric Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia: Multitasking Fusion Proteins and Oncogenic Cooperations. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:631-642. [PMID: 28867167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric leukemia presents specific clinical and genetic features from adult leukemia but the underpinning mechanisms of transformation are still unclear. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is the malignant accumulation of progenitors of the megakaryocyte lineage that normally produce blood platelets. AMKL is diagnosed de novo, in patients showing a poor prognosis, or in Down syndrome (DS) patients with a better prognosis. Recent data show that de novo AMKL is primarily associated with chromosomal alterations leading to the expression of fusions between transcriptional regulators. This review highlights the most recurrent genetic events found in de novo pediatric AMKL patients and, based on recent functional analyses, proposes a mechanism of leukemogenesis common to de novo and DS-AMKL.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Child
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/pathology
- Megakaryocytes/metabolism
- Megakaryocytes/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile K Lopez
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Malinge
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Gaudry
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier A Bernard
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
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12
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Mazumdar C, Majeti R. The role of mutations in the cohesin complex in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2017; 105:31-36. [PMID: 27796738 PMCID: PMC5516647 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the members of the cohesin complex have recently been identified as early events in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis. Studies conducted by our lab and others have shown that cohesin mutations or knockdown of cohesin subunits impair hematopoietic differentiation and enforce stem cell programs in both human and mouse hematopoiesis. Furthermore, studies in both models demonstrated global changes in chromatin accessibility and structure, in particular increased accessibility at binding sites for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transcription factors. These results suggest that mutations in the cohesin complex may contribute to leukemogenesis through modulation of HSPC chromatin accessibility. Future studies will be necessary to determine the detailed mechanisms mediating these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mazumdar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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13
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Conese M, Liso A. Cohesin complex is a major player on the stage of leukemogenesis. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:18. [PMID: 27489117 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Liso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
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14
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Galeev R, Baudet A, Kumar P, Rundberg Nilsson A, Nilsson B, Soneji S, Törngren T, Borg Å, Kvist A, Larsson J. Genome-wide RNAi Screen Identifies Cohesin Genes as Modifiers of Renewal and Differentiation in Human HSCs. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2988-3000. [PMID: 26997282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insights into the regulatory mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we employed a genome-wide RNAi screen in human cord-blood derived cells and identified candidate genes whose knockdown maintained the HSC phenotype during culture. A striking finding was the identification of members of the cohesin complex (STAG2, RAD21, STAG1, and SMC3) among the top 20 genes from the screen. Upon individual validation of these cohesin genes, we found that their knockdown led to an immediate expansion of cells with an HSC phenotype in vitro. A similar expansion was observed in vivo following transplantation to immunodeficient mice. Transcriptome analysis of cohesin-deficient CD34(+) cells showed an upregulation of HSC-specific genes, demonstrating an immediate shift toward a more stem-cell-like gene expression signature upon cohesin deficiency. Our findings implicate cohesin as a major regulator of HSCs and illustrate the power of global RNAi screens to identify modifiers of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Galeev
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Baudet
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shamit Soneji
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Therese Törngren
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Kvist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Mazumdar C, Shen Y, Xavy S, Zhao F, Reinisch A, Li R, Corces MR, Flynn RA, Buenrostro JD, Chan SM, Thomas D, Koenig JL, Hong WJ, Chang HY, Majeti R. Leukemia-Associated Cohesin Mutants Dominantly Enforce Stem Cell Programs and Impair Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:675-688. [PMID: 26607380 PMCID: PMC4671831 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent mutations in cohesin complex proteins have been identified in pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells and during the early development of acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies. Although cohesins are involved in chromosome separation and DNA damage repair, cohesin complex functions during hematopoiesis and leukemic development are unclear. Here, we show that mutant cohesin proteins block differentiation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro and in vivo and enforce stem cell programs. These effects are restricted to immature HSPC populations, where cohesin mutants show increased chromatin accessibility and likelihood of transcription factor binding site occupancy by HSPC regulators including ERG, GATA2, and RUNX1, as measured by ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq. Epistasis experiments show that silencing these transcription factors rescues the differentiation block caused by cohesin mutants. Together, these results show that mutant cohesins impair HSPC differentiation by controlling chromatin accessibility and transcription factor activity, possibly contributing to leukemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mazumdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ying Shen
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seethu Xavy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Feifei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Ryan Corces
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan A Flynn
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie L Koenig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wan-Jen Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Cavalleri V, Bettini LR, Barboni C, Cereda A, Mariani M, Spinelli M, Gervasini C, Russo S, Biondi A, Jankovic M, Selicorni A. Thrombocytopenia and Cornelia de Lange syndrome: Still an enigma? Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:130-4. [PMID: 26437745 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cohesion complex and its regulators. The syndrome is characterized by multiple organ system abnormalities, pre- and post-natal growth retardation and typical facial features. Thrombocytopenia is a reduction in platelet count to <150 × 10(9) L. It can be caused by congenital or acquired decreased production, increased destruction, or sequestration of platelets. In recent years, several papers reported thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia in patients affected by CdLS. In 2011, Lambert et al. estimated the risk of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura in CdLS patients to be 31-633 times greater than in the general population. We describe the incidence of thrombocytopenia in 127 Italian CdLS patients, identifying patients with transient or persistent thrombocytopenia, but a lower incidence of true idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cavalleri
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura R Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Barboni
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Milena Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Spinelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Division of Medical Genetics, San Paolo School of Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Momcilo Jankovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics, Monza Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Milano Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
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17
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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18
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Cohesin mutations in myeloid malignancies: underlying mechanisms. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:13. [PMID: 24904756 PMCID: PMC4046106 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, whole genome sequencing approaches have pinpointed mutations in genes that were previously not associated with cancer. For Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), and other myeloid disorders, these approaches revealed a high prevalence of mutations in genes encoding the chromosome cohesion complex, cohesin. Cohesin mutations represent a novel genetic pathway for AML, but how AML arises from these mutations is unknown. This review will explore the potential mechanisms by which cohesin mutations contribute to AML and other myeloid malignancies.
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19
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Itzykson R, Fenaux P. Epigenetics of myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 2013; 28:497-506. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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