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Koyano-Nakagawa N, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Swanholm TB, Van Ly D, Dsouza N, Singh BN, Kawakami H, Young S, Chen KQ, Kawakami Y, Garry DJ. Etv2 regulates enhancer chromatin status to initiate Shh expression in the limb bud. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4221. [PMID: 35864091 PMCID: PMC9304341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for limb development, and the mechanisms that govern the propagation and maintenance of its expression has been well studied; however, the mechanisms that govern the initiation of Shh expression are incomplete. Here we report that ETV2 initiates Shh expression by changing the chromatin status of the developmental limb enhancer, ZRS. Etv2 expression precedes Shh in limb buds, and Etv2 inactivation prevents the opening of limb chromatin, including the ZRS, resulting in an absence of Shh expression. Etv2 overexpression in limb buds causes nucleosomal displacement at the ZRS, ectopic Shh expression, and polydactyly. Areas of nucleosome displacement coincide with ETS binding site clusters. ETV2 also functions as a transcriptional activator of ZRS and is antagonized by ETV4/5 repressors. Known human polydactyl mutations introduce novel ETV2 binding sites in the ZRS, suggesting that ETV2 dosage regulates ZRS activation. These studies identify ETV2 as a pioneer transcription factor (TF) regulating the onset of Shh expression, having both a chromatin regulatory role and a transcriptional activation role. The embryonic limb bud is known to be patterned by a Shh morphogen gradient, though how Shh expression is activated remains less clear. Here the authors show that Etv2 acts as a pioneer transcription factor to mediate accessibility of the ZRS enhancer and initiate Shh expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Hamre, Schumann, Mueller & Larson, P.C., Minneapolis, MN, 55402, USA.,Mitchell Hamline School of Law, St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tran B Swanholm
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Van Ly
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nikita Dsouza
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bhairab N Singh
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Young
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Q Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Park C, Lee TJ, Bhang SH, Liu F, Nakamura R, Oladipupo SS, Pitha-Rowe I, Capoccia B, Choi HS, Kim TM, Urao N, Ushio-Fukai M, Lee DJ, Miyoshi H, Kim BS, Lim DS, Apte RS, Ornitz DM, Choi K. Injury-Mediated Vascular Regeneration Requires Endothelial ER71/ETV2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:86-96. [PMID: 26586661 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis might provide new strategies for angiogenic therapies for treating diverse physiological and pathological ischemic conditions. The E-twenty six (ETS) factor Ets variant 2 (ETV2; aka Ets-related protein 71) is essential for the formation of hematopoietic and vascular systems. Despite its indispensable function in vessel development, ETV2 role in adult angiogenesis has not yet been addressed. We have therefore investigated the role of ETV2 in vascular regeneration. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used endothelial Etv2 conditional knockout mice and ischemic injury models to assess the role of ETV2 in vascular regeneration. Although Etv2 expression was not detectable under steady-state conditions, its expression was readily observed in endothelial cells after injury. Mice lacking endothelial Etv2 displayed impaired neovascularization in response to eye injury, wounding, or hindlimb ischemic injury. Lentiviral Etv2 expression in ischemic hindlimbs led to improved recovery of blood perfusion with enhanced vessel formation. After injury, fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk1), aka VEGFR2, expression and neovascularization were significantly upregulated by Etv2, whereas Flk1 expression and vascular endothelial growth factor response were significantly blunted in Etv2-deficient endothelial cells. Conversely, enforced Etv2 expression enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial sprouting from embryoid bodies. Lentiviral Flk1 expression rescued angiogenesis defects in endothelial Etv2 conditional knockout mice after hindlimb ischemic injury. Furthermore, Etv2(+/-); Flk1(+/-) double heterozygous mice displayed a more severe hindlimb ischemic injury response compared with Etv2(+/-) or Flk1(+/-) heterozygous mice, revealing an epistatic interaction between ETV2 and FLK1 in vascular regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a novel obligatory role for the ETV2 in postnatal vascular repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Park
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Rei Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Sunday S Oladipupo
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Ian Pitha-Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Benjamin Capoccia
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Hong Seo Choi
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Norifumi Urao
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pediatrics (C.P., H.S.C.), Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center (C.P.), Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (C.P.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (T.M.K., N.U., M.U-F.); School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (S.H.B.); School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (B-S.K.); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (D.J.L., D-S.L.); RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan (H.M.); the Departments of Pathology and Immunology (T-J.L., F.L., K.C.), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.N., I.P-R., R.S.A.), Developmental Biology (S.S.O., D.M.O.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (B. C.), Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem cell Biology Program (D.M.O., R.S.A., K.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, MO
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