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Wu C, Li J, Tian C, Shi W, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Wang H, Zhang Q, Sun W, Sun P, Xiang R, Yang S. Epigenetic dysregulation of ZEB1 is involved in LMO2-promoted T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia leukaemogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2511-2525. [PMID: 29778661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a hematological malignancy caused by the accumulation of genomic lesions that affect the development of T-cells. ZEB1, a member of zinc finger-homeodomain family transcription factor, exhibits crucial function in promoting T-cell differentiation and potentially acts as a tumor suppressor in T-ALL. However, the molecular mechanism by which ZEB1 regulates T-ALL leukaemogenesis remains obscure. Here, we showed that oncogenic LIM only 2 (LMO2) could recruit Sap18 and HDAC1 to assemble an epigenetic regulatory complex, thus inducing histone deacetylation in ZEB1 promoter and chromatin remodeling to achieve transcriptional repression. Furthermore, downregulation of ZEB1 by LMO2 complex results in an increased leukaemia stem cell (LSC) phenotype as well as unsensitivity in response to methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy in T-ALL cells. Importantly, we demonstrated that Trichostatin A (TSA, a HDAC inhibitor) addition significantly attenuates MTX unsensitivity caused by dysfunction of LMO2/ZEB1 signaling. In conclusion, these findings have identified a molecular mechanism underlying LMO2/ZEB1-mediated leukaemogenesis, paving a way for treating T-ALL with a new strategy of epigenetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chenchen Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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2
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ZEB Proteins in Leukemia: Friends, Foes, or Friendly Foes? Hemasphere 2018; 2:e43. [PMID: 31723771 PMCID: PMC6745990 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ZEB1 and ZEB2 play pivotal roles in solid cancer metastasis by allowing cancer cells to invade and disseminate through the transcriptional regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. ZEB expression is also associated with the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties and therapy resistance. Consequently, expression levels of ZEB1/2 and of their direct target genes are widely seen as reliable prognostic markers for solid tumor aggressiveness and cancer patient outcome. Recent loss-of-function mouse models demonstrated that both ZEBs are also essential hematopoietic transcription factors governing blood lineage commitment and fidelity. Interestingly, both gain- and loss-of-function mutations have been reported in multiple hematological malignancies. Combined with emerging functional studies, these data suggest that ZEB1 and ZEB2 can act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes in blood borne malignancies, depending on the cellular context. Here, we review these novel insights and discuss how balanced expression of ZEB proteins may be essential to safeguard the functionality of the immune system and prevent leukemia.
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3
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Greenplate A, Wang K, Tripathi RM, Palma N, Ali SM, Stephens PJ, Miller VA, Shyr Y, Guo Y, Reddy NM, Kozhaya L, Unutmaz D, Chen X, Irish JM, Davé UP. Genomic Profiling of T-Cell Neoplasms Reveals Frequent JAK1 and JAK3 Mutations With Clonal Evasion From Targeted Therapies. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2018. [PMID: 30079384 PMCID: PMC6072266 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The promise of precision oncology is that identification of genomic alterations will direct the rational use of molecularly targeted therapy. This approach is particularly applicable to neoplasms that are resistant to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, like T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. In this study, we tested the feasibility of targeted next-generation sequencing in profiles of diverse T-cell neoplasms and focused on the therapeutic utility of targeting activated JAK1 and JAK3 in an index case. Patients and Methods Using Foundation One and Foundation One Heme assays, we performed genomic profiling on 91 consecutive T-cell neoplasms for alterations in 405 genes. The samples were sequenced to high uniform coverage with an Illumina HiSeq and averaged a coverage depth of greater than 500× for DNA and more than 8M total pairs for RNA. An index case of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), which was analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing, is presented. T-PLL cells were analyzed by RNA-seq, in vitro drug testing, mass cytometry, and phospho-flow. Results One third of the samples had genomic aberrations in the JAK-STAT pathway, most often composed of JAK1 and JAK3 gain-of-function mutations. We present an index case of a patient with T-PLL with a clonal JAK1 V658F mutation that responded to ruxolitinib therapy. After relapse developed, an expanded clone that harbored mutant JAK3 M511I and downregulation of the phosphatase, CD45, was identified. We demonstrate that the JAK missense mutations were activating, caused pathway hyperactivation, and conferred cytokine hypersensitivity. Conclusion These results underscore the utility of profiling occurrences of resistance to standard regimens and support JAK enzymes as rational therapeutic targets for T-cell leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA. Origimed, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yan Guo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Xueyan Chen
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Utpal P Davé
- R.L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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4
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Efimenko E, Davé UP, Lebedeva IV, Shen Y, Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Diolaiti D, Kung A, Lannutti BJ, Chen J, Realubit R, Niatsetskaya Z, Ten V, Karan C, Chen X, Califano A, Diacovo TG. PI3Kγ/δ and NOTCH1 Cross-Regulate Pathways That Define the T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Disease Signature. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2069-2082. [PMID: 28716817 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT and NOTCH1 signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL). Although we have shown that the combined activities of the class I PI3K isoforms p110γ and p110δ play a major role in the development and progression of PTEN-null T-ALL, it has yet to be determined whether their contribution to leukemogenic programing is unique from that associated with NOTCH1 activation. Using an Lmo2-driven mouse model of T-ALL in which both the PI3K/AKT and NOTCH1 pathways are aberrantly upregulated, we now demonstrate that the combined activities of PI3Kγ/δ have both overlapping and distinct roles from NOTCH1 in generating T-ALL disease signature and in promoting tumor cell growth. Treatment of diseased animals with either a dual PI3Kγ/δ or a γ-secretase inhibitor reduced tumor burden, prolonged survival, and induced proapoptotic pathways. Consistent with their similar biological effects, both inhibitors downregulated genes involved in cMYC-dependent metabolism in gene set enrichment analyses. Furthermore, overexpression of cMYC in mice or T-ALL cell lines conferred resistance to both inhibitors, suggesting a point of pathway convergence. Of note, interrogation of transcriptional regulators and analysis of mitochondrial function showed that PI3Kγ/δ activity played a greater role in supporting the disease signature and critical bioenergetic pathways. Results provide insight into the interrelationship between T-ALL oncogenic networks and the therapeutic efficacy of dual PI3Kγ/δ inhibition in the context of NOTCH1 and cMYC signaling. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2069-82. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni Efimenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Utpal P Davé
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Irina V Lebedeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Daniel Diolaiti
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jianchung Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald Realubit
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Zoya Niatsetskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Vadim Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles Karan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami Florida
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas G Diacovo
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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5
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Yang L, Rodriguez B, Mayle A, Park HJ, Lin X, Luo M, Jeong M, Curry CV, Kim SB, Ruau D, Zhang X, Zhou T, Zhou M, Rebel VI, Challen GA, Gottgens B, Lee JS, Rau R, Li W, Goodell MA. DNMT3A Loss Drives Enhancer Hypomethylation in FLT3-ITD-Associated Leukemias. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:922-934. [PMID: 27300438 PMCID: PMC4908977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DNMT3A, the gene encoding the de novo DNA methyltransferase 3A, is among the most frequently mutated genes in hematologic malignancies. However, the mechanisms through which DNMT3A normally suppresses malignancy development are unknown. Here, we show that DNMT3A loss synergizes with the FLT3 internal tandem duplication in a dose-influenced fashion to generate rapid lethal lymphoid or myeloid leukemias similar to their human counterparts. Loss of DNMT3A leads to reduced DNA methylation, predominantly at hematopoietic enhancer regions in both mouse and human samples. Myeloid and lymphoid diseases arise from transformed murine hematopoietic stem cells. Broadly, our findings support a role for DNMT3A as a guardian of the epigenetic state at enhancer regions, critical for inhibition of leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubin Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin Rodriguez
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Allison Mayle
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xueqiu Lin
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China
| | - Min Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mira Jeong
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Choladda V. Curry
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sang-Bae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David Ruau
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Grant A. Challen
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Margaret A. Goodell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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6
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Wiekmeijer AS, Pike-Overzet K, Brugman MH, van Eggermond MCJA, Cordes M, de Haas EFE, Li Y, Oole E, van IJcken WFJ, Egeler RM, Meijerink JP, Staal FJT. Overexpression of LMO2 causes aberrant human T-Cell development in vivo by three potentially distinct cellular mechanisms. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:838-849.e9. [PMID: 27302866 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of LMO2 is known to be one of the causes of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) development; however, the mechanisms behind its oncogenic activity are incompletely understood. LMO2-overexpressing transgenic mouse models suggest an accumulation of immature T-cell progenitors in the thymus as the main preleukemic event. The effects of LMO2 overexpression on human T-cell development in vivo are unknown. Here, we report studies of a humanized mouse model transplanted with LMO2-transduced human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. The effects of LMO2 overexpression were confined to the T-cell lineage; however, initially, multipotent cells were transduced. Three effects of LMO2 on human T-cell development were observed: (1) a block at the double-negative/immature single-positive stage, (2) an accumulation of CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive CD3(-) cells, and (3) an altered CD8/CD4 ratio with enhanced peripheral T lymphocytes. Microarray analysis of sorted double-positive cells overexpressing LMO2 led to the identification of an LMO2 gene set that clustered with human T-ALL patient samples of the described "proliferative" cluster. In this article, we demonstrate previously unrecognized mechanisms by which LMO2 alters human T-cell development in vivo; these mechanisms correlate with human T-ALL leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophia Wiekmeijer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marja C J A van Eggermond
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Cordes
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin F E de Haas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yunlei Li
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Oole
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Maarten Egeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jules P Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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LMO2 Oncoprotein Stability in T-Cell Leukemia Requires Direct LDB1 Binding. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:488-506. [PMID: 26598604 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00901-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LMO2 is a component of multisubunit DNA-binding transcription factor complexes that regulate gene expression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell development. Enforced expression of LMO2 causes leukemia by inducing hematopoietic stem cell-like features in T-cell progenitor cells, but the biochemical mechanisms of LMO2 function have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we systematically dissected the LMO2/LDB1-binding interface to investigate the role of this interaction in T-cell leukemia. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the LIM interaction domain of LDB1 revealed a discrete motif, R(320)LITR, required for LMO2 binding. Most strikingly, coexpression of full-length, wild-type LDB1 increased LMO2 steady-state abundance, whereas coexpression of mutant proteins deficient in LMO2 binding compromised LMO2 stability. These mutant LDB1 proteins also exerted dominant negative effects on growth and transcription in diverse leukemic cell lines. Mass spectrometric analysis of LDB1 binding partners in leukemic lines supports the notion that LMO2/LDB1 function in leukemia occurs in the context of multisubunit complexes, which also protect the LMO2 oncoprotein from degradation. Collectively, these data suggest that the assembly of LMO2 into complexes, via direct LDB1 interaction, is a potential molecular target that could be exploited in LMO2-driven leukemias resistant to existing chemotherapy regimens.
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8
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Goodings C, Tripathi R, Cleveland SM, Elliott N, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Davé UP. Enforced expression of E47 has differential effects on Lmo2-induced T-cell leukemias. Leuk Res 2014; 39:100-9. [PMID: 25499232 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
LIM domain only-2 (LMO2) overexpression in T cells induces leukemia but the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, Lmo2 is part of a protein complex comprised of class II basic helix loop helix proteins, Tal1and Lyl1. The latter transcription factors heterodimerize with E2A proteins like E47 and Heb to bind E boxes. LMO2 and TAL1 or LYL1 cooperate to induce T-ALL in mouse models, and are concordantly expressed in human T-ALL. Furthermore, LMO2 cooperates with the loss of E2A suggesting that LMO2 functions by creating a deficiency of E2A. In this study, we tested this hypothesis in Lmo2-induced T-ALL cell lines. We transduced these lines with an E47/estrogen receptor fusion construct that could be forced to homodimerize with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. We discovered that forced homodimerization induced growth arrest in 2 of the 4 lines tested. The lines sensitive to E47 homodimerization accumulated in G1 and had reduced S phase entry. We analyzed the transcriptome of a resistant and a sensitive line to discern the E47 targets responsible for the cellular effects. Our results suggest that E47 has diverse effects in T-ALL but that functional deficiency of E47 is not a universal feature of Lmo2-induced T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnise Goodings
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rati Tripathi
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Cleveland
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Natalina Elliott
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Utpal P Davé
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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