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Linowiecka K, Guz J, Dziaman T, Urbanowska-Domańska O, Zarakowska E, Szpila A, Szpotan J, Skalska-Bugała A, Mijewski P, Siomek-Górecka A, Różalski R, Gackowski D, Oliński R, Foksiński M. The level of active DNA demethylation compounds in leukocytes and urine samples as potential epigenetic biomarkers in breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6481. [PMID: 38499584 PMCID: PMC10948817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The active DNA demethylation process, which involves TET proteins, can affect DNA methylation pattern. TET dependent demethylation results in DNA hypomethylation by oxidation 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and its derivatives. Moreover, TETs' activity may be upregulated by ascorbate. Given that aberrant DNA methylation of genes implicated in breast carcinogenesis may be involved in tumor progression, we wanted to determine whether breast cancer patients exert changes in the active DNA demethylation process. The study included blood samples from breast cancer patients (n = 74) and healthy subjects (n = 71). We analyzed the expression of genes involved in the active demethylation process (qRT-PCR), and 5-mC and its derivatives level (2D-UPLC MS/MS). The ascorbate level was determined using UPLC-MS. Breast cancer patients had significantly higher TET3 expression level, lower 5-mC and 5-hmC DNA levels. TET3 was significantly increased in luminal B breast cancer patients with expression of hormone receptors. Moreover, the ascorbate level in the plasma of breast cancer patients was decreased with the accompanying increase of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SLC23A1 and SLC23A2). The presented study indicates the role of TET3 in DNA demethylation in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Linowiecka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Guz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziaman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Olga Urbanowska-Domańska
- Department of Oncology, Professor Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Centre, Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Zarakowska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Szpila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Szpotan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skalska-Bugała
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Mijewski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siomek-Górecka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Różalski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ryszard Oliński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Foksiński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Ghasemi B, Ahmadi J, Zaker F, Tabatabaei T, Kiani-Zadeh M, Kazemi A. Lower Levels of TET2 Gene Expression, with a Higher Level of TET2 Promoter Methylation in Patients with AML; Evidence for the Role of Aberrant Methylation in AML Pathogenesis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2024; 40:52-60. [PMID: 38312186 PMCID: PMC10831019 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-023-01673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism that is dysregulated in leukemia and plays a significant role in leukemogenesis. Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is one of the most frequently mutated genes among the DNA methylation regulators in hematologic malignancies, indicating its tumor-suppressor function. In this study, we investigated the expression and methylation status of TET2 in patients with AML. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to evaluate TET2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 51 newly diagnosed AML patients and 50 healthy controls. The methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) method was used in 45 patients with AML and 15 healthy controls to evaluate the promoter methylation of TET2. TET2 expression was significantly downregulated (P < 0.0001) in patients with AML compared to that in healthy controls. Furthermore, the methylation level of the TET2 promoter was significantly different between patients and controls. Aberrant methylation of the TET2 promoter was observed in 53.3% of the patients. Interestingly, a negative (- 0.3138) and significant (P = 0.0358) correlation between TET2 methylation and expression was found. The survival of patients with downregulated TET2 was poorer than that of other patients. TET2 gene expression was significantly downregulated while the promoter methylation was higher in patients, indicating that TET2 may be a tumor suppressor gene and a prognostic factor in AML and that transcriptional silencing of the TET2 gene may play a role in AML pathogenesis. Since epigenetic mechanisms are reversible, abnormal TET2 methylation could become a therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Ghasemi
- Present Address: Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ahmadi
- Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farhad Zaker
- Present Address: Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahere Tabatabaei
- Present Address: Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kiani-Zadeh
- Present Address: Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Kazemi
- Present Address: Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nazaret A, Fan JL, Lavallée VP, Cornish AE, Kiseliovas V, Masilionis I, Chun J, Bowman RL, Eisman SE, Wang J, Shi L, Levine RL, Mazutis L, Blei D, Pe'er D, Azizi E. Deep generative model deciphers derailed trajectories in acute myeloid leukemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566719. [PMID: 38014231 PMCID: PMC10680623 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell genomics has the potential to map cell states and their dynamics in an unbiased way in response to perturbations like disease. However, elucidating the cell-state transitions from healthy to disease requires analyzing data from perturbed samples jointly with unperturbed reference samples. Existing methods for integrating and jointly visualizing single-cell datasets from distinct contexts tend to remove key biological differences or do not correctly harmonize shared mechanisms. We present Decipher, a model that combines variational autoencoders with deep exponential families to reconstruct derailed trajectories ( https://github.com/azizilab/decipher ). Decipher jointly represents normal and perturbed single-cell RNA-seq datasets, revealing shared and disrupted dynamics. It further introduces a novel approach to visualize data, without the need for methods such as UMAP or TSNE. We demonstrate Decipher on data from acute myeloid leukemia patient bone marrow specimens, showing that it successfully characterizes the divergence from normal hematopoiesis and identifies transcriptional programs that become disrupted in each patient when they acquire NPM1 driver mutations.
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Chen L, Eriksson A, Weström S, Pandzic T, Lehmann S, Cavelier L, Landegren U. Ultra-sensitive monitoring of leukemia patients using superRCA mutation detection assays. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4033. [PMID: 35821208 PMCID: PMC9276831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare tumor-specific mutations in patient samples serve as excellent markers to monitor the course of malignant disease and responses to therapy in clinical routine, and improved assay techniques are needed for broad adoption. We describe herein a highly sensitive and selective molecule amplification technology - superRCA assays - for rapid and highly specific detection of DNA sequence variants present at very low frequencies in DNA samples. Using a standard flow cytometer we demonstrate precise, ultra-sensitive detection of single-nucleotide mutant sequences from malignant cells against up to a 100,000-fold excess of DNA from normal cells in either bone marrow or peripheral blood, to follow the course of patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We also demonstrate that sequence variants located in a high-GC region may be sensitively detected, and we illustrate the potential of the technology for early detection of disease recurrence as a basis for prompt change of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Rarity Bioscience AB, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Weström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Pandzic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucia Cavelier
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Landegren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
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In vivo genome-wide CRISPR screening in murine acute myeloid leukemia uncovers microenvironmental dependencies. Blood Adv 2022; 6:5072-5084. [PMID: 35793392 PMCID: PMC9631646 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo CRISPR screens in AML define key interactors of the microenvironment, including integrins, immune modulators, and glycosylation. Eight in vivo–specific hits are recurrently associated with adverse prognosis: BTBD6, FERMT3, ILK, SLC19A1, TAP2, TLN1, TPST2, and TRMT12.
Genome-wide CRISPR screens have been extremely useful in identifying therapeutic targets in diverse cancers by defining genes that are essential for malignant growth. However, most CRISPR screens were performed in vitro and thus cannot identify genes that are essential for interactions with the microenvironment in vivo. Here, we report genome-wide CRISPR screens in 2 in vivo murine models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) driven by the KMT2A/MLLT3 fusion or by the constitutive coexpression of Hoxa9 and Meis1. Secondary validation using a focused library identified 72 genes specifically essential for leukemic growth in vivo, including components of the major histocompatibility complex class I complex, Cd47, complement receptor Cr1l, and the β-4-galactosylation pathway. Importantly, several of these in vivo–specific hits have a prognostic effect or are inferred to be master regulators of protein activity in human AML cases. For instance, we identified Fermt3, a master regulator of integrin signaling, as having in vivo–specific dependency with high prognostic relevance. Overall, we show an experimental and computational pipeline for genome-wide functional screens in vivo in AML and provide a genome-wide resource of essential drivers of leukemic growth in vivo.
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Hou W, Xu H. Incorporating Selenium into Heterocycles and Natural Products─From Chemical Properties to Pharmacological Activities. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4436-4456. [PMID: 35244394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se)-containing compounds have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of a range of diseases. Through tremendous effort, considerable knowledge has been acquired to understand the complex chemical properties and biological activities of selenium, especially after its incorporation into bioactive molecules. From this perspective, we compiled extensive literature evidence to summarize and critically discuss the relationship between the pharmacological activities and chemical properties of selenium compounds and the strategic incorporation of selenium into organic molecules, especially bioactive heterocycles and natural products. We also provide perspectives regarding the challenges in selenium-based medicinal chemistry and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Institute of Drug Development and Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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7
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Jawad M, Afkhami M, Ding Y, Zhang X, Li P, Young K, Xu ML, Cui W, Zhao Y, Halene S, Al-Kali A, Viswanatha D, Chen D, He R, Zheng G. DNMT3A R882 Mutations Confer Unique Clinicopathologic Features in MDS Including a High Risk of AML Transformation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:849376. [PMID: 35296003 PMCID: PMC8918526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.849376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNMT3A mutations play a prominent role in clonal hematopoiesis and myeloid neoplasms with arginine (R)882 as a hotspot, however the clinical implications of R882 vs. non-R882 mutations in myeloid neoplasms like myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is unclear. By data mining with publicly accessible cancer genomics databases and a clinical genomic database from a tertiary medical institution, DNMT3A R882 mutations were found to be enriched in AML (53% of all DNMT3A mutations) but decreased in frequency in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) (10.6%) or other myeloid neoplasms including MDS (27%) (p<.001). Next with the largest cohort of patients with DNMT3A R882 mutant MDS known to date from multiple institutions, DNMT3A R882 mutant MDS cases were shown to have more severe leukopenia, enriched SRSF2 and IDH2 mutations, increased cases with excess blasts (47% vs 22.5%, p=.004), markedly increased risk of AML transformation (25.8%, vs. 1.7%, p=.0001) and a worse progression-free survival (PFS) (median 20.3, vs. >50 months, p=.009) than non-R882 mutant MDS cases. DNMT3A R882 mutation is an independent risk factor for worse PFS, and importantly the differences in the risk of AML transformation between R882 vs. non-R882 mutant patients cannot be explained by different treatment approaches. Interestingly the higher risk of AML transformation and the worse PFS in DNMT3A R882 mutant MDS cases are mitigated by coexisting SF3B1 or SRSF2 mutations. The unique clinicopathologic features of DNMT3A R882 mutant MDS shed light on the prognostic and therapeutic implications of DNMT3A R882 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Jawad
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michelle Afkhami
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Therapy Biomarkers, Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kim Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mina Luqing Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Yiqing Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aref Al-Kali
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - David Viswanatha
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dong Chen
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Rong He
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gang Zheng
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Gang Zheng,
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8
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Investigation of measurable residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia by DNA methylation patterns. Leukemia 2022; 36:80-89. [PMID: 34131280 PMCID: PMC8727289 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of measurable residual disease (MRD) upon treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains challenging. It is usually addressed by highly sensitive PCR- or sequencing-based screening of specific mutations, or by multiparametric flow cytometry. However, not all patients have suitable mutations and heterogeneity of surface markers hampers standardization in clinical routine. In this study, we propose an alternative approach to estimate MRD based on AML-associated DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns. We identified four CG dinucleotides (CpGs) that commonly reveal aberrant DNAm in AML and their combination could reliably discern healthy and AML samples. Interestingly, bisulfite amplicon sequencing demonstrated that aberrant DNAm patterns were symmetric on both alleles, indicating that there is epigenetic crosstalk between homologous chromosomes. We trained shallow-learning and deep-learning algorithms to identify anomalous DNAm patterns. The method was then tested on follow-up samples with and without MRD. Notably, even samples that were classified as MRD negative often revealed higher anomaly ratios than healthy controls, which may reflect clonal hematopoiesis. Our results demonstrate that targeted DNAm analysis facilitates reliable discrimination of malignant and healthy samples. However, since healthy samples also comprise few abnormal-classified DNAm reads the approach does not yet reliably discriminate MRD positive and negative samples.
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9
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Zhang J, Gao X, Yu L. Roles of Histone Deacetylases in Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Fusion Proteins. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741746. [PMID: 34540702 PMCID: PMC8440836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate orchestration of gene expression is critical for the process of normal hematopoiesis, and dysregulation is closely associated with leukemogenesis. Epigenetic aberration is one of the major causes contributing to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where chromosomal rearrangements are frequently found. Increasing evidences have shown the pivotal roles of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in chromatin remodeling, which are involved in stemness maintenance, cell fate determination, proliferation and differentiation, via mastering the transcriptional switch of key genes. In abnormal, these functions can be bloomed to elicit carcinogenesis. Presently, HDAC family members are appealing targets for drug exploration, many of which have been deployed to the AML treatment. As the majority of AML events are associated with chromosomal translocation resulting in oncogenic fusion proteins, it is valuable to comprehensively understand the mutual interactions between HDACs and oncogenic proteins. Therefore, we reviewed the process of leukemogenesis and roles of HDAC members acting in this progress, providing an insight for the target anchoring, investigation of hyperacetylated-agents, and how the current knowledge could be applied in AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Vasconcelos FC, de Souza PS, Hancio T, de Faria FCC, Maia RC. Update on drug transporter proteins in acute myeloid leukemia: Pathological implication and clinical setting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103281. [PMID: 33667660 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common hematological neoplasia causing death worldwide. The long-term overall survival is unsatisfactory due to many factors including older age, genetic heterogeneity and molecular characteristics comprising additional mutations, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The expression of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein, ABCC1/MRP1, ABCG2/BCRP and LRP transporter proteins is considered the major reason for multidrug resistance (MDR) in AML, however conflicting data have been reported. Here, we review the main issues about drug transporter proteins in AML clinical scenario, and highlight the clinicopathological significance of MDR phenotype associated with ABCB1 polymorphisms and FLT3 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Cunha Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Silva de Souza
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Produtos Bioativos, Polo Novo Cavaleiros/IMCT, Campus Professor Aloisio Teixeira (UFRJ/Macaé), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaís Hancio
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, INCA, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costas Casal de Faria
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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11
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Okamoto H, Uoshima N, Kamitsuji Y, Kawata E, Komori Y, Sasaki N, Tsutsumi Y, Tsukamoto T, Mizutani S, Nannya Y, Kuroda J. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria complicated with essential thrombocythemia harboring concomitant PIGA, CALR, and ASXL1 mutations. Ann Hematol 2021; 100:2113-2115. [PMID: 33491136 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uoshima
- Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Kamitsuji
- Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Kawata
- Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nana Sasaki
- Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tsutsumi
- Department of Hematology, Japan Red Cross Hospital Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mizutani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nannya
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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12
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Ma L, Zhang X, Wang Z, Huang L, Meng F, Hu L, Chen Y, Wei J. Anti-cancer Effects of Curcumin on Myelodysplastic Syndrome through the Inhibition of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog-2 (EZH2). Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:729-741. [PMID: 30747066 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190212121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase that regulates histone H3 methylation of lysine27 (H3K27me3), is involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Targeting epigenetic regulators has been identified as a potential treatment target in MDS chemotherapy. Curcumin, a natural compound extracted from turmeric, was found to possess a wide range of anticancer activities in various tumors. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect and action mechanism of curcumin in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Our results showed that curcumin can significantly suppress cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human MDS-derived cell lines. It reduced EZH2, DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3a), ASXL1 and downstream H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and HOXA9 expression and inhibited EZH2 and H3K27me3 nuclear translocation. Curcumin also showed anti-cancer effects in a xenograft mouse model and reduced EZH2, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in vivo. EZH2 knockdown can reduce the H3K27me3 levels and induce curcumin resistance in vitro but attenuates leukemic transformation in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings provide the potential molecular mechanism of curcumin as a therapeutic agent for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiqiong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lifang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fankai Meng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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13
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Mezginejad F, Mohammadi MH, Khadem P, Farsani MA. Evaluation of LKB1 and Serine-Glycine Metabolism Pathway Genes (SHMT1 and GLDC) Expression in AML. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2020; 37:249-255. [PMID: 33867731 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
LKB1 is a significant tumor suppressor and epigenetic regulator playing a vital role in different types of cancers. SHMT1 and GLDC are two critical genes of the epigenetic pathway influenced by LKB1. As epigenetic is the major cause of AML pathogenesis, this study aimed at investigating LKB1, SHMT1, and GLDC gene expression levels in acute myeloid leukemia patients. The present study was conducted on LKB1, SHMT1, and GLDC gene expression levels in 60 de novo AML samples and 30 normal controls using real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that LKB1 and SHMT1 have respectively a significantly lower (P < 0.05) and higher (P < 0.05) expression level than that of normal controls. Furthermore, the correlation between LKB1 with SHMT1 and GLDC was significant and positive (P value: 0.015, r: 0.299). Positive findings confirm that metabolic pathways alongside the LKB1 association drive the epigenetic axis and its substrate production. Therefore, it can be concluded that the newly-discovered pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease provides new insights into the design of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Mezginejad
- Laboratory Hematology & Blood Banking, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Laboratory Hematology & Blood Banking, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,HSCT Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parinaz Khadem
- Laboratory Hematology & Blood Banking, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Allahbakhshian Farsani
- Laboratory Hematology & Blood Banking, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,HSCT Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Qods Sq, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Acute myeloid leukemia sensitivity to metabolic inhibitors: glycolysis showed to be a better therapeutic target. Med Oncol 2020; 37:72. [PMID: 32725458 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-01394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells alter their metabolism by switching from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), regardless of oxygen availability. Metabolism may be a molecular target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where mutations in metabolic genes have been described. This study evaluated glycolysis and OXPHOS as therapeutic targets. The sensitivity to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; glycolysis inhibitor) and oligomycin (OXPHOS inhibitor) was tested in six AML cell lines (HEL, HL-60, K-562, KG-1, NB-4, THP-1). These cells were characterized for IDH1/2 exon 4 mutations, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Metabolic activity was assessed by resazurin assay, whereas cell death and cell cycle were assessed by flow cytometry. Glucose uptake and metabolism-related gene expression were analyzed by 18F-FDG and RT-PCR/qPCR, respectively. No IDH1/2 exon 4 mutations were detected. HEL cells had the highest 18F-FDG uptake and peroxides/superoxide anion levels, whereas THP-1 showed the lowest. 2-DG reduced metabolic activity in all cell lines with HEL, KG-1, and NB-4 being the most sensitive cells. Oligomycin decreased metabolic activity in a cell line-dependent manner, the THP-1 resistant and HL-60 being the most sensitive. Both inhibitors induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a cell line- and compound-dependent manner. 2-DG decreased 18F-FDG uptake in HEL, HL-60, KG-1, and NB-4, while oligomycin increased the uptake in K-562. Metabolism gene expression had different responses to treatments. In conclusion, HEL and KG-1 show to be more glycolytic, whereas HL-60 was more OXPHOS dependent. Results suggest that AML cells reprogram their metabolism to overcome OXPHOS inhibition suggesting that glycolysis may be a better therapeutic target.
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15
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Imataki O, Ishida T, Kubo H, Uemura M, Nanya Y, Kawakami K, Ogawa S, Kadowaki N. A Case of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic Phase with ASXL1 Mutation. Case Rep Oncol 2020; 13:449-455. [PMID: 32399015 PMCID: PMC7204851 DOI: 10.1159/000506452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), exhibit ASXL1 mutations; however, the function and molecular mechanism of these mutations remain unclear. ASXL1 was originally identified as tumor suppressor gene, in which loss of function causes myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). ASXL1 mutations are common and associated with disease progression in myeloid malignancies including MDS, acute myeloid leukemia, and similarly in CML. In MDS, ASXL1 mutations have been associated with poor prognosis; however, the impact of ASXL1 mutations in CML has not been well described. A 31-year-old male was diagnosed as CML-chronic phase (CP). Laboratory findings showed a white blood cell count of 187,200/µL, with asymptomatic splenomegaly. Blast count was 5.0% in peripheral blood and 7.3% in bone marrow. There was no additional chromosomal abnormality except for t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) by chromosomal analysis. At onset, the Sokal score was 1.4, indicating high risk. The patient received tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, comprising nilotinib ∼600 mg/day, bosutinib ∼600 mg/day, ponatinib ∼45 mg/day, and dasatinib ∼100 mg/day. Nevertheless, after 1.5 years of continuous TKI therapy, the best outcome was a hematological response. Although additional chromosomal aberrations and ABL1 kinase mutations were analyzed repeatedly before and during TKI therapy, known genetic abnormalities were not detected. Thereafter, the patient underwent bone marrow transplantation from an HLA 7/8 matched unrelated donor (HLA-Cw 1 locus mismatch, graft-versus-host direction). The patient achieved neutrophil engraftment, 18 days after transplantation, leading to complete remission with an undetectable level of BCR-ABL1 mRNA. The patient, however, died from graft-versus-host disease and thrombotic microangiopathy after 121 days. Gene sequence analysis of his CML cell before stem cell transplantation revealed ASXL1 mutations. Physiologically, ASXL1 contributes to epigenetic regulation. In the CML-CP patient in this case report, ASXL1 mutation conferred resistance to TKI through obscure resistance mechanisms. Even though a molecular mechanism for TKI resistance in ASXL1 mutation in CML has remained obscure, epigenetic modulation is a plausible mode of CML disease progression. The clinical impact including prognosis of ASXL1 for CML is underscored. And the treatment strategy of CML with ASXL1 mutation has not been established. A discussion of this case was expected to facilitate treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Imataki
- Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.,Kagawa University Hospital Post Graduate Clinical Education Center, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kubo
- Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Uemura
- Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nanya
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Kawakami
- Department of Hematology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Kadowaki
- Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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16
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Martelli AM, Paganelli F, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, McCubrey JA. The Unfolded Protein Response: A Novel Therapeutic Target in Acute Leukemias. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020333. [PMID: 32024211 PMCID: PMC7072709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive response triggered by the stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due, among other causes, to altered cell protein homeostasis (proteostasis). UPR is mediated by three main sensors, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), and inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α). Given that proteostasis is frequently disregulated in cancer, UPR is emerging as a critical signaling network in controlling the survival, selection, and adaptation of a variety of neoplasias, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and glioblastoma. Indeed, cancer cells can escape from the apoptotic pathways elicited by ER stress by switching UPR into a prosurvival mechanism instead of cell death. Although most of the studies on UPR focused on solid tumors, this intricate network plays a critical role in hematological malignancies, and especially in multiple myeloma (MM), where treatment with proteasome inhibitors induce the accumulation of unfolded proteins that severely perturb proteostasis, thereby leading to ER stress, and, eventually, to apoptosis. However, UPR is emerging as a key player also in acute leukemias, where recent evidence points to the likelihood that targeting UPR-driven prosurvival pathways could represent a novel therapeutic strategy. In this review, we focus on the oncogene-specific regulation of individual UPR signaling arms, and we provide an updated outline of the genetic, biochemical, and preclinical therapeutic findings that support UPR as a relevant, novel target in acute leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-1580
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (C.E.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (C.E.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
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17
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Shahin Varnoosfaderani F, Palau A, Dong W, Persson J, Durand-Dubief M, Svensson JP, Lennartsson A. A regulatory role for CHD2 in myelopoiesis. Epigenetics 2020; 15:702-714. [PMID: 31900031 PMCID: PMC7574388 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1710913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional program that dictates haematopoietic cell fate and differentiation requires an epigenetic regulatory and memory function, provided by a network of epigenetic factors that regulate DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications and chromatin structure. Disturbed epigenetic regulation causes perturbations in the blood cell differentiation program that results in various types of haematopoietic disorders. Thus, accurate epigenetic regulation is essential for functional haematopoiesis. In this study, we used a CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to identify new epigenetic regulators in myeloid differentiation. We designed a Chromatin-UMI CRISPR guide library targeting 1092 epigenetic regulators. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of the chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line K-562 was used as a megakaryocytic myeloid differentiation model. Both previously described developmental epigenetic regulators and novel factors were identified in our screen. In this study, we validated and characterized a role for the chromatin remodeller CHD2 in myeloid proliferation and megakaryocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Palau
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenna Persson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden.,High Throughput Genome Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lennartsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Xiao H, Cheng Q, Wu X, Tang Y, Liu J, Li X. ADAR1 may be involved in the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells via regulation of the Wnt pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8547-8555. [PMID: 31572009 PMCID: PMC6759212 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s210504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia and characterized by the malignant growth of leukemic cells. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) have been shown to participate in the proliferation of cancer cells and progression of various cancers. However, the role of ADAR1 in AML has not been investigated. Patients and methods We compared the expression levels of ADAR1 between samples obtained from different AML patients and controls using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We also investigated the functional role and possible mechanisms via silencing the expression of ADAR1 in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that the mRNA and protein levels of ADAR1 were significantly higher in AML patients. The mRNA expression of ADAR1 was positively correlated with the ratio of leukemic cells. Additionally, silencing of ADAR1 expression significantly suppressed the proliferation of AML cells and induced G0/1 arrest. For the analysis of the mechanism, the quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting results revealed that ADAR1 knockdown resulted in the decreased expression of Wingless-Int (Wnt) effectors including β-catenin, c-Myc, transcription factor 4, and cyclin D2. In the nude mouse model, inhibition of ADAR1 expression reduced the tumorigenic potential and decreased the expression o]f Wnt effectors. Conclusion These results demonstrate that ADAR1 may be involved in the regulation of the proliferation of AML cells partially via regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishu Tang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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19
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Bugler J, Kinstrie R, Scott MT, Vetrie D. Epigenetic Reprogramming and Emerging Epigenetic Therapies in CML. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:136. [PMID: 31380371 PMCID: PMC6652210 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by BCR-ABL1, an oncogenic fusion gene arising from the Philadelphia chromosome. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to overcome the constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL protein has dramatically improved disease management and patient outcomes over the past 20 years. However, the majority of patients are not cured and developing novel therapeutic strategies that target epigenetic processes are a promising avenue to improve cure rates. A number of epigenetic mechanisms are altered or reprogrammed during the development and progression of CML, resulting in alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation and dysregulation of the transcriptional machinery. In this review these epigenetic alterations are examined and the potential of epigenetic therapies are discussed as a means of eradicating residual disease and offering a potential cure for CML in combination with current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Vetrie
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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20
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Mutant H3 histones drive human pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cell expansion and promote leukemic aggressiveness. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2891. [PMID: 31253791 PMCID: PMC6599207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our ability to manage acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is limited by our incomplete understanding of the epigenetic disruption central to leukemogenesis, including improper histone methylation. Here we examine 16 histone H3 genes in 434 primary AML samples and identify Q69H, A26P, R2Q, R8H and K27M/I mutations (1.6%), with higher incidence in secondary AML (9%). These mutations occur in pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and exist in the major leukemic clones in patients. They increase the frequency of functional HSCs, alter differentiation, and amplify leukemic aggressiveness. These effects are dependent on the specific mutation. H3K27 mutation increases the expression of genes involved in erythrocyte and myeloid differentiation with altered H3K27 tri-methylation and K27 acetylation. The functional impact of histone mutations is independent of RUNX1 mutation, although they at times co-occur. This study establishes that H3 mutations are drivers of human pre-cancerous stem cell expansion and important early events in leukemogenesis.
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21
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Li C, Dong L, Su R, Bi Y, Qing Y, Deng X, Zhou Y, Hu C, Yu M, Huang H, Jiang X, Li X, He X, Zou D, Shen C, Han L, Sun M, Skibbe J, Ferchen K, Qin X, Weng H, Huang H, Song C, Chen J, Jin J. Homoharringtonine exhibits potent anti-tumor effect and modulates DNA epigenome in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting SP1/TET1/5hmC. Haematologica 2019; 105:148-160. [PMID: 30975912 PMCID: PMC6939512 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.208835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoharringtonine, a plant alkaloid, has been reported to suppress protein synthesis and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Here we show that in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), homoharringtonine potently inhibits cell growth/viability and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, significantly inhibits disease progression in vivo, and substantially prolongs survival of mice bearing murine or human AML. Strikingly, homoharringtonine treatment dramatically decreases global DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine abundance through targeting the SP1/TET1 axis, and TET1 depletion mimics homoharringtonine’s therapeutic effects in AML. Our further 5hmC-seq and RNA-seq analyses, followed by a series of validation and functional studies, suggest that FLT3 is a critical down-stream target of homoharringtonine/SP1/TET1/5hmC signaling, and suppression of FLT3 and its downstream targets (e.g. MYC) contributes to the high sensitivity of FLT3-mutated AML cells to homoharringtonine. Collectively, our studies uncover a previously unappreciated DNA epigenome-related mechanism underlying the potent antileukemic effect of homoharringtonine, which involves suppression of the SP1/TET1/5hmC/FLT3/MYC signaling pathways in AML. Our work also highlights the particular promise of clinical application of homoharringtonine to treat human AML with FLT3 mutations, which accounts for more than 30% of total cases of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ying Bi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ying Qing
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaolan Deng
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yile Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine;Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongling Zou
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Li Han
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine;Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Skibbe
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Ferchen
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Xi Qin
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hengyou Weng
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Huilin Huang
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chunxiao Song
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology & the Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Mei M, Zhang R, Zhou ZW, Ying Z, Wang J, Zhang H, Zheng H, Bao S. PRMT5-mediated H4R3sme2 Confers Cell Differentiation in Pediatric B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2633-2643. [PMID: 30635341 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the function of histone arginine methylation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The objective was to evaluate whether protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) plays a role in pediatric ALL and to determine the possible mechanism of epigenetic regulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used bone marrow samples from patients with pediatric ALL, the Nalm6 cell line, mature B-cell lines, and mouse xenograft models to evaluate the function of PRMT5 in ALL tumorigenesis. RESULTS This study showed that PRMT5 and the symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 (H4R3sme2) were upregulated in most initially diagnosed (n = 15; 100%) and relapsed (n = 4; 75%) bone marrow leukemia cells from patients with pediatric B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) and were decreased when the disease was in remission (n = 15; 6.7%). Downregulation of H4R3sme2 by PRMT5 silencing induced BCP-ALL cell differentiation from the pre-B to immature B stage, whereas overexpressed PRMT5 with enhanced H4R3sme2 promoted human mature B cells to dedifferentiate back to the pre-B II/immature B stages in vitro. High PRMT5 expression enhanced the proportion of CD43+/B220+/sIgM- B leukocytes in recipient mice. CLC and CTSB were identified as potential target genes of PRMT5 in BCP-ALL cells and were inhibited by H4R3sme2 in gene promoters. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that enhanced PRMT5 promotes BCP-ALL leukemogenesis partially by the dysregulation of B-cell lineage differentiation. H4R3sme2 and PRMT5 may serve as potential sensitive biomarkers of pediatric BCP-ALL. Suppression of the activation of PRMT5 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy against pediatric BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Department of Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhou Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Department of Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huyong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Department of Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Gandin V, Khalkar P, Braude J, Fernandes AP. Organic selenium compounds as potential chemotherapeutic agents for improved cancer treatment. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:80-97. [PMID: 29746900 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selenium(Se)-containing compounds have attracted a growing interest as anticancer agents over recent decades, with mounting reports demonstrating their high efficacy and selectivity against cancer cells. Typically, Se compounds exert their cytotoxic effects by acting as pro-oxidants that alter cellular redox homeostasis. However, the precise intracellular targets, signalling pathways affected and mechanisms of cell death engaged following treatment vary with the chemical properties of the selenocompound and its metabolites, as well as the cancer model that is used. Naturally occurring organic Se compounds, besides encompassing a significant antitumor activity with an apparent ability to prevent metastasis, also seem to have fewer side effects and less systemic effects as reported for many inorganic Se compounds. On this basis, many novel organoselenium compounds have also been synthesized and examined as potential chemotherapeutic agents. This review aims to summarize the most well studied natural and synthetic organoselenium compounds and provide the most recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie their potential anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Prajakta Khalkar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Braude
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aristi P Fernandes
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Dou LP, Li HH, Wang L, Li F, Huang WR, Yu L, Liu DH. Efficacy and Safety of Unmanipulated Haploidentical Related Donor Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:790-798. [PMID: 29578122 PMCID: PMC5887737 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.228243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies of haploidentical-related donor (HRD) stem cell transplantation using a combination of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) and bone marrow as the graft have reported encouraging results for patients with hematological diseases. However, few studies specifically reported transplantation of only PBSCs from HRDs among patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, the long-term outcomes and side effects of unmanipulated HRD PBSC transplantation (HRD-PBSCT) for relapsed/refractory AML were analyzed. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the outcomes in relapsed/refractory AML patients who underwent PBSCT from HRDs (n = 36). Results: Thirty-one (86.1%) patients in the HRD-PBSCT group achieved platelet recovery. The cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in the HRD-PBSCT group was 40.00%, and the cumulative incidence of grades 2–4 aGVHD in this group was 13.33%. A total of 13 patients in the HRD-PBSCT group had recurrent disease at a median of 183 days after transplantation (range: 10–1700 days), reaching cumulative incidences of relapse of 50.28% at 5 years. On multivariate analysis, donor age and patient age >40 years were independent risk factors for inferior disease-free survival or overall survival (P < 0.05). The results of the present study demonstrate rapid and complete neutrophil engraftment, a low incidence of grade 2–4 aGVHD, and promising survival rates in patients after HRD-PBSCT. Thus, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–primed PBSCs may be a reliable graft source in unmanipulated HRD-HSCT under myeloablative conditioning when no matched sibling donor is available. Conclusions: Our results support the feasibility, effectiveness, and tolerability of PBSCs as a graft source in unmanipulated HRD transplantation under myeloablative conditioning in patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Dou
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hong-Hua Li
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen-Rong Huang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dai-Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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25
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Khalkar P, Ali HA, Codó P, Argelich ND, Martikainen A, Arzenani MK, Lehmann S, Walfridsson J, Ungerstedt J, Fernandes AP. Selenite and methylseleninic acid epigenetically affects distinct gene sets in myeloid leukemia: A genome wide epigenetic analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:247-257. [PMID: 29438720 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selenium compounds have emerged as promising chemotherapeutic agents with proposed epigenetic effects, however the mechanisms and downstream effects are yet to be studied. Here we assessed the effects of the inorganic selenium compound selenite and the organic form methylseleninic acid (MSA) in a leukemic cell line K562, on active (histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation, H3K9ac and histone H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation, H3K4me3) and repressive (histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation, H3K9me3) histone marks by Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Both selenite and MSA had major effects on histone marks but the effects of MSA were more pronounced. Gene ontology analysis revealed that selenite affected genes involved in response to oxygen and hypoxia, whereas MSA affected distinct gene sets associated with cell adhesion and glucocorticoid receptors, also apparent by global gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing. The correlation to adhesion was functionally confirmed by a significantly weakened ability of MSA treated cells to attach to fibronectin and linked to decreased expression of integrin beta 1. A striking loss of cellular adhesion was also confirmed in primary patient AML cells. Recent strategies to enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs by disrupting the interaction between leukemic and stromal cells in the bone marrow are of increasing interest; and organic selenium compounds like MSA might be promising candidates. In conclusion, these results provide new insight on the mechanism of action of selenium compounds, and will be of value for the understanding, usage, and development of new selenium compounds as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Khalkar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hani Abdulkadir Ali
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Codó
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuria Díaz Argelich
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anni Martikainen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Karimi Arzenani
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian Walfridsson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Ungerstedt
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aristi P Fernandes
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Abstract
Acute leukemias are hematologic malignancies with aggressive behavior especially in adult population. With the introduction of new gene expression and sequencing technologies there have been advances in the knowledge of the genetic landscape of acute leukemias. A more detailed analysis allows for the identification of additional alterations in epigenetic regulators that have a profound impact in cellular biology without changes in DNA sequence. These epigenetic alterations disturb the physiological balance between gene activation and gene repression and contribute to aberrant gene expression, contributing significantly to the leukemic pathogenesis and maintenance. We review epigenetic changes in acute leukemia in relation to what is known about their mechanism of action, their prognostic role and their potential use as therapeutic targets, with important implications for precision medicine.
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27
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Corces MR, Chang HY, Majeti R. Preleukemic Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2017; 7:263. [PMID: 29164062 PMCID: PMC5681525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of the bone marrow characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated myeloid lineage cells. Decades of research have demonstrated that AML evolves from the sequential acquisition of genetic alterations within a single lineage of hematopoietic cells. More recently, the advent of high-throughput sequencing has enabled the identification of a premalignant phase of AML termed preleukemia. Multiple studies have demonstrated that AML can arise from the accumulation of mutations within hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These HSCs have been termed "preleukemic HSCs" as they represent the evolutionary ancestors of the leukemia. Through examination of the biological and clinical characteristics of these preleukemic HSCs, this review aims to shed light on some of the unexplored questions in the field. We note that some of the material discussed is speculative in nature and is presented in order to motivate future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ryan Corces
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Howard Y. Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Program in Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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28
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Li Y, Liu X, Guo X, Liu X, Luo J. DNA methyltransferase 1 mediated aberrant methylation and silencing of SHP-1 gene in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2017; 58:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Developmental Control of NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) Expression in Professional Phagocytes. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020028. [PMID: 28467369 PMCID: PMC5485475 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) is a professional phagocyte membrane importer of divalent metals that contributes to iron recycling at homeostasis and to nutritional immunity against infection. Analyses of data generated by several consortia and additional studies were integrated to hypothesize mechanisms restricting NRAMP1 expression to mature phagocytes. Results from various epigenetic and transcriptomic approaches were collected for mesodermal and hematopoietic cell types and compiled for combined analysis with results of genetic studies associating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with variations in NRAMP1 expression (eQTLs). Analyses establish that NRAMP1 is part of an autonomous topologically associated domain delimited by ubiquitous CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) sites. NRAMP1 locus contains five regulatory regions: a predicted super-enhancer (S-E) key to phagocyte-specific expression; the proximal promoter; two intronic areas, including 3' inhibitory elements that restrict expression during development; and a block of upstream sites possibly extending the S-E domain. Also the downstream region adjacent to the 3' CTCF locus boundary may regulate expression during hematopoiesis. Mobilization of the locus 14 predicted transcriptional regulatory elements occurs in three steps, beginning with hematopoiesis; at the onset of myelopoiesis and through myelo-monocytic differentiation. Basal expression level in mature phagocytes is further influenced by genetic variation, tissue environment, and in response to infections that induce various epigenetic memories depending on microorganism nature. Constitutively associated transcription factors (TFs) include CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPb), purine rich DNA binding protein (PU.1), early growth response 2 (EGR2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) while hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) may stimulate iron acquisition in pro-inflammatory conditions. Mouse orthologous locus is generally conserved; chromatin patterns typify a de novo myelo-monocytic gene whose expression is tightly controlled by TFs Pu.1, C/ebps and Irf8; Irf3 and nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p 65 subunit (RelA) regulate expression in inflammatory conditions. Functional differences in the determinants identified at these orthologous loci imply that species-specific mechanisms control gene expression.
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30
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Kent DG, Green AR. Order Matters: The Order of Somatic Mutations Influences Cancer Evolution. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a027060. [PMID: 28096247 PMCID: PMC5378012 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancers evolve as a consequence of multiple somatic lesions, with competition between subclones and sequential subclonal evolution. Some driver mutations arise either early or late in the evolution of different individual tumors, suggesting that the final malignant properties of a subclone reflect the sum of mutations acquired rather than the order in which they arose. However, very little is known about the cellular consequences of altering the order in which mutations are acquired. Recent studies of human myeloproliferative neoplasms show that the order in which individual mutations are acquired has a dramatic impact on the cell biological and molecular properties of tumor-initiating cells. Differences in clinical presentation, complications, and response to targeted therapy were all observed and implicate mutation order as an important player in cancer biology. These observations represent the first demonstration that the order of mutation acquisition influences stem and progenitor cell behavior and clonal evolution in any cancer. Thus far, the impact of different mutation orders has only been studied in hematological malignancies, and analogous studies of solid cancers are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kent
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Green
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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31
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Tan M, Ng IKS, Chen Z, Ban K, Ng C, Chiu L, Seah E, Lin M, Tai BC, Yan B, Ng CH, Chng WJ. Clinical implications ofDNMT3Amutations in a Southeast Asian cohort of acute myeloid leukaemia patients. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:669-676. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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32
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Schroeder T, Geyh S, Germing U, Haas R. Mesenchymal stromal cells in myeloid malignancies. Blood Res 2016; 51:225-232. [PMID: 28090484 PMCID: PMC5234241 DOI: 10.5045/br.2016.51.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal myeloid disorders characterized by hematopoietic insufficiency. As MDS and AML are considered to originate from genetic and molecular defects of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), the main focus of research in this field has focused on the characterization of these cells. Recently, the contribution of BM microenvironment to the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies, in particular MDS and AML has gained more interest. This is based on a better understanding of its physiological role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Additionally, it was demonstrated as a ‘proof of principle’ that genetic disruption of cells of the mesenchymal or osteoblastic lineage can induce MDS, MPS or AML in mice. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the contribution of the BM microenvironment, in particular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to the pathogenesis of AML and MDS. Furthermore, potential models integrating the BM microenvironment into the pathophysiology of these myeloid disorders are discussed. Finally, strategies to therapeutically exploit this knowledge and to interfere with the crosstalk between clonal hematopoietic cells and altered stem cell niches are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schroeder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Geyh
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Germing
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düesseldorf, Germany
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33
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DiNardo CD, Cortes JE. Mutations in AML: prognostic and therapeutic implications. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2016; 2016:348-355. [PMID: 27913501 PMCID: PMC6142505 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by the proliferation and aberrant differentiation of immature clonal myeloid cells. The prognosis of AML is variable, based on clinical features such as patient age, performance status, and comorbidities, as well as leukemia-specific genetic features including cytogenetics and molecular classification. The modern application of next-generation sequencing technology has uncovered marked heterogeneity and genomic complexity within AML, based on the presence or absence of cooperating mutations within functional categories such as epigenetic regulators, cell signaling and proliferation pathways, and master hematopoietic transcription factors. Although the treatment of AML has hitherto changed little in the past 40 years, the enhanced scientific understanding of AML pathophysiology and leukemogenesis has led to the recent development of multiple targeted and selective treatment approaches, and our increasing awareness of functional AML subsets will be evermore used to inform rational and personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jorge E Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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34
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Mutant DNA methylation regulators endow hematopoietic stem cells with the preleukemic stem cell property, a requisite of leukemia initiation and relapse. Front Med 2016; 9:412-20. [PMID: 26482067 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations are considered to drive the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). With therapid progress in sequencing technologies, many newly reported genes that are recurrently mutated in AML have been found to govern the initiation and relapse of AML. These findings suggest the need to distinguish the driver mutations, especially the most primitive single mutation, from the subsequent passenger mutations. Recent research on DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) mutations provides the first proof-of-principle investigation on the identification of preleukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs) in AML patients. Although DNMT3A mutations alone may only transform hematopoietic stem cells into pre-LSCs without causing the full-blown leukemia, the function of this driver mutation appear to persist from AML initiation up to relapse. Therefore, identifying and targeting preleukemic mutations, such as DNMT3A mutations, in AML is a promising strategy for treatment and reduction of relapse risk.
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35
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Prada-Arismendy J, Arroyave JC, Röthlisberger S. Molecular biomarkers in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2016; 31:63-76. [PMID: 27639498 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. The pathophysiology of this disease is just beginning to be understood at the cellular and molecular level, and currently cytogenetic markers are the most important for risk stratification and treatment of AML patients. However, with the advent of new technologies, the detection of other molecular markers such as point mutations and characterization of epigenetic and proteomic profiles, have begun to play an important role in how the disease is approached. Recent evidence shows that the identification of new AML biomarkers contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of the disease, is significantly useful in screening, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of AML, as well as the possibility of predicting each individual's response to treatment. This review summarizes the most relevant molecular (genetic, epigenetic, and protein) biomarkers associated with acute myeloid leukemia and discusses their clinical importance in terms of risk prediction, diagnosis and prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- DNA Methylation
- Disease Susceptibility
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Mutation
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Prada-Arismendy
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Johanna C Arroyave
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sarah Röthlisberger
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
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36
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Buscarlet M, Tessier A, Provost S, Mollica L, Busque L. Human blood cell levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) decline with age, partly related to acquired mutations in TET2. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1072-1084. [PMID: 27475703 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alteration may play a role in age-associated dysfunction of stem cells and predispose to the development of hematological cancers. We analyzed global levels of hematopoietic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in a cross-sectional study comprising 198 unrelated individuals from four age categories (neonates, 25-30, 70-75, and >90 years old) by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) ratios and telomere length (TL) were measured in all individuals by polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of epigenetic regulator genes (including TET2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, IDH1, IDH2, and WT1) was performed in the two older subcohorts. We found that global 5hmC levels declined with age in human blood cells (27.5% reduction from birth to old age, p < 0.0005). The levels of 5mC underwent a more modest reduction (2.4% drop) between newborns and the elderly (p < 0.0005). Low 5hmC was associated with increased skewing of XCI (age-adjusted p = 0.0304) and reduced TL (age-adjusted p = 0.0354), both surrogate markers of clonal dominance. Of the 100 individuals over the age of 70, 16 had somatic mutations in TET2, 14 in DNMT3A, and none in IDH1, IDH2, or WT1. Individuals with TET2 mutations had significantly lower 5hmC (relative to unmutated individuals), whereas DNMT3A-mutated subjects did not. However, mutations in TET2 cannot account solely for the decline in 5hmC levels observed with aging because unmutated older individuals also had lower 5hmC levels compared with younger individuals. This suggests that the age-associated decline in 5hmC is multifactorial. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine whether 5hmC reduction is a biomarker of hematological cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Tessier
- Centre for Biological Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvie Provost
- Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luigina Mollica
- Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Hematology, Installation Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lambert Busque
- Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Hematology, Installation Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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Kharabi Masouleh B, Chevet E, Panse J, Jost E, O'Dwyer M, Bruemmendorf TH, Samali A. Drugging the unfolded protein response in acute leukemias. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:87. [PMID: 26179601 PMCID: PMC4504168 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced signaling cascade, is mediated by three major stress sensors IRE-1α, PERK, and ATF6α. Studies described the UPR as a critical network in selection, adaptation, and survival of cancer cells. While previous reviews focused mainly on solid cancer cells, in this review, we summarize the recent findings focusing on acute leukemias. We take into account the impact of the underlying genetic alterations of acute leukemia cells, the leukemia stem cell pool, and provide an outline on the current genetic, clinical, and therapeutic findings. Furthermore, we shed light on the important oncogene-specific regulation of individual UPR signaling branches and the therapeutic relevance of this information to answer the question if the UPR could be an attractive novel target in acute leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Kharabi Masouleh
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eric Chevet
- Université Rennes 1 - ER_440 "Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling", Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael O'Dwyer
- Apoptosis Research Centre (ARC), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tim H Bruemmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre (ARC), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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