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Yu Q, Wang Y, Gu L, Shao W, Gu J, Liu L, Lian X, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Ma H, Shen Y, Ye W, Wu Y, Yang H, Chen L, Nagayasu K, Zhang H. Dorsal raphe nucleus to basolateral amygdala 5-HTergic neural circuit modulates restoration of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116937. [PMID: 38870632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of general anesthesia (GA) has significant implications for clinical practice. However, the exact mechanisms underlying GA-induced transitions in consciousness remain elusive. Given some similarities between GA and sleep, the sleep-arousal neural nuclei and circuits involved in sleep-arousal, including the 5-HTergic system, could be implicated in GA. Herein, we utilized pharmacology, optogenetics, chemogenetics, fiber photometry, and retrograde tracing to demonstrate that both endogenous and exogenous activation of the 5-HTergic neural circuit between the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) promotes arousal and facilitates recovery of consciousness from sevoflurane anesthesia. Notably, the 5-HT1A receptor within this pathway holds a pivotal role. Our findings will be conducive to substantially expanding our comprehension of the neural circuit mechanisms underlying sevoflurane anesthesia and provide a potential target for modulating consciousness, ultimately leading to a reduction in anesthetic dose requirements and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - YuLing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - LeYuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - WeiHui Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - JiaXuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - XiTing Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - YuanLi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - ZhuoYue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - YaXuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - HaiXiang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - YanHui Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - HuiFang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - LiHai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Japan
| | - HongHai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Leung LS, Ma J. Medial Septum Modulates Consciousness and Psychosis-Related Behaviors Through Hippocampal Gamma Activity. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:895000. [PMID: 35874429 PMCID: PMC9301478 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.895000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally high-amplitude hippocampal gamma activity (30–100 Hz) in behaving animals is seen after a hippocampal seizure, following injection of phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine, and transiently in a delirium stage during induction of general anesthesia. High-amplitude hippocampal gamma activity in behaving rats is associated with hyperactive behavior and impairment in sensorimotor gating and sensory gating. The medial septum is necessary for the high-amplitude gamma activity and abnormal behaviors observed following a hippocampal seizure or injection of PCP/ketamine. Glutamatergic projection of the hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and dopaminergic transmission in NAC is necessary for abnormal behaviors. Large hippocampal gamma waves are suggested to contribute to seizure-induced automatism following temporal lobe seizures, and the schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by PCP/ketamine. Low-amplitude gamma activity is found during general anesthesia, associated with loss of consciousness in humans and loss of righting reflex in animals. Local inactivation or lesion of the medial septum, NAC, and brain areas connected to the septohippocampal-NAC system attenuates the increase in hippocampal gamma and associated behavioral disruptions induced by hippocampal seizure or PCP/ketamine. Inactivation or lesion of the septohippocampal-NAC system decreases the dose of anesthetic necessary for gamma decrease and loss of consciousness in animals. Thus, it is proposed that the septohippocampal-NAC system serves to control consciousness and the behavioral hyperactivity and neural dysfunctions during psychosis.
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Opportunities for improving animal welfare in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:2-25. [PMID: 26376175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of epilepsy and seizures, mostly involving mice and rats, are used to understand the pathophysiology of the different forms of epilepsy and their comorbidities, to identify biomarkers, and to discover new antiepileptic drugs and treatments for comorbidities. Such models represent an important area for application of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement of animal use). This report provides background information and recommendations aimed at minimising pain, suffering and distress in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures in order to improve animal welfare and optimise the quality of studies in this area. The report includes practical guidance on principles of choosing a model, induction procedures, in vivo recordings, perioperative care, welfare assessment, humane endpoints, social housing, environmental enrichment, reporting of studies and data sharing. In addition, some model-specific welfare considerations are discussed, and data gaps and areas for further research are identified. The guidance is based upon a systematic review of the scientific literature, survey of the international epilepsy research community, consultation with veterinarians and animal care and welfare officers, and the expert opinion and practical experience of the members of a Working Group convened by the United Kingdom's National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs).
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Leung LS, Luo T, Ma J, Herrick I. Brain areas that influence general anesthesia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:24-44. [PMID: 25172271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This document reviews the literature on local brain manipulation of general anesthesia in animals, focusing on behavioral and electrographic effects related to hypnosis or loss of consciousness. Local inactivation or lesion of wake-active areas, such as locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, perifornical area, tuberomammillary nucleus, ventral tegmental area and basal forebrain, enhanced general anesthesia. Anesthesia enhancement was shown as a delayed emergence (recovery of righting reflex) from anesthesia or a decrease in the minimal alveolar concentration that induced loss of righting. Local activation of various wake-active areas, including pontis oralis and centromedial thalamus, promoted behavioral or electrographic arousal during maintained anesthesia and facilitated emergence. Lesion of the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic area resulted in increased wakefulness and decreased isoflurane sensitivity, but only for 6 days after lesion. Inactivation of any structure within limbic circuits involving the medial septum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, amygdala, entorhinal and piriform cortex delayed emergence from anesthesia, and often reduced anesthetic-induced behavioral excitation. In summary, the concept that anesthesia works on the sleep-wake system has received strong support from studies that inactivated/lesioned or activated wake-active areas, and weak support from studies that lesioned sleep-active areas. In addition to the conventional wake-sleep areas, limbic structures such as the medial septum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are also involved in the behavioral response to general anesthesia. We suggest that hypnosis during general anesthesia may result from disrupting the wake-active neuronal activities in multiple areas and suppressing an atropine-resistant cortical activation associated with movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University, Shenzhen Hospital, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Ian Herrick
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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